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Topic: Antimatter

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Antimatter weaponry

Antimatter weapon

Antimatter rocket

Annihilation

Antiparticle

Tactical nuclear weapons

Antineutron

Antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion

Positron

Ambiplasma

Matter

Penning trap

Particle accelerator

Relativistic Mass

Force carrier

	SPACE.com -- The Reality of Antimatter
		Antimatter was first theorized based on work done in 1928 by the physicist Paul Dirac.
		Antimatter has tremendous energy potential, if it could ever be harnessed.
		The fleeting particles of antimatter are also created by the decay of radioactive material, which can be injected into a patient in order to perform Positron Emission Tomography, or PET scan of the brain.
	www.space.com /scienceastronomy/antimatter_sun_030929.html (989 words)

	Antimatter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antimatter is not found naturally on Earth, except very briefly and in vanishingly small quantities (as the result of radioactive decay or cosmic rays).
		Counterbalancing this, when antimatter annihilates with ordinary matter, energy equal to twice the mass of the antimatter is liberated—so energy storage in the form of antimatter could (in theory) be 100% efficient.
		The current antimatter production rate is between 1 and 10 nanograms per year, and this is expected to increase to between 3 and 30 nanograms per year by 2015 or 2020 with new superconducting linear accelerator facilities at CERN and Fermilab.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antimatter (3473 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute normal matter.
		With antimatter, the entire possible energy of the matter could be harnessed, instead of the very small chemical energies or nuclear energies that can be extracted today.
		It is hoped that antimatter could be used as fuel for interplanetary travel or possibly interstellar travel, but it is also feared that if humanity ever gets the capabilities to do so, there could be the construction of antimatter weapons.
	wikiwhat.com /encyclopedia/a/an/antimatter.html (451 words)

	Antimatter rocket - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An antimatter rocket is a proposed type of rocket that uses antimatter as its power source.
		A more conventional approach would be to inject the antimatter into a tungsten block, producing heat, which could then be used to either directly heat a propellant (similar to how a nuclear thermal rocket operates), or generate electricity to run some other propulsion mechanism.
		For example, an antimatter rocket could take one ton of cargo to the interplanetary space using about 400 micrograms of antimatter, or to the low earth orbit using half of that amount.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antimatter_rocket (332 words)

	Howstuffworks "How Antimatter Spacecraft Will Work"
		Antimatter is exactly what you might think it is -- the opposite of normal matter, of which the majority of our universe is made.
		When antimatter comes into contact with normal matter, these equal but opposite particles collide to produce an explosion emitting pure radiation, which travels out of the point of the explosion at the speed of light.
		The problem with developing antimatter propulsion is that there is a lack of antimatter existing in the universe.
	science.howstuffworks.com /antimatter1.htm (665 words)

	Antimatter - Memory Alpha, the Star Trek Wiki
		Antimatter was a generalized term used to describe a state of matter which was different in some significant way from another state of matter.
		In 2366 the non-corporeal Koinonians drained antimatter from the antimatter containment pods of the USS Enterprise-D to use it as energy to create their replica of Marla Aster.
		This was stopped by increasing the shield harmonics to match the antimatter containment effectively severing the Koinonian beam.
	memory-alpha.org /en/wiki/Antimatter (518 words)

	NASA - Top Story - ANTIMATTER FACTORY ON SUN YIELDS CLUES TO SOLAR EXPLOSIONS - September 02, 2003
		Antimatter annihilates normal matter in a burst of energy, inspiring science fiction writers to use it as a supremely powerful source to propel starships.
		Antimatter is often called the "mirror image" of ordinary matter, because for every type of ordinary matter particle, an antimatter particle can be created that is identical except for an opposite electric charge or other fundamental properties.
		Antimatter is created in flares when the fast-moving particles accelerated during the flare collide with slower particles in the Sun's atmosphere.
	www.nasa.gov /centers/goddard/news/topstory/2003/0903rhessi.html (1882 words)

