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Topic: Anticlericalism

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	Anticlericalism
		Anticlericalism has assumed that priests are constitutionally unable to keep their own standards, and are by nature inclined to dominate the whole of life.
		The anticlerical factor in the Protestant movement of the 1500s contributed to the break with Rome and has continued to be a crucial element in anti - Catholicism to this day.
		Anticlericalism has usually contributed to secularization in Catholic cultures: since clergy have been the main agents of Christian presence in public life, opposition to priests in politics has entailed opposition to Christianity in modern society.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txn/anticler.htm (561 words)

	Anti-Freemasonry - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Controversies over the historical involvements of Freemasonry and anticlericalism reach a peak in attempting to understand the role of Freemasonry in the history of anticlericalism in Portugal, Italy, and Mexico.
		Freemasons were prominent in the foundation of the modern Mexican state and the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) and the writing of its anticlerical constitution.
		Under the regime of Plutarco Elías Calles, the enforcement of anticlerical laws provoked the Cristero War.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anti-Masonry (2031 words)

	Anticlericalism in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Traditionally anticlericalism has been regarded as a significant historical factor, by some historians even as the unifying focal point for the host of movements known as the Reformation of the sixteenth century.
		In forty-one essays eminent historians of culture, religion, and society redefine and redirect the debate regarding the scope and impact of European anticlericalism during the period 1300-1700.
		The volume highlights the continuity and discontinuity of anticlerical passion, language, goals and actions between the late medieval and Reformation periods.
	www.brill.nl /product.asp?ID=1007 (442 words)

	Anticlericalism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Anticlericalism condemned priestly a participação em governos nacionais, em municipalidades, em eleições, em instrução, e na posse do terra e a importanta.
		Anticlericalism supos que os priests são constitutionally incapazes de manter seus próprios padrões, e devem por natureza inclined dominar o todo da vida.
		Anticlericalism contribuiu geralmente ao secularization em culturas catholic: desde que o clergy foi os agentes principais da presença christian na vida pública, a oposição aos priests na política envolveu a oposição ao christianity na sociedade moderna.
	www.mb-soft.com /believe/ttn/anticler.htm (588 words)

	EIAL VIII1 - The Ideology of the Mexican Revolution, 1910-40
		The growth of political opposition in 1908- 10, although it was coloured by Catholic reformism, did not involve anticlerical agitation: Madero took a relaxed attitude toward the Church and, as President, welcomed and applauded Catholic political mobilization, which was particularly strong in the centre-west of Mexico.
		Anticlericalism was not a mainstream, popular cause: in an overwhelmingly rural society, it emanated from the cities; it is hard to interpret it as a cynical bid for votes and mass support.
		Hence the making of the historic pact between the Mexico City workers and the anticlerical Constitutionalists in 1915: a pact which combined mutual self-interest with a shared urban, anticlerical, anti- rural ethos and which eventually evolved into the durable -and ardently anticlerical- alliance between Calles and the CROM in the 1920s.
	www.tau.ac.il /eial/VIII_1/knight.htm (11428 words)

	Historical Text Archive: Articles: Mexican Anticlerics, Bishops, Cristeros, and the Devout during the ...
		Virulent anticlericalism, an anticlericalism that has seldom been surpassed in any other country, was one of the most important progeny of that struggle.
		The church was said to be guilty of antiscientism, fanaticism, paternalism, and conservatism and was charged with appealing to foreign powers for intervention, aiding usurpers and murderers, and refusing to give financial aid to revolutionary leaders while supporting their enemies.
		This hierarchy was split into two groups--one which sought to alter or evade the anticlerical provisions of the Constitution of 1917, and the other which was willing to accommodate itself to the Revolution if there were complete separation of church and state.
	historicaltextarchive.com /sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=135 (4390 words)

