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Topic: Antigen presentation

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	Antigen Presentation
		Antigens are macromolecules that elicit an immune response in the body.
		This frees the groove for occupancy by the antigenic fragment.
		The B cell receptors for antigen (BCRs) are antibodies anchored in the plasma membrane.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/AntigenPresentation.html (1707 words)

	Technology Overview - Antigen Express
		T cells recognize foreign pathogens in the body when fragments of the pathogen, antigenic epitopes, are 'presented' to them by specific molecules, termed major histocompatibility complexes (MHC), on the surface of infected or malignant cells.
		Antigen Express technology focuses on modulating immune responses mediated by T helper (Th) cells, a class of lymphocytes that plays a multifaceted role in the immune system, both enhancing and suppressing immune responses.
		The heart of the Antigen Express technology platform is the Ii (invariant chain) protein, which regulates antigen presentation by MHC class II molecules and consequent T helper cell activation.
	www.antigenexpress.com /technology.html (235 words)

	Antigen Presentation
		Antigens are macromolecules that elicit an immune response in the body.
		This frees the groove for occupancy by the antigenic fragment.
		The B cell receptors for antigen (BCRs) are antibodies anchored in the plasma membrane.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/A/AntigenPresentation.html (1707 words)

	Ii peptide therapeutics to enhance antigen presentation - Patent 5919639
		Antigen supercharging is accomplished using the effector compounds of the present invention by exploiting both the "antigen spilling" and the "antigenic peptide binding" properties of the compositions discussed above.
		Antigen spilling refers to the ability of the effector compounds to remove antigenic peptide from the antigenic peptide binding groove of MHC class II molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells.
		In vivo, the antigen spilling effector compound is coadministered with the second antigenic peptide at concentrations appropriate for the supercharging of MHC class II molecules on the surface of antigen presenting cells with a second antigenic peptide.
	www.freepatentsonline.com /5919639.html (11709 words)

	News - Antigen Express
		Recently he and his colleagues at Antigen Express have discovered and patented novel hybrid peptides in which the immunoregulatory Ii-Key peptide is linked covalently to antigenic epitopes.
		By controlling the presentation of antigen peptides to the immunoregulatory T helper cells, new classes of drugs can be developed to enhance vaccines or to suppress autoimmune disease.
		Antigen Express has active research programs, some funded by the National Cancer Institute, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and the Department of Defense, for breast and prostate cancers and melanoma, and for infectious diseases such as influenza, smallpox, SARS and HIV.
	www.antigenexpress.com /news_release.asp?NewsID=46 (809 words)

	Intracellular mechanisms responsible for exercise-induced suppression of macrophage antigen presentation -- Ceddia et ...
		Antigen presentation by macrophages from bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG)-resistant and -susceptible mice.
		Impaired antigen presentation by splenocytes of ethanol-consuming C57BL/6 mice.
		Decrease in macrophage antigen catabolism caused by ammonia and chloroquine is associated with inhibition of antigen presentation to T cells.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/88/2/804 (3791 words)

	Antigen presentation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antigen presentation is a process in the body's immune system by which macrophages, dendritic cells and leukocytes capture antigens and then carry those antigens to T-cells.
		These antigens are different from those on the surface of bacteria ("non-self" antigens) or on the surface of virally infected host cells (“missing self”).
		With the exception of some cell types, such as non-nucleated cells (including erythrocytes), all cells are capable of presenting antigen and activating the adaptive response.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antigen_presentation (627 words)

	Antigen presentation in dendritic cells \| Institut Curie
		Antigen presentation after phagocytosis is thus a central process in the induction of protective T cell responses against infectious agents such as virus or bacteria, for instance.
		Some monoclonal antibodies specific for tumor-cell surface antigens have been proven to be efficient at eradicating cancers, but their mechanims of action are yet unclear, and would take benefit to be elucidated to further improve their efficiency.
		The Tn antigen is specifically expressed at the surface of tumor cells but not on their normal counterparts, thus representing a good target for antibody-mediated passive immunotherapy.
	www.curie.fr /recherche/themes/detail_equipe.cfm/lang/_gb/id_equipe/31.htm (1972 words)

