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	Antihydrogen
		Antihydrogen does not occur naturally and therefore must be manufactured by bringing together the necessary building blocks in a particle accelerator.
		Since the structure of the common hydrogen atom comprises one electron and one proton, it follows that the structure of the antihydrogen atom is made up of one positron and one antiproton.
		In theory, antihydrogen, and therefore all antimatter atoms, should behave in exactly the same way as their ordinary-matter counterparts, i.e., they fall into gravity wells[?] (fall to earth as opposed to moving away), form molecules, etc.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/an/Antihydrogen.html (280 words)

	Antihydrogen - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antihydrogen atoms should be attracted to other matter or antimatter gravitationally with a force of the same magnitude as ordinary hydrogen atoms would experience.
		Antihydrogen does not occur naturally, and therefore must be manufactured by bringing together the necessary building blocks.
		Antihydrogen was first produced by these two collaborations in 2002, and by 2004 perhaps a hundred thousand antihydrogen atoms were produced in this way.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antihydrogen (577 words)

	PATENTABLE SUBJECT [ANTI]MATTER
		Antihydrogen is the antimatter equivalent of elemental hydrogen composed of one positron orbiting one antiproton.
		Nonetheless, the analysis of whether antihydrogen is appropriate subject matter for a patent, whether it is a man-made invention or a product of nature, is intriguing because it presents a unique opportunity to study the results at the edge of the product of nature doctrine.
		The laws of physics define those properties, and the scientists creating the antihydrogen atoms are merely discovering the natural properties of the substance, like the inventor who first purified tungsten from its natural ore. Those scientists cannot really tailor the properties of antihydrogen to their liking, as Chakrabarty did with his bacterium.
	www.law.duke.edu /journals/dltr/articles/2002dltr0027.html (4585 words)

	Laputan Logic - First Glimpse Inside Cold Antimatter Atoms
		With cold antihydrogen atoms, whose temperatures are within a few degrees of absolute zero, the scientists hope to eventually be able to use special magnets to capture the precious atoms for the precise studies.
		Antihydrogen atoms are the simplest of antimatter atoms.
		If an antihydrogen atom is put near a battery, the positive charge of its positron is attracted towards the negative terminal of the battery, while the negative charge of its antiproton is attracted to the positive terminal of the battery.
	www.laputanlogic.com /articles/2002/10/27-83820583.html (1057 words)

	AntiHydrogen Gravity Experiment
		Making slow-moving antihydrogen appropriate for a gravity experiment requires trapping antiprotons and positrons in Penning traps, feats which have already been accomplished by other research groups[2], [3],[4].
		An antihydrogen beam could be made by keeping the antiprotons and the positrons in separate electrostatic potential wells in the same solenoidal magnetic field[6].
		The pulsed nature of both the hydrogen 2s and the antihydrogen beams allows for the velocity of individual atoms to be determined from their time of flight.
	www.phy.duke.edu /~phillips/gravity/GravityExpt.html (1762 words)

	Antihydrogen at the MPQ project
		The first 9 antihydrogen atoms were generated at CERN by the PS210 experiment in 1995, and in 1996 the E862 experiment at the Fermilab produced another ~57 antihydrogen atoms.
		The antihydrogen atom formed this way still has a very high velocity and cannot be captured for a long and careful study.
		In the PS210 and E862 experiment the antihydrogen was therefore detected by having annihilation detectors in the path of flight.
	www.mpq.mpg.de /~haensch/antihydrogen/production.html (1031 words)

	USATODAY.com - Scientists create antihydrogen, will allow test of standard model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The ATHENA group relied on indications of the simultaneous destruction of antihydrogen's two atomic particles — the positron and the antiproton —; to show it had been produced, said Harvard physicist Gerald Gabrielse, spokesman for the ATRAP group.
		If the antihydrogen doesn't behave the same as normal hydrogen "the textbooks would have to be rewritten," said Hangst, who is a physicist at the University of Aarhus in Denmark, along with his CERN work.
		Antihydrogen is the exact opposite; a positron —; an electron with a positive charge — orbiting an antiproton, or a proton with a negative charge.
	www.usatoday.com /news/science/2002-09-18-anti-hydrogen_x.htm (786 words)

