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	Antiballistic Missile Treaty - █ FURTHER READING:
		The Antiballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty was signed by the United States and the Soviet Union (U.S.S.R.) in 1972.
		The treaty was one of two treaties produced by the first series of Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT I) between the two countries; the other was an interim agreement limiting offensive nuclear weapons.
		The ABM treaty strictly limited the deployment—by both sides—of interceptor missiles, missile launchers, radars, and other devices designed to destroy ballistic missiles or their components in flight.
	www.espionageinfo.com /A-An/Antiballistic-Missile-Treaty.html (823 words)

	Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty
		The treaty was the first to allow for the non-interference of the other nation to verify the adherence to the treaty by the other and established the Standing Consulting Commission to air compliance concerns.
		Since the treaty was between the United States and the Soviet Union, the status of the ABM Treaty became unclear after the breakup of the Soviet Union in 1991.
		Missile Treaty Provisions In the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems the United States and the Soviet Union agree that each may have only two ABM deployment areas, so restricted and so located that they cannot provide a...
	www.u-s-history.com /pages/h1795.html (996 words)

	U.N. Opposes U.S. Plan for Antimissile Defense
		The treaty is based on the theory that antimissile systems would only tempt the other side to build more missiles to overwhelm the defenses.
		The treaty parties are also called on not to transfer to other states, or to deploy outside their national territory, anti-ballistic-missile systems or their components limited by the treaty.
		But neither country has a national missile defense such as the one the United States wants to deploy on a limited scale that would not be sufficient to neutralize Russia's large nuclear force.
	www.space.com /news/un_antimissile_991202_wg.html (463 words)

	ASIL Insight: The ABM Treaty
		The ABM Treaty is a bilateral treaty (a treaty in force for only two states) entered into in 1972 between the United States and the then-Soviet Union.
		While the disintegration of the Soviet Union may raise a question whether the ABM Treaty is still binding on the successor states (four of which--Russia, Belarus, Ukraine and Kazakhstan--still had nuclear weapons at the breakup), it is clear that the United States and Russia have continued to regard it as remaining in force between themselves.
		Thus, consistent with the distinction between a bilateral and multilateral treaty, the NPT contemplates that withdrawal is a multilateral concern, whereas the ABM treaty contemplates that withdrawal is a bilateral concern.
	www.asil.org /insights/insigh70.htm (2034 words)

	Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) \| Nuclear Arms Control Treaties \| atomicarchive.com
		Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (1972) Bilateral ratified treaty of "unlimited duration" between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. limiting each side's anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems in order to prevent the deployment of nationwide ABM defenses, or a base for such a system.
		In the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems the United States and the Soviet Union agree that each may have only two ABM deployment areas, 1so restricted and so located that they cannot provide a nationwide ABM defense or become the basis for developing one.
		While further deployment of radars intended to give early warning of strategic ballistic missile attack is not prohibited, such radars must be located along the territorial boundaries of each country and oriented outward, so that they do not contribute to an effective ABM defense of points in the interior.
	www.atomicarchive.com /Treaties/Treaty9.shtml (748 words)

	Arms Control Association: Fact Sheets: The Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty at a Glance
		The treaty, from which the United States withdrew on June 13, 2002, barred Washington and Moscow from deploying nationwide defenses against strategic ballistic missiles.
		During his presidential campaign, Bush said he would offer amendments on the treaty to Russia and would withdraw the United States from the accord if Russia rejected the proposed changes, but the Bush administration never proposed amendments to the treaty in its talks with Russia on the subject.
		Although of "unlimited duration," the treaty permits a state-party to withdraw from the accord if "extraordinary events…have jeopardized its supreme interests." The U.S. withdrawal took effect June 13, and the treaty no longer remains in force.
	www.armscontrol.org /factsheets/abmtreaty.asp (915 words)

	Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty \| Dennis Kucinich for President 2008 - Kucinich.US (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The ABM treaty first entered into force October 3, 1972, between the U.S. and former USSR to constrain the Parties from deploying territory-wide defenses against strategic ballistic missiles.
		Thus, the President's termination of the ABM Treaty represents an unconstitutional repeal of a law duly enacted by Congress.
		I filed a lawsuit in federal district court to block the President from withdrawing from the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972.
	www.kucinich.us /issues/antiballistic.php (196 words)

	Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In the Treaty on the Limitation of Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems the United States and the Soviet Union agree that each may have only two ABM deployment areas, so restricted and so located that they cannot provide a nationwide ABM defense or become the basis for developing one.
		The ABM Treaty was signed at Moscow May 26, 1972, and ratified by the US Senate August 3, 1972.
		The US and the USSR signed a Protocol to the treaty which entered into force in 1976 which reduced the number of ABM deployment areas from two to one, deployed either around each parties national capital area or, alternatively, at a single ICBM deployment area.
	www.fas.org /nuke/control/abmt (245 words)

	Missile Defense: ABM, R.I.P - US withdrawal from the antiballistic missile treaty with Russia - Brief Article - ...
		It means not just the end of the treaty, but probably the end of the treaty as a political issue.
		The Russian intransigence on the treaty was not a warning of a new Cold War, as so many in the opinion elite had it, but what the Russians specialize in: a negotiating position.
		The withdrawal from the treaty, coupled with the administration's recent stiffing of a new protocol to the resolutely unverifiable Biological Weapons Convention and the Senate's rejection of the Comprehensive Test Ban treaty two years ago, represents a paradigm shift in international relations as drastic as the one signaled by welfare reform in domestic politics.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1282/is_25_53/ai_80932680 (467 words)

	nuclear disarmament: International Agreements
		A comprehensive test ban treaty was approved by the UN General Assembly and signed in 1996; over 170 nations have now signed.
		Conservative opposition to the treaty in the United States led the Senate to reject ratification in 1999; it was ratified by Russia in 2000.
		However, under the treaty, both nations are allowed to store the weapons that they remove from deployment, and the accord has been criticized for its lack of a mechanism to verify compliance.
	www.factmonster.com /cgi-bin/id/A0857772 (1045 words)

	Permitted and prohibited activities under the ABM Treaty - Paul H. Nitze's address before the International Law Weekend ...
		The United States believes that the nature of activities permitted and prohibited by the ABM Treaty, based on the treaty text and the negotiating record, is clear.
		The Soviet side, under the guise of "strengthening' the ABM Treaty, wishes, in effect, to amend the treaty to prohibit activities that it was not intended to prohibit.
		First, it should be noted that nowheredoes the ABM Treaty use the word "research.' Neither the U.S. nor the Soviet delegations to the SALT I [strategic arms limitation talks] negotiations believed that it was possible to verify limitations on research.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1079/is_v87/ai_4679402 (749 words)

	CONSTITUTIONALITY OF LEGISLATIVE PROVISION REGARDING ABM TREATY
		Section 233(a) appears to be designed to apply this principle to the ABM Treaty, by deeming "any agreement that would add one or more countries as signatories to the treaty or [that] would otherwise convert the treaty from a bilateral treaty to a multilateral treaty" to constitute a "substantive[] modif[ication]" of the treaty.
		Thus, although some changes in the administration of the ABM Treaty may be entailed by the inclusion of other successor States as parties, we do not see why their inclusion must be considered a matter of "substantively modifying," as distinct from "interpreting" and "implementing," the treaty.
		By purporting to determine that the addition of these successor States to the ABM Treaty would constitute an amendment to that treaty requiring the advice and consent of two-thirds of the Senate, the proposed legislation would act in derogation of the President's recognition power.
	www.usdoj.gov /olc/abmjq.htm (2279 words)

	CNN.com - U.S. quits ABM treaty - December 14, 2001
		Arms control advocates have argued against abrogating the ABM treaty, saying amendments to allow the defense system tests should be negotiated with Moscow and the treaty left in place.
		Daschle said he was concerned withdrawal from the ABM treaty could "rupture relations with key countries around the world," and raises serious questions about future arms races involving other countries.
		But White House officials said missile defense testing would soon "bump" into the ABM treaty, and the president felt it was best to proceed with withdrawal.
	archives.cnn.com /2001/ALLPOLITICS/12/13/rec.bush.abm (1591 words)

