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Topic: Anticipation (genetics)

	The Causes of Schizophrenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Anticipation is defined by increasing severity or earlier age on onset of a disease across successive generations.
		The genetic explanation of anticipation is generally thought to be the expansion across generation of unstable trinucleotide repeats leading to a pathogenic buildup of gene products.
		Similar to Huntingtons disease, this poly tri-nucleotide repeat may also lead to anticipation, in which subsequent generations accumulate CAG repeats; this increased poly-glutamine stretch is correlated to earlier onset and worsened states of the disease.
	www.molbio.princeton.edu /courses/mb427/1999/projects/9902/genetics.htm (771 words)

	Genetic anticipation definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Genetic anticipation: A remarkable phenomenon in which a genetic disease appears earlier appearance and with increased from with each succeeding generation.
		Anticipation was once thought not to exist in genetics.
		In molecular terms, anticipation is due to the expansion of a trinucleotide repeat sequence in the DNA.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=13220 (220 words)

	The Lasker Foundation \| Genetics Dictionary
		Alternative form of a genetic locus; a single allele for each locus is inherited from each parent (e.g., at a locus for eye color the allele might result in blue or brown eyes).
		All the genetic material in the chromosomes of a particular organism; its size is generally given as its total number of base pairs.
		Genetic variations occurring in more than 1% of a population would be considered useful polymorphisms for genetic linkage analysis.
	www.laskerfoundation.org /news/weis/g_dictionary.html (6589 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		We review our present understanding of the genetic architecture underlying variability of cholesterol levels in the population at large and infer that the majority of the genetic variability may be accounted for by polymorphic gene loci with moderate effects on cholesterol levels.
		Therefore, the genetic cause of disease variability in a sample of mixed hyperlipidemics is not amino acid substitutions in codons 347 or 360 of the apoliproteins A-IV gene.
		This 'measured genotype' approach may be used to study the genetic architecture (number of loci involved, the frequencies and effects of their alleles, and the type of loci, i.e., structural or regulatory) of quantitative variation in the plasma apolipoproteins, lipoproteins and lipids.
	www.sph.uth.tmc.edu /hgc/EndNote.txt (12611 words)

	Clinical Genetics [M.Tevfik DORAK] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Anticipation is due to trinucleotide repeat expansions, which may be in the coding region (Huntington’s disease) or in the untranslated region (Fragile X syndrome).
		It may be an adult-onset disease with genetic anticipation but the carriers of the gene in the previous generations did not live long enough to express the disease.
		Diseases caused by haploinsufficiency are characterized by the lack of a correlation between the severity of the genetic defect (for example, size of a deletion) and the phenotype.
	dorakmt.tripod.com /genetics/notes05.html (3670 words)

	Genetics Glossary: Growth, Genetics and Hormones
		backcross A genetic crossing of a heterozygous organism and one of its homozygous parents.
		At the chromosomal level, this refers to an unbalanced state in which there may be a triple dose of a portion of an autosome, usually occurring as the result of unequal segregation of a translocation in meiosis (trisomy).
		genetic mapping Determination of the relative positions of genes on a DNA molecule (chromosome or plasmid); distances are measured in linkage units, i.e., centimorgans (cM), between them.
	www.kumc.edu /gec/gloss.html (4501 words)

	Genetic Basics -- Strange But True: Exceptions to Mendel's Rules (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		For this reason, genetic counselors working with couples tend to be concerned if people in the woman's family, but not the man's family, have X-linked diseases like muscular dystrophy.
		Triplet repeat expansions turned out to be the explanation for "anticipation," a puzzling phenomenon first described in the neuromuscular disease myotonic dystrophy: Symptoms of the disease showed up earlier and were more severe in each generation.
		The outcome is genetically engineered animals whose cells obey both the foreign genes and the genes they got from their mouse parents.
	www.nigms.nih.gov /news/science_ed/genetics/chapter2.html (4735 words)