	CNEWS Science - Scientists create antihydrogen
		While antihydrogen has been made before, the more than 50,000 atoms created at the CERN particle accelerator in Geneva are ``by far, the most produced,'' said Jeffrey Hangst, a leader of the ATHENA collaboration, one of two groups of physicists working on antihydrogen at CERN.
		The ATHENA group relied on indications of the simultaneous destruction of antihydrogen's two atomic particles -the positron and the antiproton -to show it had been produced, said Harvard physicist Gerald Gabrielse, spokesman for the ATRAP group.
		Antihydrogen is the exact opposite; a positron -an electron with a positive charge -orbiting an antiproton, or a proton with a negative charge.
	www.canoe.ca /CNEWS/Science/2002/09/19/327.html (730 words)

	Probing the antiworld (October 2005) - Physics World - PhysicsWeb
		Antihydrogen consists of a positron in orbit around an antiproton and was first produced at CERN towards the end of 1995
		The original antihydrogen atoms produced at CERN and Fermilab in the mid-1990s were very energetic or "hot", which meant they were poorly suited for precision tests of CPT.
		All one has to do to produce antihydrogen is release the antiprotons into this positron plasma, where roughly 15% of the trapped antiprotons end up as the nuclei of antihydrogen atoms.
	physicsweb.org /articles/world/18/10/4/1?rss=2.0 (4055 words)

	Why Antihydrogen
		Another reason why antihydrogen is worth studying is its potential to test the Weak Equivalance Principle (WEP) of Einsteins General Relativity, which requires the gravitational acceleration of a falling body be independent of its composition.
		This has been tested rigorously for different objects of matter, but tests of antimatter and direct comparison of a matter object and its antimatter equivalent, such as protons and antiprotons, have proved very difficult, mainly due to the difficulty of shielding for even very small electromagnetic fields.
		Antihydrogen, on the other hand, is thought to be stable and neutral and tests using this should thus be able to be made at much higher accuracy.
	athena-positrons.web.cern.ch /ATHENA-positrons/wwwathena/hbar.html (608 words)

	Antihydrogen at the MPQ
		The goal of ATRAP is to produce cold antihydrogen and measure its properties with high precision.
		Antihydrogen is highly suited for this purpose as a direct comparison can be made with normal hydrogen.
		In addition we participate in the experiments going on at the Antiproton Decelerator at CERN (Geneva) where the ATRAP experiments are performed with actual antimatter (we don't have antimatter at the MPQ!).
	www.mpq.mpg.de /~haensch/antihydrogen (225 words)

	COLD ANTIHYDROGEN ATOMS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		COLD ANTIHYDROGEN ATOMS might have been made, for the first time, in an experiment at the CERN lab, where positrons and antiprotons are brought together in a bottle made of electric and magnetic fields.
		Making antihydrogen is difficult, however, because positrons and antiprotons, even when they can be marshaled and brought near each other, are usually going past each other too quickly for neutral atoms to form.
		A larger version of the ATRAP apparatus, which might be in operation as early as this fall, should allow the researchers to introduce some lasers for the purpose of studying the spectroscopy of prospective anti-hydrogen atoms in the trap.
	newton.ex.ac.uk /aip/glimpse.txt/physnews.577.1.html (449 words)

	Prying apart antimatter - Physics - Brief Article Science News - Find Articles
		Prevailing theories hold that antihydrogen and hydrogen are identical except for having constituents with opposite electrical charges.
		An atom of antihydrogen comprises a positively charged positron--the antimatter twin of the electron--orbiting a negatively charged antiproton.
		Scientists made the first atoms of antihydrogen in the mid-1990s within an accelerator, but those particles moved too quickly to be closely studied.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1200/is_2002_Dec_21/ai_96417288 (325 words)

	Harvard Gazette: Scientists look inside antimatter
		"We have obtained the first glimpse inside an antihydrogen atom, and this is a significant step on the way to precision measurements that will allow matter/antimatter comparisons to be made," says Gerald Gabrielse, professor of physics at Harvard and leader of the research team.
		In 1996, two other research groups had actually created a few atoms of antihydrogen, but these zipped through their instruments at close to the speed of light, too fast to be measured.
		But there is no good way to determine which particles came from antihydrogen and which had just come out of the trap alone.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/2002/11.14/01-anti.html (1359 words)

	SPACE.com -- Scientists Create 'Star Trek' Antihydrogen in Quantity
		European scientists say they have created enough antihydrogen -- a type of the mirror-image, antimatter stuff that fictionally powers spaceships on Star Trek -- to test a widely held basic model of the universe.
		The ATHENA group relied on indications of the simultaneous destruction of antihydrogen's two atomic particles _ the positron and the antiproton _ to show it had been produced, said Harvard physicist Gerald Gabrielse, spokesman for the ATRAP group.
		Antihydrogen is the exact opposite; a positron -- an electron with a positive charge -- orbiting an antiproton, or a proton with a negative charge.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/generalscience/anti_hydrogen_020918.html (863 words)