	Reflections on the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty and national missile defense Aerospace Power Journal - Find ...
		People saw the ABM Treaty as the cornerstone of MAD, but more than a decade after the fall of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of communism, we find numerous and divergent legal, political, and personal views on the ABM Treaty and its impact on our national security strategy.
		Support of the treaty rose to national relevance and concern following the release in January 2001 of the report of the Space Commission, chaired by Donald Rumsfeld prior to his becoming secretary of defense.
		In the midst of the Gold War, with the two superpowers dominating global military might, the bipolar treaty was adopted to avert a possible nuclear war and curb the nuclear arms race.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0ICK/is_1_16/ai_90511918 (815 words)

	Anti-ballistic missile - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A ballistic missile is used to deliver nuclear, chemical, biological or conventional warheads in a ballistic flight trajectory.
		Sprint was a very fast missile (some sources claimed it accelerated to 8,000 mph (13 000 km/h) within 4 seconds of flight--an average acceleration of 100 g) and had a smaller W66 enhanced radiation warhead in the 1-3 kiloton range for in-atmosphere interceptions.
		A new version of the Hawk missile was tested in the early to mid 90’s and by the end of 1998 the majority of US Marine Corps Hawk systems were modified to support basic theater anti-ballistic missile capabilities[2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anti-ballistic_missile (2994 words)

	Online NewsHour: Testing a Treaty -- July 12, 2001
		This is a very serious issue because if we pull out of that treaty, before we have a new structure in place, this world could be a more doing dangerous place but putting up this kind of a missile defense rather than a less dangerous place.
		You know, the old ABM Treaty was built on the idea that stability rested on the ability of the Soviet Union and the United States to annihilate one another.
		We surely have supported the defenses against the short-range missiles which are consistent with the treaty including the Aero missile and the Pac missile, which we have deployed and fielded and improved.
	www.pbs.org /newshour/bb/military/july-dec01/nmd_7-12.html (2244 words)

	IMPACTS: LOSS OF ABM TREATY DESTROYS GLOBAL ARMS CONTROL EFFORTS
		The ABM treaty limits each country to one national missile defense site with no more than 100 interceptors, thus ensuring that each country is susceptible to the dangers of the other's nuclear arsenal.
		With the GOP defeat of the Test Ban Treaty last fall jeopardizing the Non-Proliferation Treaty, Washington is putting at risk the total progress in arms control achieved during the past quarter century, and risking a new arms race.
		The ABM Treaty is as vital today as it was during the Cold War.
	debate.uvm.edu /handbookfile/WMD2002/159.htm (992 words)

	Reflections on the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty and National Missile Defense
		In the midst of the Cold War, with the two superpowers dominating global military might, the bipolar treaty was adopted to avert a possible nuclear war and curb the nuclear arms race.
		The CFE Treaty limits the number of nonnuclear arms deployed in Europe, but Moscow invoked the “supreme national interest” provision in the treaty to give international notice prior to its deliberate violation of the treaty.
		The reality and threat of ballistic missile attacks from rogue or developing nations, whether armed with nuclear or conventional warheads, finally led to initial dialogue with Russia on amending the ABM Treaty.
	www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil /airchronicles/apj/apj02/spr02/ruse.html (4667 words)

	The NATO-Russia Archive - Missile Defense and the Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty
		The main theme of this paper is that the United States intends to move beyond the ABM Treaty and the strategy of mutual assured destruction and is seeking a new approach to deterrence that includes both offenses and defenses.
		Missile defense is the key element in the Bush administration's comprehensive strategic reorientation.
		President Bush is correct to declare the current ABM Treaty inappropriate for the modern era, and to leave no doubt that his administration intends to move beyond the treaty and build a missile defense system when possible.
	www.bits.de /NRANEU/BMD/ABM.htm (6252 words)