	Antimatter Everyday
		Antimatter - a mirror image of matter - is an idea so revolutionary that even its discoverer initially feared its consequences.
		Now antimatter is used every day in medicine for brain scans.
		Transforming all its mass into pure energy, antimatter is the perfect fuel.
	livefromcern.web.cern.ch /livefromcern/antimatter/everyday/AM-everyday00.html (108 words)

	Comets
		The size of the coma and tail increases with the increase in the amount of solar wind and interstellar dust particles colliding with the nucleus, and within the coma and nucleus of the comet.
		The nucleus is composed of stony and iron antimatter.
		is a plasma composed of solar wind, interstellar dust, antimatter ions, dust particles, and fragments.
	www.matter-antimatter.com /comets.htm (629 words)

	Random Reality
		The existence of antimatter partners for all matter particles is now a well-verified phenomenon, with both partners for hundreds of such pairings observed.
		The observed imbalance between matter and antimatter is a puzzle yet to be explained.
		This distinction is the subject of study in a number of experiments around the world that focus on differences in the decays of particles called B-mesons and their antiparticle partners.
	www.fortunecity.com /emachines/e11/86/randreal.html (3085 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Science/Nature \| Antimatter is mass-produced
		Antimatter is the mirror image of ordinary matter and both should have been created in equal quantities at the birth of the Universe.
		Antimatter is destroyed whenever it collides with matter, turning both into bursts of radiation.
		Any thoughts of using antimatter to power a starship or create a weapon is still in the realm of science fiction.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/sci/tech/2266503.stm (522 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for antimatter (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Antimatter Whatever you're looking for you can get it on eBay.
		koinos =common) to distinguish it from antimatter, or matter composed of antiparticles.
		Antimatter From Laser Blast.(Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory invention from firing laser power at mixture of gold and uranium)(Brief Article)
	www.encyclopedia.com /articles/00591.html (245 words)

	Matter, antimatter, and the origin of everything \| csmonitor.com
		Of course, that seems fitting; antimatter is dramatic, exciting stuff, and is, as well, the fuel that supposedly propels the starship Enterprise across the galaxy.
		Sure, understanding antimatter and how to create it in our laboratories may very well lead us to a super-efficient, almost inexhaustible energy source to power the spaceships in our far future.
		Matter and antimatter were created in almost exactly the same amounts, and did fill the early universe with an intense bath of radiation created by their annihilation.
	www.csmonitor.com /2002/1003/p25s01-stss.html (1177 words)

	Antimatter
		Antimatter is also produced in some radioactive decays.
		This conclusion is partly based on the low observed abundance of antimatter in the cosmic rays, which are particles that constantly rain down on us from outer space.
		All of the antimatter present in the cosmic rays can be accounted for by radioactive decays or by nuclear reactions involving ordinary matter like those described above.
	www.lbl.gov /abc/Antimatter.html (766 words)

	PAMELA Experiment - The science: Cosmic rays (Site not responding. Last check: )
		However, by the mid-1950s the existence of antimatter, including antiprotons, antineutrons, positrons, had also been established in the laboratory.
		Big Bang theory for the origin of the Universe makes hypothesis that in the first instants of its existence matter and antimatter had to be present in equal amount.
		An antimatter search must therefore study actual particles, such as the nuclei of light elements, possibly originating from stars in clusters of galaxies outside our own.
	wizard.roma2.infn.it /pamela/html/anti.htm (383 words)

	Secrets»Bizarre Facts From Angels&Demons»Assorted»Official Website of Dan Brown
		Physicists have known about or suspected the existence of antimatter for more than 60 years and the first anti-particles were created in laboratories in the 1950s.
		Science fiction writers have long considered the explosion of matter and antimatter to be the energy source of the future.
		Because antimatter technology is changing so rapidly, links provided here would become outdated almost overnight.
	www.danbrown.com /secrets/bizarre_facts/antimatter.html (548 words)

