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Topic: Antimatter fuel

	Antimatter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antimatter is matter that is composed of the antiparticles of those that constitute normal matter.
		The scarcity of antimatter means that it is not readily available to be used as fuel, although it could be used in antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion.
		Antimatter production is currently very limited, but has been growing at a nearly geometric rate since the discovery of the first antiproton in 1955[3].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antimatter (1890 words)

	Antimatter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		J. The scarcity of antimatter means that it is not readily available to be used as fuel, although it could be used in antimatter catalyzed nuclear pulse propulsion.
		Counterbalancing this, when antimatter annihilates with ordinary matter energy equal to twice the mass of the antimatter is liberated- so energy storage in the form of antimatter could (in theory) be 100% efficient.
		With current technology, it is considered possible to attain antimatter for 25 billion dollars per gram (roughly 1,000 times the equivalent cost of the equivalent amount of energy in space shuttle propellants) by optimizing the collision and collection parameters, given current electricity generation costs.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/antimatter (765 words)

	NaS'Leng's Academy's Database: Star Ship Engines (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The antimatter is contained within much smaller pods; the standard starship antimatter pod is capable of holding 100 cubic meters of fuel for a total of 3,000 cubic meters in a Galaxy class Starship.
		Fuel from the pods is sent to the reactant injectors; these are designed to condition and feed streams of matter and antimatter into the warp core.
		As the fuel is released from the injector nozzles, the constrictors compress it and increase the velocity considerably.
	nasleng.homestead.com /CADEngines.html (2892 words)

	Article: The Nuclear Space Age (part 2 of 2), by Paul Lucas
		Antimatter responds as readily to magnetic fields as normal matter, so containing and directing antimatter for use in a spaceship engine does not represent as huge a problem as many assume.
		Gas core antimatter rockets are less efficient than solid core models, but because they are less constrained by the melting points of their material components, they can achieve specific impulses of up to 2500 seconds.
		The gas core system uses a relatively small amount of antimatter to heat the hydrogen; the plasma core injects a much larger amount of antimatter into the hydrogen fuel, using powerful magnetic fields to contain the high energy pions that result from the annihilation reactions to heat the resultant plasma to a superheated state.
	www.strangehorizons.com /2004/20040119/nuclear.shtml (3541 words)

	Artsvf
		Antimatter is a substance made of subatomic particles that have characteristics, such as electrical charges, that are the opposite of what normally occurs in the known universe.
		Antimatter particles such as antiprotons and antielectrons, which are also called positrons, are, theoretically, almost identical to their ordinary, matter counterparts, except they have an opposite electric charge.
		That means, according to one proposal, an antimatter rocket should be able to accelerate a one-ton payload to one-tenth the speed of light with a mere nine kilograms of antimatter fuel.
	www.geocities.com /Area51/Vault/9054/artsvf4.html (5929 words)

	Antimatter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Generating a single antiproton is immensely difficult and requires particle accelerators and vast amounts of energy-millions of times more than is released after it is annihilated with ordinary matter, due to inefficiencies in the process.
		Counterbalancing this, when antimatter annihilates with ordinary matter energy equal to twice the mass of the antimatter is liberated-so energy storage in the form of antimatter could (in theory) be 100% efficient.
		Antimatter production is currently very limited, but has been growing at a nearly geometric rate since the discovery of the first antiproton in 1995.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/an/Antimatter.htm (967 words)