	National Lutheran Secretariat Via de Cristo - Cursillo History
		It was rumored, and incorrectly, that the clergy kept supplies of armaments in their churches, and this infuriated the people and contributed to the killings.
		First of all, it must be remembered that anticlericalism had been a Spanish phenomenon that was deeply rooted in its cultural history.
		Secondly, the violent anticlericalism of the Civil War was caused by clericalism, or by perceptions of it by various groups of people.
	www.viadecristo.org /resources/history/cursillohistory.htm (6720 words)

	Anticlericalism in Late Medieval and Early Modern Europe (Studies in Medieval and Reformation Tradit: ...
		Traditionally anticlericalism has been regarded as a significant historical factor, by some historians even as the unifying focal point for the hist of movements known as the Reformation of the 16th century.
		In 41 essays, eminent historians of culture, religion and society redefine and redirect the debate regarding the scope and impact of European anticlericalism during the period 1300-1700.
		The volume highlights the continuity and discontinuity of anticleral passion, language, goals and actions between the late medieval and Reformation periods.
	bookweb.kinokuniya.co.jp /guest/cgi-bin/booksea.cgi?ISBN=9004095187 (236 words)

	2. Portugal. 2001. The Encyclopedia of World History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Religious reforms were spurred on by a rising wave of anticlericalism throughout Europe.
		The Cortes eliminated the Inquisition, curtailed the clergy's right to the vote and to representation within the Cortes, and inflicted taxes on the church.
		The monks and clerics had supported the absolutists during the civil war and the Miguelite Wars because of liberal anticlericalism.
	www.bartleby.com /67/1064.html (517 words)

	Review: The Enlighenment and Religion. The Myths of Modernity
		The point that proof of influence is insufficiently addressed is well made, though Barnett is obviously keen enough to ensure that the primary texts he cites – many anticlerical in character – carry a decent burden of importance.
		The refusal of the sacraments crisis in the 1750s is usefully linked with existing Parisian anticlericalism and Barnett attempts a comparison between Jansenism and the struggle of seventeenth-century English Protestant dissenters that might have been more clearly articulated.
		Barnett has a strong case in saying that the philosophes were a small band without the numerical strength possessed by the Jansensists and that their claim to the credit for securing the exiling of the Jesuits from France in 1762–4 was downright cheeky.
	www.history.ac.uk /reviews/paper/aston.html (2777 words)

	H-France Reviews (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Usually approached in the context of national politics, the two opening essays provide useful perspective on the international aspects of both the catholic revival and the anticlerical response that bolster the editors’ claim that the culture wars were a pan-European phenomenon.
		He argues that anticlericals in different European countries developed a common intellectual foundation through the translation of key texts; that they made contacts across borders and consciously adopted models from other countries; and that “the energies generated by conflict in one state raised the emotional temperature among anticlericals in other states” (p.
		Anticlericalism, in short, was not just a convenient political movement growing out of the needs of particular national parties and an intellectual elite, but a pan-European movement with a common belief system, vocabulary, and social roots.
	www.uakron.edu /hfrance/reviews/curtis2.html (2696 words)

	Anticlericalism
		Anticlericalism ha condenado priestly la participación en gobiernos nacionales, municipios, elecciones, la educación, y la propiedad del pista y capital.
		Anticlericalism ha asumido que los sacerdotes no pueden constitucional guardar sus propios estándares, y deben al lado de la naturaleza inclinada dominar el conjunto de vida.
		Anticlericalism ha contribuido generalmente al secularization en culturas católicas: puesto que el clero ha sido los agentes principales de la presencia cristiana en vida pública, la oposición a los sacerdotes en políticas ha exigido la oposición al cristianismo en sociedad moderna.
	www.mb-soft.com /believe/tsn/anticler.htm (615 words)

