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	Antigenic drift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antigenic drift refers to mutations in the influenza virus that cause changes in the virus's surface proteins over time.
		Antigenic drift has been responsible for heavier than normal flu seasons in the past, like the outbreak of influenza A Fujian(H3N2) in the 2003 - 2004 flu season.
		Antigenic drift is not the same as antigenic shift, which is a major change in the surface proteins on the virus.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antigenic_drift (203 words)

	Antigenic shift - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antigenic shift is the process by which two different strains of influenza combine to form a new subtype having a mixture of the surface antigens of the two original strains.
		Antigenic shift is contrasted with antigenic drift, which is the natural mutation over time of known strains of influenza (or other things, in a more general sense) to evade the immune system.
		Antigenic drift occurs in all types of influenza including influenza A, B and C. Antigenic shift, however, occurs only in influenza A because it infects more than just humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antigenic_shift (716 words)

	Drift
		Drift Drift is the slow long term variation of an attribute or value of a system or device.
		Drift ice Drift ice consists of slabs of ice that float on the surface of the water in cold regions.
		Polar drift Polar drift is a geological phenomenon caused by variations in the flow of molten north pole.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/drift.html (260 words)

	Influenza Virus
		The antigenicity of NA on the surface of the influenza virus is also important in determining the subtype of the influenza virus isolates.
		Antigenic drift is the term used to indicate minor antigenic variations in HA and NA of the influenza virus from the original parent virus, while major changes in HA and NA which make the new virions significantly different, are called Antigenic shift.
		Antigenic drift (minor changes) occurs due to accumulation of point mutations in the gene which results in changes in the amino acids in the proteins.
	www.angelfire.com /nj/inquisitivemind/influenza.html (2022 words)

	Orthomyxoviruses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Antigenic drift is due to mutations in the RNA that leads to changes in the antigenic character of the H and N molecules.
		Antigenic shift is due to rearrangement of different segments of the viral genome that produces major changes in the antigenic character of the H and N molecules.
		There are 3 viral antigens of importance: the nucleoprotein antigen that determines the virus type (A, B or C), the hemagglutinin (H) antigen, and the neuraminidase (N) antigen.
	www.cehs.siu.edu /fix/medmicro/ortho.htm (711 words)

	Types of Flu
		One type is called "antigenic drift," which occurs through small changes in the virus that happen continually over time.
		Antigenic drift produces new virus strains that may not be recognized by antibodies to earlier influenza strains.
		The other type of change is called "antigenic shift." Antigenic shift is an abrupt, major change in the influenza A viruses, resulting in a new influenza virus that can infect humans and has a hemagglutinin protein or hemagglutinin and neuraminidase protein combination that has not been seen in humans for many years.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~nagahisa/html/types_of_flu.html (495 words)

	Antigenic Variation of Influenza Viruses, Influenza A Virus Antigenic Shift, Antigenic Drift
		Antigenic drift is thought to arise through natural mutation, and selection of new strains takes place by antibody pressure in an immune or partially immune population.
		Epidemics due to new virus strains arising due to antigenic drift is not as great as for those showing antigenic shift, since partial immunity is present in persons with cross- reacting antibody induced by previous infection.
		However, the subsequent infecting virus may show slow antigenic drift and the vaccine induced antibody will be less effective in conferring protection against the new strains.
	virology-online.com /viruses/Influenza2.htm (3799 words)

	ANTIGENIC DRIFT (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A change that occurs on the molecular level to effect a change in the antigenicity of a bacteria or virus.
		Antigenic drift occurs naturally and more rapidly in certain viruses (e.g.
		It is antigenic drift which complicates the development of an effective HIV (AIDS) vaccine.
	www.medhelp.org /glossary/new/gls_0389.htm (68 words)

	Featured Bug: Influenza (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Drift is an ongoing process and is one way the virus evades the body's natural immune system.
		Antigenic shift occurs only in influenza A viruses, and is associated with severe illness and worldwide pandemics.
		Antigenic shift originate from the genetic recombination of strains of virus from two different species, and is facilitated by the segmentation of the RNA genome.
	microbiology.mtsinai.on.ca /bug/flu/flu-bug.shtml (1421 words)

	Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Antigenic drift: usually results from mutation; in the case of influenza, mutations frequently occur in the 2 envelope proteins (hemagglutinin and neuraminidase) resulting in changes in the antigenic structure of the virions.
		Antigenic drift in epidemic influenza viruses from year to year requires continual updating of the strains used to produce immunizing vaccines.
		Antigenic shift: usually results from recombination events during a mixed infection; a mixed infection of 2 different influenza viruses yields progeny that are completely different from either of the parents, these drastic changes produce strains to which much of the human population lacks immunity.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~mengk/micro/lecture23.htm (592 words)

	Understanding Influenza Virus
		Antigenic drift, which is driven by the infidelity of the virally encoded polymerase, results in point mutations in the viral hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) glycoproteins.
		Antigenic drift in swine influenza H3 haemagglutinins with implications for vaccination policy.
		Antigenic and genetic diversity among swine influenza A H1N1 and H1N2 viruses in Europe.
	www.thepigsite.com /FeaturedArticle?Display=1012 (2485 words)

	Influenza Centre, Finland (II)
		Annual outbreaks are possible, for influenza viruses undergo antigenic drift, a gradual change that enables the virus to evade the immunity developed after previous infections with influenza viruses or in response to vaccinations.
		Direct detection of viral antigens by time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay is performed in advance in the collaborating laboratory directed by Dr. Marjaana Kleemola, and only specimens positive for influenza virus antigens are inoculated into MDCK cell cultures and embryonated eggs.
		Antigenic changes are considered from the standpoint of amino acid substitutions, and sequence comparisons are performed with vaccine strains from the previous autumn.
	www.ktl.fi /flu/flu2.htm (2018 words)

	[No title]
		This accumulative variation is termed antigenic drift, and the size and severity of the epidemic will depend on the degree to which the virus is different from those already experienced by the population.
		Whereas reassortment and antigenic shifts occur frequently in pigs, antigenic drift is less pronounced in the species compared to man. The availability of new susceptible piglets produces relatively low immune pressure and therefore may explain the reduced antigenic drift.
		Nevertheless, antigenic drift of the swine influenza A H3N2 viruses was detected in the Netherlands and Belgium and has led to a loss of cross-reactivity of recent field isolates with the human A/Port Chalmers/1/73 (H3N2) virus strain that is currently used in the swine vaccine.
	www.vetscite.org /publish/articles/000041/article.html (6949 words)

	CDC - Influenza (Flu) \| The Influenza (Flu) Viruses
		One is called "antigenic drift." These are small changes in the virus that happen continually over time.
		Antigenic drift produces new virus strains that may not be recognized by the body's immune system.
		The other type of change is called "antigenic shift." Antigenic shift is an abrupt, major change in the influenza A viruses, resulting in new hemagglutinin and/or new hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins in influenza viruses that infect humans.
	www.cdc.gov /flu/about/fluviruses.htm (898 words)

	Mechanism of Antigenic Variation
		Antigenic variation in influenza A comes in a multitude of forms, enabling it to effectively evade the immune system.
		Interestingly, antigenic drift in avian influenza is at a standstill; mutant viruses contain only silent changes in amino acid sequences.
		This is called antigenic shift, whereby a sudden dramatic change in the viral genome occurs.
	www.brown.edu /Courses/Bio_160/Projects1999/flu/mechanism.html (569 words)

	veshland: 2003 Flu: Shift vs. Drift. Treatment. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Antigens are little proteins that are on the envelope surrounding the virus, and for the flu there are two main types of glycoproteins that matter: hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase.
		This is different than an antigenic shift, where a completely new strain is introduced into the population, presumably from a change of a complete gene, and presumably when a strain jumps from an animal vector to a human vector.
		Scientist try to predict the antigens that will be prevalent for the flu season by examining flu strains in other countries in order to produce the flu vaccine.
	www.veshman.com /mt/archives/000097.php (1231 words)