	Augusta Georgia: technology@ugusta: Antimatter Is Real Indeed, But Can Science Tame It? 6/30/97
		If these antimatter particles were combined, they would form atoms of recognizable chemical elements, with the same atomic weights as their regular matter counterparts.
		There is probably no original antimatter left: Most scientists believe that in the very compact early universe, antimatter particles could not have sorted themselves out from matter fast enough to condense into antimatter hydrogen and helium, and from that into stars and galaxies.
		Antimatter fuel would have to be crystallized into a frozen lump, levitated in a magnetic field and held in an extreme vacuum.
	www.augustachronicle.com /stories/070197/tech_antimatter.html (1140 words)

	warp drive
		The antimatter is contained within much smaller pods; the standard starship antimatter pod is capable of holding 100 m3 of fuel for a total of 3,000 m3 in a Galaxy class Starship.
		Starfleet is somewhat reticent about revealing exactly how much antimatter is kept on board its starships, as this would allow threat forces to make detailed estimates of the total output of a ships power systems.
		In the event of a systems failure, which threatens antimatter containment, the pods can be thrown clear of the ship by emergency systems of considerable reliability.
	www.geocities.com /ncc_2205/warp-drive.html (1564 words)

	CNN.com - Antimatter could fuel rockets, heal patients - January 10, 2002
		The world's largest maker of antimatter, the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory in Batavia, Illinois, makes only one billionth of a gram a year at a cost of $80 million.
		Chances are, antimatter will first be used as a medical treatment before it is used to travel to Mars.
		As for celestial bodies, scientists hope to transform antimatter propulsion from science fiction to fact in 50 to 100 years.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/TECH/space/01/10/antimatter.research (612 words)

	GURPS Vehicles Excerpts
		Such rockets have no need for fuel tanks or moving parts because the casing that holds the fuel is also the combustion chamber; a solid fuel rocket can be stored with fuel, and launched on a moment's notice.
		The antimatter drive's main advantage is that it requires very little fuel and as such can accelerate for a long time, gradually building up to a very high velocity.
		Systems with 0 power consumption usually convert their fuel into energy, or in the case of a fission or fusion systems, are self-contained reactors optimized for propulsion.
	www.sjgames.com /gurps/books/vehicles/excerpts.html (2123 words)

	Journal of Applied Treknology - Propulsion Technologies
		Though the fuel cell is somewhat simpler in design, an antimatter reactor that uses dilithium is far more fuel efficient because dilithium acts as a focusing lens for the annihilation reaction.
		This antimatter fuel source is typically used by the Zeta Reticulans, the aliens species humans use to call the Greys.
		Since the fuel cell generates only so much power, the main energizers are disconnected from the warp power matrix, so all the fuel cell’s energy is transferred to the warp nacelles.
	www.treknology.org /propulsion1.htm (5041 words)

	Starship Drives
		Antimatter power plants are feasible using known physics, but will require enormous amounts of energy to generate the antimatter fuel, making it comparitively very expensive.
		The only difference is the antimatter fuel is mixed with the reaction mass, rather than used to generate huge quantities of intermediate electric power.
		Antimatter pion engines also require an equal amount of normal matter for the annihilation reaction, but no reaction mass, since the pions generated in the annihilation provide reaction material.
	www.dangermouse.net /gurps/science/stardrives.html (1372 words)

	Antimatter and Fusion for rocket propulsion
		It might also be the fuel that powers spaceships to the planets and perhaps the stars, even if it's just used as a sophisticated book of matches.
		Antimatter and more "conventional" nuclear fusion occupied the final day of the 10th annual Advanced Propulsion Research Workshop held Tuesday-Thursday at the University of Alabama in Huntsville by NASA, Marshall, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics.
		While true antimatter and true fusion propulsion will remain the "rockets of the future" for some time, a hybrid of the two might work in the near term.
	science.nasa.gov /newhome/headlines/prop12apr99_1.htm (2162 words)

	New Scientist SPACE - Breaking News - 'Antimatter harvester' may fuel future spacecraft
		Antimatter particles share the same mass as their normal-matter counterparts but bear the opposite charge.
		But antimatter has been produced in limited quantities in labs, and it forms naturally in the solar system when charged particles from space, called cosmic rays, slam into charged particles which stream from the Sun.
		Several of the funded proposals aim to collect this nearby antimatter so it could later be mixed with matter to propel spacecraft out of the solar system by utilising a solar sail.
	www.newscientistspace.com /article/dn7538 (536 words)

	warp drive (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		There are two distinct fuel storage systems on board any starship; the matter storage is generally a single large fuel tank holding a large amount of slush Deuterium - in the case of the Galaxy class there is 62,500 m
		The fuel is them sent on to a gas combiner where it reaches a temperature in the region of 10
		The field dynamo effect created by the iron atoms within the crystalline structure allows antimatter atoms to pass through without actually touching it; it is thus the only known substance which does not react to the antimatter fuel commonly used in StarShips Dilithium can thus be used to mediate the reaction, boosting efficiency.
	www.geocities.com /uss_alliance_b/warpdrive.htm (2098 words)