	Antigen
		Antigen dose and the route and timing of antigen contact, as well as immunogenicity, influence the magnitude and nature of the immune response.
		Antigens encountered in body tissues through subcutaneous or intramuscular injection are carried by lymph and macrophages into the lymph nodes, where they usually elicit formation of serum IgG antibody.
		Antigen in the tissues is carried by macrophages, PMNs, and dendritic cells to nearby secondary lymphoid organs where it stimulates lymphocytes to become immune effector cells.
	microvet.arizona.edu /Courses/MIC419/Tutorials/antigen.html (2324 words)

	HON Allergy Glossary Antigen-presenting cell (APC)
		T lymphocytes are part of the immune system involved in identifying antigens.
		However, for an antigen to be recognised by a T-lymphocyte, it must be first processed and "presented" in a form the antigen can recognise.
		Their major function is to obtain antigen in tissues, migrate to lymphoid organs and activate T cells.
	www.hon.ch /Library/Theme/Allergy/Glossary/apc.html (195 words)

	Antigen Presentation and DNA Vaccines -- DONNELLY et al. 162 (4): 190 -- American Journal of Respiratory and Critical ...
		the antigen was limited to the transplanted myoblasts (9).
		Presentation of antigens by dendritic cells (DCs) is a potent stimulus to immune responses, particularly to cell-mediated
		Antigen presentation by dendritic cells after immunization with DNA encoding a major histocompatibility complex class II-restricted viral epitope.
	ajrccm.atsjournals.org /cgi/content/full/162/4/S1/S190 (2998 words)

	Heat Shock Protein and CD91 references
		Provides evidence that HSPs are present in greater quantities in a variety of human cancers relative to normal cells and that this increased expression correlates with the ability of lysates to cause maturation of dendritic cells.
		Tumor rejection antigen gp96/grp94 is an ATPase: implications for protein folding and antigen presentation.
		Studies on cell surfaces during normal and abnormal growth: purification of a tumor-associated antigen and a tumor rejection antigen from a rat hepatoma.
	www.antigenics.com /products/tech/hsp/refs.html (6500 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Components of the antigen processing and presentation pathway revealed by gene expression ...
		B cell responses to signaling depend on the combination of ligands present, and include activation, proliferation, migration, differentiation, isotype class switching, somatic hypermutation, anergy, and apoptosis [1,2].
		Antigen is then internalized by receptor-mediated endocytosis and trafficked through endosomes for acidification and fusion with lysosomes containing pH-sensitive hydrolytic enzymes for antigen processing.
		It is well known that B cell antigen processing and presentation mediated through the BCR far exceeds the efficiency of presentation of the same antigen by macrophages or dendritic cells [5].
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/7/237 (6927 words)

	Ira Mellman
		Cross presentation is thought to play a critical role in triggering anti-viral and perhaps anti-tumor immune responses while, at the same time, ensuring tolerance to self antigens.
		It is a problem of interest because of its fundamental cell biology but also because understanding the mechanisms of antigen presentation by DCs will greatly assist mobilizing their activities for the purposes of aiding the development of rational vaccine strategies or for intervening in chronic inflammatory reactions.
		Central to these specializations is the fact that DCs developmentally and spatially compartmentalize their abilities for antigen accumulation and antigen presentation by a process termed “maturation.” In peripheral tissues, highly endocytic immature DCs reside as sentinels awaiting the arrival of foreign antigen.
	www.cancerresearch.org /cvc2002/ira_mellman.html (734 words)

	Orf virus-encoded interleukin-10 inhibits maturation, antigen presentation and migration of murine dendritic cells -- ...
		Orf virus-encoded interleukin-10 inhibits maturation, antigen presentation and migration of murine dendritic cells -- Lateef et al.
		Orf virus-encoded interleukin-10 inhibits maturation, antigen presentation and migration of murine dendritic cells
		The efficacy of presentation of antigen was assessed using the
	vir.sgmjournals.org /cgi/content/full/84/5/1101 (5076 words)

