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Topic: Antimalarial drug

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	Diseases: Malaria: Prescription Drugs, Public Info \| CDC Travelers' Health
		Drugs purchased overseas may not be made according to United States standards and may not be effective.
		You should avoid using antimalarial drugs that are not recommended unless you have been diagnosed with life-threatening malaria and no other treatment options are available.
		In special situations when other antimalarial drugs cannot be taken and in consultation with malaria experts, primaquine may be used to prevent malaria while the traveler is in the malaria-risk area (primary prophylaxis).
	www.cdc.gov /travel/malariadrugs.htm (2667 words)

	Antimalarial drug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antimalarial drugs are designed to prevent or treat malaria.
		There are many of these drugs currently on the market.
		This page was last modified 03:58, 3 May 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antimalarial_drug (51 words)

	Antimalarial Drugs Focus Group Report (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Consideration of antimalarial drugs began with a general review of drugs currently available, drugs in clinical studies, drugs in transition from pre-clinical to clinical studies, drugs in pre-clinical studies, and potential antimalarial drug targets.
		In an era of epidemic drug resistance, surveillance and the use of molecular assays must be based on a clear understanding of "resistance" in the context of in vivo and in vitro responses.
		Antimalarial drugs save the lives of seriously ill children, pregnant women and others every day, and are in fact the basis of malaria control in Africa today.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /dmid/malaria/malafr/antimala.htm (3025 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Antimalarial drug resistance has spread and intensified over the last 15–20 years, however, leading to a dramatic decline in the efficacy of the most affordable antimalarial drugs.
		National antimalarial treatment policies are essential to provide countries with a framework for the safe and effective treatment of uncomplicated and severe malaria as well as for the prevention of malaria in travellers and in vulnerable groups, such as pregnant women and young children.
		The use of antimalarial drugs for chemoprophylaxis and the prevention and treatment of uncomplicated malaria was last reviewed at a WHO informal consultation in September 1995, which also considered diagnosis and the principles of clinical management.
	www.paho.org /English/AD/DPC/CD/mal-antipaludiques.htm (1674 words)

	Clinical Trial: Antimalarial Drug Resistance in Mali
		Resistance of Plasmodium falciparum (malaria) to current antimalarial drugs and the continuing development of resistance to new antimalarial formulations is one of the major obstacles to effective malaria control and case management.
		Efficient, comprehensive and validated methods for monitoring drug resistance in advance of the development of resistance to the antimalarial drugs that are in use are urgently needed.
		More expensive combination drug therapy using artesunate and other antimalarials in combination is increasingly being recommended in an effort to extend the useful life of drugs and to slow the spread of antimalarial drug resistance.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00127998 (1312 words)

	Report on Meeting on Antimalarial Drug Usage and Resistance, Geneva
		The use of antimalarial drug combinations, and in particular of artemisinin derivatives with other antimalarials, was agreed to offer immense potential benefits for delaying the emergence of drug resistant parasites and possibly for reducing transmission and incidence of malaria in regions of low transmission intensity.
		A fundamental aspect of drug usage recommendations is the impact of resistance on morbidity and mortality from malaria in communities and hence the impact of the timing and nature of a policy decision on the health of a population.
		The principle of combination drug therapy is well-established and already employed in fields such as cancer, tuberculosis and HIV therapy: the likelihood of a pathogen arising that is simultaneously resistant to two or more drugs is much lower than the probability of resistance developing to one drug used alone.
	www.malaria.org /ppt/drug.html (5240 words)

	MIM-TDR Antimalarial Drug Resistance Network - Network Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		falciparum to antimalaria drugs and establishing the role of known and new markers of drug resistance.
		Effort in this field is concentrated on the study of four markers of drug resistance (see box), establishment of a drug resistance database, improvement of clinical protocols used by the scientists, improvement of electronic communication and expansion of the partner base.
		The activities of the network are designed to provide primary data on defined markers based on standard procedures with the objective of mapping resistance to antimalarial drug in the participating countries.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /adrn/description.html (687 words)