	Urban Dictionary: antimatter
		Antimatter is literally matter which is the inverse or opposite of matter; particles which have charges opposite of regular matter.
		Antimatter was first predicted by P.A.M. Dirac in his theory of quantum mechanics in 1928.
		Fortunately, it is IMPOSSIBLE to collect and store antimatter at this great of a density, and even if it were possible, with the current technology it would take billions and billions of years to yield that much.
	www.urbandictionary.com /define.php?term=antimatter&r=f (599 words)

	Project Valkyrie (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Our stripped down Valkyrie’s fuel stores (both matter and antimatter combined) are estimated at slightly less than half the mass of the rest of the spacecraft, or about one hundred tons.
		An antihydrogen atom is the antimatter twin of the more familiar hydrogen atom, but its electron (positron) is positively charged and its negatively charged proton (an antiproton) also has a charge opposite that of a normal hydrogen nucleus.
		Riding an antimatter rocket is like riding a giant death ray bomb: you want to put as much distance as possible between yourself and the engine.
	www.charlespellegrino.com /project_valkyrie.htm (5086 words)

	FSD : Starship Operations : Weapons : Photon Torpedoes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		The photon torpedo's explosive power comes from the matter and antimatter packets, which are usually delivered at warp speed by a small matter-antimatter fuel cell, then thrust together to cause an explosion.
		The matter and antimatter are carried aboard the torpedo in tiny packets; this method increases the effective contact area by three orders of magnitude over the same amount of matter and antimatter safety measure, the packets are kept far apart within the torpedo until just after launch.
		The photon torpedo carries a maximum of only 1.5 kilograms of antimatter, but the use of packets yields destructive power greater than that caused by a Galaxy-class antimatter pod rupture.
	www.lcarscom.net /fsd/operations/photontorpedoes.html (419 words)

	The Tribune, Chandigarh, India - Science Tribune
		he word "fuel" fuels the states of mind to think of traversing through the sea of stars and galaxies.
		It is envisaged that antimatter has tremendous potential to be used as the ultimate fuel for future spacecraft.
		The word "antimatter" sounds as exotic as the fl holes and, nowadays, it has become the subject matter of intense debate at scientific deliberations.
	www.tribuneindia.com /2003/20030828/science.htm (2826 words)

	Yorkshire CND - Scientists say use of antimatter as fuel may be just decades away - 26/10/00 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Antimatter is itself no fantasy, but as a fuel it runs on the expensive side, currently about $6,400 trillion per gram.
		Now, though, researchers have devised engines that would generate massive thrusts using minuscule amounts of antimatter, perhaps as little as 1 millionth of a gram for a one-year manned mission to Jupiter, according to a report in the current issue of the Journal of Propulsion and Power.
		Physicists usually hold antimatter in a vacuum, contained by powerful magnetic fields, because when it touches ordinary matter, the result is what physicists call an "annihilation event" -- the particles vanish in a burst of energy.
	www.gn.apc.org /cndyorks/yspace/articles/antimatter2.htm (589 words)

	ANTIMATTER MAKERS CHASE ULTIMATE ENERGY SOURCE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Fermilab is one of the world’s leading makers of antimatter for scientific study.
		Antimatter’s most likely future is as a subject for scientific investigation, not as fuel for futuristic space vehicles.
		A fuel that requires more energy to make than it releases is not much of a fuel source.
	www.pip.com.au /~paceman/ANTIMATTER2.html (741 words)