	Directed Antigen Presentation Using Polymeric Microparticulate Carriers Degradable at Lysosomal pH for Controlled ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-11)
		The types of the immune responses generated against an antigen are determined by the intracellular fate of the antigen.
		In contrast, exogenous antigens are degraded in the lysosome (or phagolysosome) of antigen presenting cells (APCs), and induce antibody-mediated immune responses and assist CTL activation.
		Ex vivo assays showed that the composition of the particles greatly affected the magnitude and the pathway of antigen presentations, which determine the type of immune responses.
	pubs.acs.org /cgi-bin/abstract.cgi/mpohbp/2005/2/i01/abs/mp0498953.html (319 words)

	Antigen presentation: Trimming peptides for presentation - Cell Signaling Update - Signaling Gateway
		MHC class I molecules present peptides of 8–10 amino acids in length.
		These peptides are generated in the cytoplasm and transported through the transporter associated with antigen processing (TAP) into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), where they are loaded onto MHC class I molecules.
		Presentation of some peptides was decreased, while others remained unchanged or showed increased expression, showing that the lack of ERAAP disrupts the generation of the peptide–MHC class I repertoire.
	www.signaling-gateway.org /update/updates/200601/nri1765.html (570 words)

	Antigen Presentation by Vaginal Cells: Role of TGF{beta} as a Mediator of Estradiol Inhibition of Antigen Presentation ...
		Antigen Presentation by Vaginal Cells: Role of TGF{beta} as a Mediator of Estradiol Inhibition of Antigen Presentation -- Wira et al.
		Estradiol is known to inhibit antigen presentation in the vagina.
		Wira CR, Rossoll RM 1995 Antigen presenting cells in the female reproductive tract: influence of the estrous cycle on antigen presentation by uterine epithelial and stromal cells.
	endo.endojournals.org /cgi/content/full/143/8/2872 (5744 words)

	Antigen Presentation to Celiac Lesion-Derived T Cells of a 33-Mer Gliadin Peptide Naturally Formed by Gastrointestinal ...
		Antigen Presentation to Celiac Lesion-Derived T Cells of a 33-Mer Gliadin Peptide Naturally Formed by Gastrointestinal Digestion -- Qiao et al.
		Antigen Presentation to Celiac Lesion-Derived T Cells of a 33-Mer Gliadin Peptide Naturally Formed by Gastrointestinal Digestion
		For each peptide, the binding is presented as a percentage of the maximum binding of this peptide.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/173/3/1757 (4461 words)

	mekentosj.com \| Science - MHC Class II antigen presentation
		The presentation of antigens is achieved through three different pathways (see sidebar), of which one is the so-called MHC class II pathway.
		Once a cell is recognized as being infected, it is eradicated by white blood cells to prevent further spreading of the infection.
		The MHC class II pathway processes material taken up by the cell from its environment into small peptides (also called antigens), which are subsequently loaded on the MHC class II molecules from which this pathway derives its name.
	www.mekentosj.com /science/mhc (1246 words)

	Gordon Research Conferences - 2007 Program (Antigen Cross-Presentation)
		Classically, only antigen that is synthesized endogenously has access to the class I antigen presentation pathway.
		This presumes that direct infection of the APC is a pre-requisite for developing immunity to viruses; and excludes the possibility of generating immunity to tumor-restricted antigens.
		There is a growing body of evidence, however, which suggests that exogenous antigens, which should not gain access to the cytoplasm, can in fact be channeled into the endogenous pathway of an APC for MHC I presentation.
	www.grc.org /programs/2007/antigen.htm (846 words)