	Antimalarial drugs
		Antimalarial drugs treat or prevent malaria, a disease that occurs in tropical, subtropical, and some temperate regions of the world.
		Among the commonly used antimalarial drugs are chloroquine (Aralen), mefloquine (Lariam), primaquine, pyrimethamine (Daraprim), and quinine.
		Recommended dosage depends on the type of antimalarial drug, its strength, and the form in which it is being used (such as tablet or injection).
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/antimalarial_drugs.jsp (1754 words)

	MIM: Antimalarial Drugs and Drug Resistance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In view of the increasing levels of parasite resistance to antimalarial drugs currently in use, there is an urgent need to optimize the use of existing drugs and to develop new antimalarial compounds.
		Combination antimalarial drug trials are planned, findings from which offer will important potential to delay the emergence and spread of resistance.
		It also advised WHO/AFRO on guidelines for selection of antimalarial drug use for malaria control in Africa, and defined short-, medium- and long-term operational research agendas in the area of antimalarial drug management of malaria.
	www.mim.su.se /english/activities/drugs.html (687 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		The effectiveness of this intervention is highly dependent on antimalarial drugs, which should not only be safe and effective, but also available, affordable and acceptable to the population at risk.
		The rational use of an effective antimalarial drug not only reduces the risk of severe disease and death and shortens the duration of the illness, but also contributes to slowing down the development of the parasite's resistance to antimalarial drugs.
		Combination therapies preferably using "novel" antimalarial drugs with different modes of action is the way forward for improving therapeutic efficacy and delaying development of resistance in antimalarial chemotherapy.
	www.paho.org /English/AD/DPC/CD/mal-adct.htm (1043 words)

	Malaria Journal \| Full text \| Research influence on antimalarial drug policy change in Tanzania: case study of ...
		Until the last day of July 2001, CQ was officially the first-line drug for the treatment of uncomplicated malaria in Tanzania, SP being the second-line drug while quinine was the third-line drug for severe or complicated malaria [14].
		After the national Task Force on antimalarial drug policy had presented its policy brief, a series of newspapers and some private radio stations began to inform the public that CQ was no longer a recommended drug for malaria treatment and that the Government was considering replacing it with a new drug.
		Another failure may be on the side of some health practitioners to administer the drug as recommended in the policy guidelines due to lack of training on the administration of the new drug or other motives driving their practices e.g.
	www.malariajournal.com /content/4/1/51 (6237 words)

	06.02.2003 - Cheap, simple microbial factories for antimalarial drug
		The drug, artemisinin, is one of the most promising next-generation antimalarials because of its effectiveness against strains of the malaria parasite now resistant to front-line drugs.
		There, protein drugs are produced primarily through fermentation by recombinant yeast that seldom have more than one gene inserted in them, perhaps with an additional piece of DNA fused to that gene to make the yeast spit out the protein.
		The expense stands in the way of its use in Africa, where resistance is rapidly spreading to the first-line antimalarial drugs- chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine.
	www.berkeley.edu /news/media/releases/2003/06/02_yeast.shtml (1186 words)

	Monitoring Antimalarial Drug Resistance
		In response to the rapid spread of drug resistance and the slow rate at which new antimalarial drugs are developed, it is recommended that treatment policy should focus on therapy with antimalarial drug combinations.
		It is presented as the current WHO standard method for monitoring the therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for the treatment of children suffering from uncomplicated falciparum malaria in areas of intense transmission (WHO document WHO/MAL/96.1077, Assessment of therapeutic efficacy of antimalarial drugs for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in areas with intense transmission).
		For drugs that cannot be obtained through such sources, samples of test drugs should be submitted to the WHO collaborating centres or regional reference laboratories on quality of drugs for analysis.
	www.who.int /malaria/cmc_upload/0/000/015/800/200239.html (7650 words)