	Journal of Social History: Magical emasculation, popular anticlericalism, and the limits of the reformation in Western ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		In preliminary fashion, this essay seeks to bridge these gaps in the history of French mentalities by presenting a concerted study of indigenous folk magics and perdurable anticlerical attitudes characterizing the residents of La Rochelle and its hinterland, key actors embroiled in this important theater of the French Reformation.
		In the process, magical folkways and anticlerical attitudes can be better appreciated as interconnected components within unitary, popular systems of belief antedating, challenging, and dynamically interacting with more orthodox religious movements like the Reformations.
		Of course, complete removal of the first estate would have been unthinkable to early modern French congregants who frequently expected their ministers to perform vital, quasi-magical rituals, like field rogations, blessings of farm animals, exorcisms, and relic parades, to protect the community from epidemic diseases, threatening weather, and material or spiritual harm.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m2005/is_n1_v31/ai_20378642 (888 words)

	CNRSinfo - en381a3
		They examine attempted revisionism by antiProtestants, the reaction from Protestants, and a broader discussion of the condition of minorities in France as a yardstick by which to measure the degree of democracy in French society.
		Anticlericalism (opposed to clericalism) developed in particular during battles between congregations; however, in 1905, the separation between Church and State constituted a "lay pact" which mitigated this sentiment.
		Strangely, the weaker the group that is persecuted, the stronger the hatred directed against it; in this respect, antiProtestantism falls between anticlericalism and antiSemitism.
	www.cnrs.fr /Cnrspresse/en381a3.htm (373 words)

	anticlericalism -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Although the term has been used in Europe since the 12th and 13th centuries, it is associated in more recent history with the French Revolution and its aftermath.
		The significance of the war years lies in the re-creation of a patriotic spirit to cover the bare bones of Bourbon administrative centralism and in the explicit formulation of a liberal ideology that was to be a dynamic factor in Spanish history.
		Although Colombia, for example, witnessed the enactment of anticlerical legislation and its enforcement during more than three decades (1849–84), it soon restored “full liberty and independence from the civil power” to the Roman...
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9007815 (416 words)

	The rise and fall of atheism
		Some of the clever anticlerical myths invented by the atheists of the French Enlightenment are still in popular circulation.
		Militant atheists seldom fail to use the old threadbare anticlerical myths in their attacks on theism and their defense of atheism.
		It is not clear to me that anticlericalism and the reaction against Christianity have eased with the decline of Modernism.
	www.renewamerica.us /columns/hutchison/050204 (2983 words)

	Amazon.de: English Books: Anticlericalism in Britain: C. 1500-1914 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Anticlericalism in Britain: C. von Keith Robbins (Vorwort), Nigel Aston (Herausgeber), Matthew Cragoe (Herausgeber)
		Anticlericalism has taken many forms -- from revolutionary protest to intellectual debate --and the study of this phenomenon figures large in the present renewed interest in the relation of religion to a wider society.
		This ground-breaking book presents the first detailed examination of anticlericalism and its role in limiting the influence of priests and ministers and in the process of secularisation.
	www.amazon.de /exec/obidos/ASIN/0750922060/ilectricinf0d-21 (266 words)

	Spain - Liberal Rule
		There was no monolithic liberal movement in Spain, but anticlericalism, the touchstone of liberalism, unified the factions.
		They theorized that the state was the sum of the individuals living within it and that it could recognize and protect only the rights of individuals, not the rights of corporate institutions, such as the church or universities, or the rights of the regions as separate entities with distinct customs and interests.
		Despite their anticlericalism, the Moderates concluded a rapprochement with the church, which agreed to surrender its claim to confiscated property in return for official recognition by the state and a role in education.
	countrystudies.us /spain/16.htm (910 words)

	Latin America (from anticlericalism) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Anticlerical tendencies varied considerably from country to country in Latin America after it had achieved independence from Spain and Portugal.
		Although Colombia, for example, witnessed the enactment of anticlerical legislation and its enforcement during more than three decades (1849–84), it soon restored “full liberty and independence from the civil power” to the…
		More results on "Latin America (from anticlericalism)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-338?tocId=338 (832 words)

	WORLD ENCYCLOPAEDIA - Chile - CIVIL WARS, 1818-30 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		O'Higgins alienated liberals and provincials with his authoritarianism, conservatives and the church with his anticlericalism, and landowners with his proposed reforms of the land tenure system.
		His attempt to devise a constitution in 1818 that would legitimize his government failed, as did his effort to generate stable funding for the new administration.
		After O'Higgins went into exile in 1823, civil conflict continued, focusing mainly on the issues of anticlericalism and regionalism.
	encyclopaedic.net /world/chile/9.php (642 words)