	Antimatter - Crystalinks
		If, however there were an isolated system of antimatter in the universe, free from interaction with ordinary matter, no earthbound observation could distinguish its true content, as photons (being their own antiparticle) are the same whether they are in a ³universe² or an 'antiuniverse'.
		It was found that a particular heavy unstable particle, which is its own antiparticle, decays slightly more often to positrons (e+) than to electrons (e-).
		After Dirac, the sci-fi writers had a field day with visions of antiworlds, antistars and antiuniverses, all made of antimatter, and it is still a common plot device, however suppositions of the existence a coeval, antimatter duplicate of this universe are not taken seriously in modern cosmology.
	www.crystalinks.com /antimatter.html (1002 words)

	What's the Matter with Antimatter? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In 1955 the antiproton was produced at the Berkeley Bevatron, and in 1995 scientists created the first anti-hydrogen atom at the CERN research facility in Europe by combining the anti-proton with a positron (the normal hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron).
		High-energy antimatter particles are only produced in relatively large numbers at a few of the world's largest particle accelerators.
		The current worldwide production rate of antimatter is on the order of 1 to 10 nanograms (billionths of a gram!) per year.
	spacescience.com /headlines/y2000/ast29may_1m.htm?list (1594 words)

	What's the Matter with Antimatter?
		In 1955 the antiproton was produced at the Berkeley Bevatron, and in 1995 scientists created the first anti-hydrogen atom at the CERN research facility in Europe by combining the anti-proton with a positron (the normal hydrogen atom consists of one proton and one electron).
		High-energy antimatter particles are only produced in relatively large numbers at a few of the world's largest particle accelerators.
		The current worldwide production rate of antimatter is on the order of 1 to 10 nanograms (billionths of a gram!) per year.
	science.nasa.gov /headlines/y2000/ast29may_1m.htm (1594 words)

	BBC - h2g2 - Antimatter
		Whereas ordinary matter is made from atoms, which are made from nucleons, made from quarks, antimatter is made from antiatoms, made from antinucleons, made from antiquarks.
		Annihilating a kilo of antimatter with a kilo of matter would release the amount of energy contained in 28 million barrels of oil, but it would take a lot more than this to produce a kilo of antimatter.
		But if equal amounts of matter and antimatter were produced in the big bang (as theory predicts), then both matter and antimatter should have all annihilated long ago, and the universe should now just be filled with energy.
	www.bbc.co.uk /dna/h2g2/A599853 (965 words)

	Antimatter Over Antarctica?
		The team seeks to understand the origin of cosmic antimatter and to find evidence for the existence of Hawking radiation from "evaporating" fl holes, a theory proposed by Prof.
		To maximize the possibility of finding the antimatter predicted by Hawking, the team is hoping for at least a 10-day flight, or once around the South Pole, in a near-space environment above 99% of the atmosphere.
		Antimatter is made up of particles with equal but opposite characteristics of the particles of matter we interact with everyday.
	www.spacedaily.com /news/cosmology-04zi.html (758 words)

	antimatter - a definition from Whatis.com
		Antimatter is any substance that, when combined with an equal amount of matter, results in the complete and direct conversion of all substance to energy.
		The antiparticle of an electron is known as a positron.
		Antimatter has been suggested as a possible propellant for spacecraft, a source of energy for public consumption, and as material for a doomsday bomb that would vaporize the earth.
	whatis.techtarget.com /definition/0,,sid9_gci866279,00.html (286 words)

	September 10, 1999, Hour 2: Antimatter
		All of the common stuff around us, from the air we breathe to the computers we surf the web with, is made of matter - but that's not everything in the universe.
		Much of the original antimatter annihilated itself when it collided with ordinary matter, releasing energy.
		Antimatter - What anti-matter is, how it is made and how it is detected.
	www.sciencefriday.com /pages/1999/Sep/hour2_091099.html (261 words)

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