	Production and Spectroscopy of Antihydrogen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		The ATHENA experiment is a project to study the atomic spectrum of antihydrogen at the CERN antiproton decelerator.
		A cryogenic Si-microstrip and pure CsI detector for detection of antihydrogen annihilations, C. Regenfus, Nucl.
		A measurement of the Lorentz angle in silicon strip sensors at cryogenic temperature, I. Johnson et al., Nucl.
	www.research-projects.unizh.ch /p447.htm (145 words)

	Cold Antimatter Workshop
		If the antihydrogen plasma within the magnetic well region is neutral, then the plasma confinement properties associated with the non-uniform field region may approach that associated with confinement of a single charged particle, provided the effects of collisions between particles can be neglected.
		For each method, a set of conditions is predicted for achieving antihydrogen recombination and trapping on a time scale short compared to times scales associated with collision-based transport processes.
		Because of predicted [1] favorable scaling laws, the three-body recombination of antiprotons and positrons in a low temperature plasma is a leading candidate for the mechanism in which antihydrogen atoms are produced in the laboratory.
	www.cfa.harvard.edu /itamp/anti.html (2611 words)

	The Most Antimatter
		To increase the numbers, Japanese and Hungarian researchers led by Yasunori Yamazaki of the Japanese government institution RIKEN and the University of Tokyo sent the output of the antiproton decelerator into a radio-frequency quadrupole decelerator.
		Yamazaki says these antiprotons could be used to create a large number of antihydrogen atoms if they were combined with positrons (anti-electrons).
		Previous antihydrogen experiments had to make do with 50 times fewer antiprotons trapped from each bunch out of the decelerator.
	focus.aps.org /story/v15/st2 (671 words)

	Print the story (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Strangely, the same media failed to report that on October 21 2002, a paper was published with a signature for the antihydrogen atom in the observed line spectrum of natural H [2], an essential step in the discovery of natural antihydrogen by G. Van hooydonk, science professor at and former Chief-Librarian of the Ghent University.
		The existence of natural antihydrogen not only flaws the CERN-experiments on artificial antihydrogen [6]; it is also important for the three fundamental symmetries CPT in physics and for Einstein’s WEP.
		The existence of natural antihydrogen also immediately solves the long standing problem of the so-called matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe, where natural hydrogen is the most abundant species.
	www.physorg.com /printnews.php?newsid=3226 (400 words)

	Antihydrogen at Fermilab (E862) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		Fermilab E862 will examine the QED process of fast antihydrogen production.
		Expectations are of observing about 750 antihydrogen atoms in antiproton beam interactions with a cold hydrogen gas jet target.
		The antihydrogen atoms are created when the antiproton interacts with the field of the proton and pair-produces.
	flux.aps.org /meetings/BAPSMAY96/abs/S810008.html (73 words)

	Cold Antihydrogen Atoms May Have Been Made At CERN
		A few years ago, a dozen or so hot antihydrogen atoms were made on the fly amid violent scattering interactions at CERN and Fermilab.
		Now, cold antihydrogen atoms might have been made, for the first time, in an experiment at the CERN lab, where positrons and antiprotons are brought together in a bottle made of electric and magnetic fields.
		At last week's meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Boston, Gerald Gabrielse of Harvard, spokesperson for the Antihydrogen Trap collaboration (ATRAP), reported new results.
	unisci.com /stories/20021/0225023.htm (514 words)

	Antihydrogen at Fermilab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		A total of 99 antihydrogen atoms were observed, with essentially no background.
		The results were published in Physical Review Letters in the spring of 1998.
		It may be possible to make spectroscopic measurements using antihydrogen atoms produced in the Fermilab Antiproton Source.
	ppd.fnal.gov /experiments/hbar (74 words)

	The race for antihydrogen \| MetaFilter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-18)
		December 7, 2005 8:54 AM and ATRAP are two collaborations of physicists racing to trap and study antihydrogen.
		The proposed comparison of hydrogen to antihydrogen promises to give an extremely senstive test of CPT invarience.
		For you history buffs, here is a copy of Noether's seminal paper.
	www.metafilter.com /comments.mefi/47350 (802 words)

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