	THE MERCK MANUAL, Sec. 21, Ch. 286, General Principles Of Medical Genetics
		Mutations are likely to occur during the cell divisions of any large multicellular organism even though the genetic apparatus of cell division is usually accurate and many mechanisms exist to repair mistakes made during replication.
		Genomic imprinting is the differential expression of genetic material depending on whether it has been inherited from the father or mother.
		Anticipation occurs when a disorder has an earlier age of onset and severity of expression in each successive generation.
	www.merck.com /mrkshared/mmanual/section21/chapter286/286d.jsp (767 words)

	Schizophrenia.com - Schizophrenia Genetics and Heredity
		Given that there is clearly some sort of heritable genetic component to schizophrenia, health experts highly recommend that you keep track of your own family's health history (for schizophrenia and other diseases that run in families) with a Health Family Tree, and that you share this information with your doctors.
		If you have a complex history of illnesses such as schizophrenia in your family tree, you may want to consider speaking with a genetic counselor for family planning advice.
		A genetic counselor is a trained professional that can explain the genetic components of various diseases, as well as help you predict your approximate risk of developing the disease and/or passing on relevant genes to your offspring.
	www.schizophrenia.com /research/hereditygen.htm (1489 words)

	Lexicon of Evolutionary Genetics
		Genetic drift is most likely to be effective in very small populations (< 100 individuals), where reduction of genetic variability lowers the capacity of a population to adapt to changes in the environment, and also tends to reduce the overall fitness of the population.
		Genetic load is also the average number of lethal mutations per individual in a population.
		The effect of territoriality on the genetic composition of the population, however, is to restrict the proportion of the total population in any one year that breeds and thus contributes genes to the next generation.
	www.geodata.soton.ac.uk /biology/gene.html (13632 words)

	Indian Journal of Psychiatry
		With recent advances in molecular genetics, a new mechanism proposed for the inheritance of Bipolar Disorder is Genomic Imprinting or Parent of Origin Affect.
		This model assumed that both genetic and environmental factors were responsible for the disorder combined into a variable termed liability, affected persons being those whose liability values exceeded the threshold.
		Anticipation has been well reported in schizophrenia (Basset and Horner, 1994; Asherson et al.,1994; Thibaut et al.,1995).However, no evidence could be found for imprinting (Sharma et al.,1993; Basset and Horner, 1994; Asherson et al.,1994, Thibaut et al.,1995).
	www.ijponline.org /indIJPAprOrgArt5Genomic.html (1810 words)

	Genome Glossary
		A change in the genetic structure that is neither inherited nor passed to offspring.
		In genetics, a type of mutation due to replacement of one nucleotide in a DNA sequence by another nucleotide or replacement of one amino acid in a protein by another amino acid.
		A process by which the genetic material carried by an individual cell is altered by incorporation of exogenous DNA into its genome.
	www.ornl.gov /sci/techresources/Human_Genome/glossary/glossary.shtml (7527 words)

	Myotonic dystrophy - Genetics Home Reference
		Genetic changes are related to the following types of myotonic dystrophy.
		As type 1 myotonic dystrophy is passed from one generation to the next, the disorder generally begins earlier in life and signs and symptoms become more severe.
		In type 1 myotonic dystrophy, anticipation is caused by an increase in the length of the unstable region in the DMPK gene.
	ghr.nlm.nih.gov /condition=myotonicdystrophy (748 words)