	Early promise for new antimalarial drug (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Safe and effective antimalarial drugs with new methods of action are urgently needed as resistance to conventional drug therapies such as chloroquine and sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine has created a severe public-health problem, especially in sub-Saharan Africa.
		The drug was well tolerated, and cure rates after two weeks were 89%, 88%, and 60%, for treatment durations of 5, 4, and 3 days, respectively.
		Further studies on combinations of fosmidomycin with other antimalarial drugs are needed to assess its safety and efficacy in children and to boost efficacy while benefiting from a shorter and simpler treatment regimen."
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-12/l-epf121102.php (216 words)

	Clinical Trial: Impact of Insecticide-Treated Curtains on Antimalarial Drug Resistance
		To date, except for two studies which reported reductions in the prevalence of drug resistance in Tanzania and Zimbabwe, no other field data addressed the impact of reducing malaria transmission by the use of vector control measures on antimalarial drug resistance.
		The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of insecticide-treated curtains (ITCs) on clinical and parasitological outcomes in children with uncomplicated malaria treated with chloroquine (CQ), on the prevalence of genetic markers of resistance to CQ and sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and on the ability of children to clear drug resistant parasites.
		Restricting the use of drugs to reduce drug pressure is presently unrealistic due to poor access to health facilities and a lack of equipment.
	clinicaltrials.gov /ct/show/NCT00169078 (1559 words)

	WHO urges responsible use of antimalarial medicines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Drugs derived from the plant Artemisia annua must be used as ACTs in combination with a second drug, and not alone.
		The organization also advises that all people taking antimalarials should be educated about the importance of finishing their medication courses, since incomplete treatment is another cause of resistance.
		The report recounts the emergence of resistance to the former mainstays of malaria treatment, such as chloroquine, in most regions of the world, and the ways countries have changed their national policies to keep ahead of the advancing resistance.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=13027 (475 words)

	Update on world antimalarial drug supply
		The drug is produced by Novartis under the tradename Coartem?.
		The nine countries that have officially adopted artemether + lumefantrine in their antimalarial treatment policies and are planning to procure and use this medicine in 2005, should between them be able to obtain approximately a total of 20 million treatment courses.
		In the event demand exceeds availability, WHO is establishing a system to prioritize requests from countries based on a number of specific objective criteria, including documented resistance to other antimalarial drugs and the need to implement their new ACT policies.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=7025 (621 words)

	ASHP News: Antimalarial Drug Venture Aims to Succeed
		She attributed the disease's resurgence to "the onset of antimalarial drug resistance" that began in the late 1970s.
		Chloroquine and sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine, antimalarial drugs used to combat the disease in the developing world, "are becoming virtually useless through resistance" in the malarial parasite Plasmodium falciparum, Ogilvie said.
		Although three other antimalarials have been developed since 1975, Ogilvie said they are too expensive for those who live in areas where malaria is endemic.
	www.ashp.org /news/ShowArticle.cfm?id=6354 (805 words)

	Ranbaxy Laboratories Limited :: Promising New Antimalarial Drug Demonstrates Significant Parasite Reduction in Patients
		"We've known that artemisinin-based drugs are an effective treatment for malaria, but these naturally derived drugs are costly to prepare and are beyond the financial reach of millions of malaria victims in poor countries," said William N. Charman, Ph.D. of Monash University in Australia, another presenter at the symposium.
		As a totally synthetic antimalarial molecule, RBx 11160 could replace Artemisinin, a natural chemical derived from a scarce and expensive plant, because bulk production of RBx 11160 is expected to be faster and more economical compared with the existing, agriculture-based Artemisinin derivatives, currently grown in the fields of China.
		MMV's goal is to register at least one new antimalarial before 2010 and maintain a sustainable pipeline of antimalarials to meet the needs of the 2.4 billion people at risk of this deadly disease.
	sev.prnewswire.com /medical-pharmaceuticals/20051213/NYTU09713122005-1.html (1159 words)