	Keynote Address: Learning the rules of antigen presentation
		A current focus of his work is the analysis of processing and presentation of the antigen responsible for autoimmune diabetes.
		The MHC genes act as the linchpins that link the two systems, presenting the antigens to the adaptive immune system, which then signals the innate system to become fully cytotoxic.
		Using antigen presenting cell lines that express MHC genes, the team is getting at the detailed biochemistry of catabolism and antigen presentation.
	www.irvingtoninstitute.org /nyas_keynote.html (2262 words)

	mAb against hen egg-white lysozyme regulate its presentation to CD4+ T cells -- Guermonprez et al. 11 (11): 1863 -- ...
		Ig-mediated or Fc R-mediated uptake of antigen (35).
		Efficient presentation of soluble antigen by cultured human dendritic cells is maintained by granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor plus interleukin 4 and downregulated by tumor necrosis factor alpha.
		Batista, F. and Neuberger, M. Affinity dependence of the B cell response to antigen: a threshold, a ceiling, and the importance of off-rate.
	intimm.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/11/11/1863 (5488 words)

	Cytomegalovirus Encodes a Positive Regulator of Antigen Presentation -- Holtappels et al. 80 (15): 7613 -- The Journal ...
		Murine cytomegalovirus interference with antigen presentation has little effect on the size or the effector memory phenotype of the CD8 T cell response.
		The multiple immune-evasion genes of murine cytomegalovirus are not redundant: m4 and m152 inhibit antigen presentation in a complementary and cooperative fashion.
		Murine cytomegalovirus interference with antigen presentation contributes to the inability of CD8 T cells to control virus in the salivary gland.
	jvi.asm.org /cgi/content/full/80/15/7613 (7479 words)

	[No title]
		Is there any simple way to tell a given gene, for instance CD68, is an "antigen presentation gene" or not.
		antigen presentation is one of the best researched areas in immunology, so this is rather unlikely - but still there maybe some surprises!
		As to the genes that regulate the expression of antigen presentation genes, my inclination is they are not in this category.
	www.protocol-online.org /forums/index.php?showtopic=5456 (410 words)

	On the Site and Mode of Antigen Presentation for the Initiation of Clonal Expansion of CD8 T Cells Specific for a ...
		Data presented are dot plots depicting the CFSE intensity and forward scatters of the gated tumor-specific T cells.
		T cells were presented, and the percentage of the cells within the gate is presented in the panels.
		Sigal L. J., Rock K. Bone marrow-derived antigen-presenting cells are required for the generation of cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses to viruses and use transporter associated with antigen presentation (TAP)-dependent and -independent pathways of antigen presentation.
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/61/18/6860 (6366 words)

	THREE TYPES OF ANTIGEN PRESENTING CELLS
		It will be explained below that these three types of APC's present different sets of antigens and also may serve to activate T cells at different points during the immune response.
		The most relevant property of APC’s is that, in addition to antigen presentation, they provide co-stimulatory signals via B7.1 and B7.2.
		B cells are the least efficient antigen presenting cells.
	sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca /immunology/APC_text.htm (708 words)

	Modulation of Antigen Processing/ Presentation Pathways
		Implicit to this model of counteraction is the processing of an immunogenic peptide epitope and its presentation on the surface of a team of cells.
		Endogenous antigens are produced by viruses replicating within a nucleated host cell, processed by the proteolytic system acting on host intercellular proteins, and presented by class I MHC molecules.
		Exogenous antigens are internalized by antigen-presenting cells (APCs) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B lymphocytes.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/ies/ape.html (1655 words)

	IngentaConnect Mechanisms of MHC class I-restricted antigen presentation
		A displayed peptide has to pass certain constraints before its presentation: It has to be excised out of a protein, translocated into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and fit into the binding groove of a MHC molecule.
		Unfortunately, pathogens and tumours have evolved many ways to affect antigen presentation and to escape from immune response.
		Understanding the exact mechanisms of antigen presentation, i.e., protein cleavage and peptide binding by MHC molecules, would allow their manipulation by drugs and lead to the re-establishment of the correct antigen presentation pathway.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/apl/ett/2001/00000005/00000003/art00007 (285 words)

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