	Genetics Primer
		The genetic mode of inheritance can be useful in predicting the clinical status of individuals possessing mutations and is critical for assessing risk to the family members of a patient affected with a genetic disorder.
		The mode of inheritance can also be used to rule out certain genetic disorders in a differential diagnosis when there is a family history of disease.
		The inheritance mode of single gene disorders may be dominant, recessive or mitochondrial (genetic transmission may also impacted by anticipation, mosaicism, genomic imprinting and uniparental disomy - topics beyond the scope of this basic introduction).
	www.athenadiagnostics.com /site/content/diagnostic_ed/genetics_primer/part_1.asp (980 words)

	new degree: University of Utah News Release: Sept. 24, 2004
		In anticipation of this demand, the University of Utah School of Medicine is offering the Graduate Program in Genetic Counseling beginning next fall.
		Genetic counselors are allied health professionals who undertake rigorous training in human genetics and counseling techniques.
		Utah is a leader in the field of genetic counseling, being the first state in the country to require licensure for counselors, said Baty.
	www.utah.edu /unews/releases/04/sep/genetic_counseling.html (479 words)

	Roche Genetics
		Anticipation describes the tendency of some traits to become more severe in successive generations.
		Anticipation is the result of trinucleotide repeats (such as CAG-CAG-CAG-...), which become longer and longer in each successive generation, and the related phenotype or disease becomes more severe in parallel.
		Myotonic dystrophy and Huntington disease are examples of diseases that show anticipation traits.
	www.roche.com /pages/genedcd/English/Module1/Data/ANTICIPATION.HTML (57 words)

	Company News On Call (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		In anticipation of the ACOG recommendation and in response to unprecedented growth in its DNA testing business, Genzyme Genetics has doubled the capacity of its molecular diagnostics laboratory in Framingham, Mass.
		Education and genetic counseling services are critical to the success of population-based screening for cystic fibrosis." Cystic fibrosis is the most common serious genetic disease among Caucasians in the United States.
		Genzyme Genetics, a business unit of Genzyme General, is a leader in providing high quality genetic testing and counseling services to health care professionals and their patients, performing more than 400,000 genetic tests annually.
	www.prnewswire.com /cgi-bin/stories.pl?ACCT=105&STORY=/www/story/10-02-2001/0001583233 (771 words)

	HUM-MOLGEN events: Current Advances and Anticipation of Change
		National Society of Genetic Counselors, Washington, DC The much anticipated completion of the Human Genome Project promises to dramatically alter our understanding of disease etiologies, processes and consequences.
		Genetic counselors can anticipate that new directions will impact changes in roles, patient care, education, legislation and research while creating interesting ethical dilemmas.
		This conference will provide learning opportunities that address these recent and anticipated advances in genetics and prepare the genetic counseling profession for what has yet to be discovered.
	hum-molgen.org /meetings/meetings/1369.html (161 words)

	Epigenetics of inflammatory bowel disease -- PETRONIS and PETRONIENE 47 (2): 302 -- Gut
		Anticipation in Huntington's disease is inherited through the male line but may originate in the female.
		Anticipation in Crohn's disease may be influenced by gender and ethnicity of the transmitting parent.
		Significance of interleukin-1beta and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist genetic polymorphism in inflammatory bowel diseases.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/47/2/302 (4282 words)

	Anticipation in familial Crohn's disease -- Grandbastien et al. 42 (2): 170 -- Gut
		The term anticipation denotes an increase in severity or decrease in the age at onset as a disease is passed through generations.
		The concept of genetic anticipation encompasses an increased severity of the disease in the member of the later generation.
		Preliminary evidence for genetic anticipation in Crohn's disease.
	gut.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/42/2/170 (2851 words)

	Genetics
		Anticipation - refers to the worsening of the symptoms of disease in succeeding generations
		Genetic disorder - evidence that a gene or chromosome is involved in the susceptibility to the disease
		Genetics, biochemistry, and molecular bases of variant human phenotypes, pp.
	www.siu.edu /departments/biochem/som_pbl/CRR/genetics.html (528 words)

	WE MOVE - Huntington's Disease - Causes/Genetics
		Expanded CAG repeats are not stable and tend to expand from generation to generation.
		This phenomenon is known as "genetic anticipation." Evidence suggests that CAG repeats are more unstable when the disease gene is inherited from the father.
		Therefore, individuals with HD who inherit the disease gene from their fathers (i.e., paternal transmission) may tend to develop symptoms at an earlier age than their fathers.
	www.wemove.org /hd/hd_cau.html (445 words)