	Congregazione dei Figli di Santa Maria Immacolata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The anticlericalism and adversity towards the Catholic Church and religion were the common attitude expressed by the higher social class and masonry.
		Anticlericalism, in the clothes of patriotism spread suspicion and hate against the Pope.
		His strenuous defence cost him the exile for the period of two years, far form his parish and from Genoa.
	www.snmn.pl /time.htm (230 words)

	WAIS - World Affairs Report - MEXICO: Anticlericalism. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The sight of Vicente Fox receiving the sacrament from a priest roused the dogs of anti-clericalism.
		As Minister of Justice he abolished the privileges of the Catholic Church and became the symbol of anticlericalism.
		It would be related to the question of private, i.e.
	www.stanford.edu /group/wais/Mexico/mexico_anticlericalism.html (247 words)

	Journal of Social History: Magical emasculation, popular anticlericalism, and the limits of the reformation in Western ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		Journal of Social History: Magical emasculation, popular anticlericalism, and the limits of the reformation in Western France circa 1590.@ HighBeam Research
		Journal of Social History; 9/22/1997; Robbins, Kevin C. Few scholars have studied the varieties of anticlericalism manifest among townspeople and peasants in early modem France.
		Analysis of anticlerical opinions held by urban and rural populations in western France shows a common belief, across all ranks of society and rooted in local folk magic, that clerics employed sorcery to render new grooms impotent and new households subject to discord and dishonor.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1G1:20378642&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (206 words)

	Mennonite Life - March 2000 - Book Reviews
		Entitled "Anticlericalism and Moral Improvement," the second chapter sets the context for Goertz's basic and continuing interpretation of Anabaptism; namely, that it grew out of a cultural context in which anticlericalism was thriving.
		It is significant that Menno and all the early Anabaptist confessions speak concerning the "office" of ministry in a way that affirms its importance to the life of the church.
		His anticlericalism was never a rejection of the need for ministerial leadership within the church, but it was a strong critique of the abuse which is always a potential within every responsible office, both within and without the church.
	www.bethelks.edu /mennonitelife/2000mar/reviews.html (8124 words)

	Cynthia Whitehead: “Humanism— c’est banal en Belgique” (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-06)
		The first government failed to establish a nationwide network of state primary schools, and in 1842 the conservative government agreed on a plan to transfer the control of the existing state primary schools to the Catholic church— in effect turning the educational establishment over to the church.
		By 1859, after violent anticlerical street protests, the first school war concluded with the establishment of parallel Catholic and secular state school systems in an uneasy modus vivendi.
		Not until 1958 did clerical and anticlerical forces lay down their arms in the struggle for the control of the Belgian schools.
	online.sksm.edu /ce/papers/p-whitehead~humanism.htm (6068 words)

	Bernard of Morlaix - ESTATES SATIRE
		That is essentially the kind of anticlericalism which existed in the middle ages, although medieval anticlericalism had the distinctive feature that paradoxically, on surviving evidence, it was expressed predominantly by clerics.
		But it is especially important to distinguish between the anticlericalism of the eighteenth, nineteenth and twentieth centuries on the one hand, and that of the middle ages on the other.
		The anticlericalism of Marsilius, like that of Dante, is "anticlericalisme interieur." His political program, and his theory of relations between church and state, bear little resemblance to those of the anticlericals of the nineteenth century.
	www.prosentient.com.au /balnaves/johnbalnaves/dissch3.asp (11074 words)

	Spain (from anticlericalism) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		The Constitution of 1812 abolished the Inquisition and restricted the number of religious orders but recognized Catholicism as the established church.
		This constitution was in turn abrogated when Ferdinand VII was restored to the throne in 1814.
		More results on "Spain (from anticlericalism)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-337?tocId=337 (826 words)

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