	Current Trends Antigenic Variation of Recent Influenza A(H3N2) Viruses
		The occurrence of viruses that exhibit antigenic drift from the vaccine strain has on occasion resulted in diminished vaccine efficacy, such as the failure of A/Port Chalmers/1/73 to protect against A/Victoria/3/75 (2).
		In 1972, vaccine containing A/Aichi/2/68 reduced cases of influenza by 60% in an outbreak caused by the antigenic drift variant A/England/42/72 (3), and, in 1977, A/Victoria/3/75 vaccine protected adults from A/Texas/1/77 infection with 80% efficacy (4).
		Antigenic drift and efficacy of influenza virus vaccines, 1976-1977.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00001033.htm (1012 words)

	Antigenic drift as a mechanism for tumor evasion of destruction by cytolytic T lymphocytes -- Bai et al. 111 (10): 1487 ...
		Antigenic drift as a mechanism for tumor evasion of destruction by cytolytic T lymphocytes
		immunization with a multitude of tumor antigens (38-40) or by
		A monoclonal cytolytic T-lymphocyte response observed in a melanoma patient vaccinated with a tumor-specific antigenic peptide encoded by gene MAGE-3.
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/111/10/1487 (5921 words)

	Influenza - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		This is because the influenza A virus can undergo antigenic shift and present a new immune target to susceptible people.
		Populations tend to have more resistance to influenza B and C because they only undergo antigenic drift and have more similarity with previous strains.
		At present, the most common antigenic variants of influenza A virus are H1N1 and H3N2.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /influenza.htm (1341 words)

	Influenza vaccination (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		It is antigenic drift that makes it necessary to constantly analyze and change the formulation of the vaccine.
		However, because drift variants are antigenically related the vaccine will provide some protection even in mismatched years and the degree of protection depends on how mismatched the viruses are (ie.
		It is important to emphasize that although a drift variant is not a perfect match, it is expected that the vaccine will provide partial protection in immunized individuals who come in contact with the new virus.
	www.theberries.ns.ca /WINTER2005/influenza_vacination.html (955 words)

	H5N1 Antigenic Drift in Northern and Southern Vietnam
		This genetic change can cause antigenic drift which makes antibodies generated by infection or vaccination less effective, which is why new human vaccines are made twice a year, once for each hemisphere.
		These isolates would appear to be from the south, and all of the officially confirmed cases from the south have died this season.
		Thus, there is evidence for antigenic drift in both northern and southern Vietnam.
	www.recombinomics.com /News/03110501/H5N1_Antigenic_Drift.html (760 words)

	Document Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Drift is gradual and allows the population to have an immunological exposure to the new strain.
		In antigenic drift it means both HA and NA changes and there is noimmunological experience.
		But with antgenic shift is makes it all the more impossible as both antigenic structures are altered leaving a broad range vaccine out of reach.
	www2.abc.net.au /science/284.shtm (159 words)

	David Zage's Influenza Antigenic Drift Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Antigenic Drift is a mutation in the genetic code in the surface antigens.
		The changes in the antigens allow influenza to evade the immune systems of the host and make a yearly vaccination a necessity.
		Antigenic shift occurs when large fragments of genetic material are replaced with genes from other influenza subtypes.
	www.cs.bsu.edu /homepages/dmz/david/drift.html (261 words)

	FluMist - Efficacy and Protection
		However, antigenic drift can result in circulating strains that do not match the strains contained in the vaccine (this is known as vaccine mismatch).
		Vaccine mismatch is a result of antigenic drift.
		Antigenic drift is a continuous process of genetic change among flu strains
	www.flumist.com /professional/aboutflumist/efficacy.asp (540 words)

	Influenza: Introduction of the Neuraminidase Inhibitors
		Antigenic drift refers to the accumulation of point mutations in the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins that results in slight antigenic variation, allowing the virus to escape immunity acquired from previous influenza infections.
		Antigenic shift occurs when viruses bearing novel combinations of hemagglutinin and neuraminidase proteins enter human populations.
		Currently circulating are variations of the H1N1 virus that caused the 1917 pandemic, variations of the H3N2 strain of the 1968 pandemic, and the influenza B virus (which changes by antigenic drift but not shift).
	www.p-e-g.de /Research_News/03092000-15.html (2556 words)

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