	EPID 515, Coursework, Curriculum, Public Health Genetics: An Education Model
		Mendelian inheritance and non-Mendelian inheritance; population genetics; recombinant DNA technology; the Human Genome Project; human genetic diseases including incidence, chromosomal aberrations, single gene disorders, complex diseases; diagnostic and screening application, prenatal testing, newborn screening, presymptomatic testing, screening for genetic susceptibility, and gene therapy.
		In addition to the introductory textbook from which students were given their primary reading assignments, readings were selected from a variety of genetic and public health journals, as well as popular media, including weekly magazines and daily newspapers.
		The comparison of pre and post-test answers allowed for a general evaluation of the student's mastery of important genetics principles and applications as well as his/her evolving awareness and insight into the nature of public health genetics from the student's chosen discipline.
	www.sph.umich.edu /geneticsed/curriculum/coursework/epid515.html (823 words)

	Susan E. Hodge, D.Sc.
		Hodge has extensive experience and an international reputation mathematical modeling in genetics and genetic epidemiology, with a particular interest in psychiatric genetics.
		On the applied side, she has been working in the field of psychiatric genetics for over 20 years, and has been a member of Psychiatry departments since 1976.
		She is widely recognized as an unusually gifted teacher, as also evidenced by her longstanding commitment to teaching mathematical genetics to students in the genetic counselor Master's degree program at Sarah Lawrence College.
	cpmcnet.columbia.edu /dept/sph/epi/gcd/Steering/hodge.html (300 words)

	Genetics of Schizophrenia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Twin studies have indicated that familial clustering is mainly due to genetics
		Anticipation = successive generations having onset of an illness at an earlier age
		The study was designed to examine the relative contributions of genetic and nongenetic factors to structural brain abnormalities in schizophrenia and subjects at risk to develop the disorder...
	www.psychejam.com /genetics_of_schizophrenia.htm (202 words)

	Fragile X and the Genetics of Anticipation. (from Life Sciences) -- Encyclopædia Britannica
		Most known genetic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis, exhibit traditional, or Mendelian, patterns of inheritance.
		Foundation advancing research and awareness of the most common genetic disease that causes intellectual and cognitive deficits.
		Genetic Engineering is a relatively new science that involves the time extensive study and manipulation of cross-bred plants.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article?tocId=91390 (822 words)

	Clinical Genetics Course
		Mitochondria have their own genetic material and a few essential genes which if defective can produce illness transmitted exclusively by mothers to all their offspring.
		The CAG repeat occurs at the 3' end of the Huntington's gene, "Huntingtin".
		The text for this course is Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics, tenth Edition - Robert Mueller and Ian Young.
	www.ncl.ac.uk /medicalgenetics/l7.htm (199 words)

	GENETICS - www.ezboard.com
		B is genetically linked to the alpha globin locus in the minority of cases
		Anticipation means increased severity/earlier age of onset of disease with successive generations.
		Transposons are genetic sequences that have been transposed from one part of DNA to another.
	p200.ezboard.com /fdiwaniafrm14.showMessage?topicID=8.topic (934 words)

	The genetics of familial leukemia
		I propose a nosology based on whether the leukemia is a component of a medical syndrome or exists as a solitary disease, the apparent mode of inheritance, and the distribution of leukemia types and subtypes in affected family members.
		I review the recent findings from my group that leukemia is inherited with 'anticipation', in the form of a declining age of onset with each passing generation.
		The second model considers evidence that anticipation may be common to multiple types of familial cancer and is based on the intergenerational inheritance of multiple downstream mutations resulting from a defect in a single DNA repair gene.
	www.nature.com /cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/leu/journal/v11/n8/abs/2400707a.html (251 words)

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