	Prescription Drugs > Research Milestone Brings Goal Closer of Cheap Antimalarial Drug for Developing World
		Researchers striving to create a less expensive version of a life-saving antimalarial drug, artemisinin, have cleared a major hurdle, according to a new report in the journal Nature.
		The fact that the researchers have not yet been able to produce artemisinin itself is not a disadvantage, they said, since drugs currently on the market - all made from extracts of the wormwood plant, Artemisia annua - are synthetic derivatives of both artemisinic acid and artemisinin.
		Bacteria breed faster and are often the microbes of choice, but the ability to get the drug out of both bacteria and yeast provides flexibility in achieving the goal of complete synthesis of artemisinin within another four years, he said.
	www.emaxhealth.com /94/5496.html (1215 words)

	Antimalarial drug resistance -- White 113 (8): 1084 -- Journal of Clinical Investigation
		Antimalarial drugs must be present at levels greater than the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) until eradication of the infection in nonimmune patients to ensure cure of the infection.
		A slowly eliminated antimalarial such as chloroquine or piperaquine presents a lengthy opportunity for the selection of resistance among sensitive parasites (MIC A), but once resistance has become established (MIC B), the terminal elimination phase is no longer selective, because the blood concentrations are no longer inhibitory.
		Opportunities for the de novo selection of antimalarial drug resistance in an area of high transmission (entomological inoculation rate 50 per year; each inoculation is depicted as a green arrow) in a young child treated for acute falciparum malaria with a slowly eliminated drug such as mefloquine (red dotted line).
	www.jci.org /cgi/content/full/113/8/1084 (6309 words)

	Counterfeit and Substandard Antimalarial Drugs \| CDC Malaria
		Substandard drugs are found even among cheaper products, because some manufacturers wish to avoid costly quality control and good manufacturing practices.
		In Cambodia in 1999, counterfeit antimalarial drugs were responsible for the deaths of at least 30 people.
		The drug sample consists of a mixture of drug and inactive ingredients.
	www.cdc.gov /malaria/travel/counterfeit_drugs.htm (920 words)

	Nonisotopic, Semiautomated Plasmodium falciparum Bioassay for Measurement of Antimalarial Drug Levels in Serum or ...
		Drug profiles over a period of 12 h for two malaria patients (SA8 and SA30) and one healthy volunteer (SAN1) tested with the HRP2 bioassay, with an isotopic bioassay, and by HPLC-ECD.
		Determination of the antimalarial arteether and its deethylated metabolite dihydroartemisinin in plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with reductive electrochemical detection.
		A bioassay for evaluating antimalarial activity and for measuring concentration in plasma.
	aac.asm.org /cgi/content/full/48/11/4485 (1514 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Antimalarial drug combo cures 99% of children
		This was far more effective than more conventional drugs or other combinations used in the study of about 1800 children, aged four months to 59 months.
		Although the combination appears promising in the face of growing drug resistance to antimalarial drugs in Africa, other factors may limit its uptake, says Targett.
		A third study in the issue shows that giving the drug sulphadoxine-pyrimethamine just three times - at the same time as routine childhood vaccinations - cut malaria in Tanzanian children by 59% in the first year of life, and the beneficial effects have so far lasted into their second year.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn7296 (643 words)

	ANTIMALARIAL DRUG RESISTANCE, ARTEMISININ-BASED COMBINATION THERAPY, AND THE CONTRIBUTION OF MODELING TO ELUCIDATING ...
		drug or indeed whether an antimalarial drug is taken at all.
		Assessment of Therapeutic Efficacy of Antimalarial Drugs for Uncomplicated Falciparum Malaria.
		Plasmodium falciparum antimalarial drug susceptibility on the north-western border of Thailand during five years of extensive use of artesunate-mefloquine.
	www.ajtmh.org /cgi/content/full/71/2_suppl/179 (6056 words)

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