	ZNet Commentary: Who Is The Greatest Rogue Of All
		Last December the United States withdrew from the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty, gutting this landmark arms control accord to the dismay of virtually every country in the world.
		This country rejects the Land Mine Treaty, concluded in Ottawa in December 1997 and signed by 122 countries; the Pentagon finds land mines useful, outweighing the "collateral damage" they entail for thousands of civilians every year.
		In February 2001 we refused to join 123 nations to ban the use and production of anti-personnel bombs and mines; flexible killing power for the Pentagon must be preserved, regardless of human cost.
	www.zmag.org /sustainers/content/2002-02/26duboff-herman.cfm (865 words)

	Bush Announces US Withdrawal From ABM Treaty
		The ABM treaty signed by Washington and Moscow was premised on the idea that denying both signatories missile defenses would curb the race to develop ever more deadly offensive weapons, as well as make them less likely to launch a first strike because that could lead to massive nuclear retaliation.
		Russia's neighbor Finland voiced hope that the ABM treaty would be succeeded by new international arms agreements but greeted the US pullout from the pact with a suggestion that its usefulness had expired.
		Both Beijing and Moscow have viewed the ABM treaty as the cornerstone of the global strategic balance, and strongly opposed the unilateral withdrawal of the US from the treaty and the planned missile defence shield.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/bmdo-01zzo.html (1876 words)

	Russia Tests Missile Designed to Overcome US Defense Shield -- 11/03/2005
		Russia recently test-fired a Bulava missile from a nuclear-powered ballistic missile submarine.
		After President Bush pulled out of the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty to pursue the new anti-missile defense program, Russia announced it no longer felt bound by previous agreements that prohibited missiles with multiple warheads.
		Russia has looked at equipping its new Topol missile with multiple warheads, an option that would reduce the weapon's vulnerability to the U.S. missile defense system, which is designed to attack one warhead at a time.
	www.cnsnews.com /news/viewstory.asp?Page=\ForeignBureaus\archive\200511\FOR20051103c.html (527 words)

	Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		To further protect against ABM systems, the Soviet MIRV missiles were equipped with electronic countermeasures and heavy decoys, with heavy missiles like R-36 carrying as many as 40 of them.
		The project was a blow to Yuri Andropov's so-called "peace offensive".
		These discussions quickly led to the signing of the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty in Moscow on 24 May 2002, which mandated the deepest ever cuts in deployed strategic nuclear warheads.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty (1601 words)

	ABM Treaty Out, Doubts in \| csmonitor.com
		By deciding to abandon the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty, President Bush has launched the world into a whole new uncertainty over the role of nuclear weapons.
		The Kremlin, from Soviet times to the present, has held the ABM Treaty in a bear hug, as a guarantee of strategic equity with the United States.
		The administration is betting the ABM Treaty withdrawal - hardly a surprise - won't loosen those new ties.
	www.csmonitor.com /2001/1214/p10s1-comv.html (652 words)

	Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty - Wikisource
		Each Party undertakes to limit anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems and to adopt other measures in accordance with the provisions of this Treaty.
		Article II For the purpose of this Treaty an ABM system is a system to counter strategic ballistic missiles or their elements in flight trajectory, currently consisting of:
		Article IX To assure the viability and effectiveness of this Treaty, each Party undertakes not to transfer to other States, and not to deploy outside its national territory, ABM systems or their components limited by this Treaty.
	en.wikisource.org /wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile_Treaty (1229 words)

	Missile Defense (Harpers.org)
		Russian president Vladimir Putin was in Germany to discuss debt repayment with Chancellor Gerhard Schröder; Putin was also seeking German support for a multinational missile defense system as an alternative to the American scheme, which would violate the Treaty on the Limitation of Antiballistic Missile Systems and destabilize the world strategic order.
		President George W. Bush again called for a national missile defense system, renouncing the 1972 antiballistic missile treaty, even though the technology needed to implement such a system has yet to be invented.
		The Pentagon admitted that its missile defense scheme probably would be unable to hit the wobbly, primitive missiles that “rogue states” would be most likely to fire.
	harpers.org /MissileDefense.html (693 words)

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