	SPACE.com -- Antimatter Makers Chase Ultimate Energy Source
		With antimatter in the tank, taking the family rocket out for a spin to the nearest M-class planet would be a relative breeze.
		Miniaturized antimatter fuel might consist of a thumb-sized canister with an energy source no bigger than an aspirin and no need of replenishment for hundreds of light-years -- or, locally, tens of millions of intra-solar-system miles.
		Nevertheless, given the rate of technological innovation and unanticipated ingenuity, he thinks radical breakthroughs in antimatter technology and near-term applications may be closer at hand than even advocates dare hope.
	www.space.com /news/antimatter_fuel_0010111.html (793 words)

	Antimatter - Art History Online Reference and Guide
		Antiparticles are created elsewhere in the universe where there are high-energy particle collisions, such as in the center of our galaxy,but none have been detected that are residual from the Big Bang, as most normal matter is [1].
		Antimatter production is currently very limited, but has been growing at a nearly geometric rate since the discovery of the first antiproton in 1955[4].
		Antimatter as a weapon is also explored in the fictional work by author Dan Brown in the novel 'Angels and Demons'.
	www.arthistoryclub.com /art_history/Antihelium (1211 words)

	Antimatter Propulsion - Future Space Propulsion Systems (Future of Space Exploration) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It may surprise you to learn that the reality of antimatter is hardly a modern discovery, its existence was predicted back in 1929 and by 1953 Eugen Sanger (a German rocket scientist) had proposed its use for spacecraft propulsion.
		At the most basic level the antimatter rocket is still a Newtonian rocket, governed by the three laws of motion and it still conforms to Einstein's theory of special relativity, in other words it can not exceed the speed of light.
		Antimatter consists of exactly the same elementary particles as matter, but the electric charge, along with all other quantum numbers, is reversed.
	www.thespacesite.com /space/future/antimatter.php (1225 words)

	Alpha Fleet - Task Force Two of Expansion Fleet
		During normal operation matter is fed in at the top of the core and antimatter at the bottom, as in any normal warp core.
		The fuel streams pass directly through the upper and lower reaction chambers and continue down to their meeting point in the central chamber.
		This process is mirrored in the upper engineering section, with an antimatter feed sending fuel up to the upper core.
	www.freewebs.com /alphaffleet/ussnewyorkncc2868b.htm (1472 words)

	Prospects for an Interstellar Mission: Hard Technology Limits but Surprising Physics Possibilites (from Mercury ...
		For a 747 jumbo jet leaving San Francisco for London, the ratio of fuel to dry weight of the airplane is much higher: the jet fuel may amount to as much as 1/3 of the mass of the unfueled aircraft because you want to make the trip without refueling.
		When you equate the rocket kinetic energy and the mass energy of the antimatter, you find that an amount of matter-antimatter fuel that is only 0.5 percent of the mass of the starship is all you would need to get to 0.1c.
		Confinement of the antimatter would be a huge environental issue, to put it mildlyand, of course, providing the energy to make the antimatter in the first place is daunting.
	www.calphysics.org /articles/merc2000a.html (4846 words)

	[No title]
		The existence of this optimum indic- ates that there is a minimum in the amount of antimatter fuel required to accelerate a starship to any given final mission velocity.
		RESULTS The results of the calculations of the optimum Vexh, the maximum energy efficiency and the minimum ratios of antimatter mass to burn-out mass and to initial mass are given in the table below for ascending values of the mission final proper velocity Uend.
		Included in the table are values of Vend, to illustrate the degree of saturation of apparent velocity, and of the optimum Uexh, to give a value (not otherwise meaningful) to which to relate the Uend, in order to examine the behavior of the ratio.
	www.ibiblio.org /lunar/school/InterStellar/newslets/SSD_NLet_4_1_96 (1081 words)

	No Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Particles and anti-particles are essentially identical to each other (in mass, lifetime, type of interactions they are affected by, etc.), but are opposite in electric charge, as well as in any other charge the particle might possess (apart from the more familiar electric charge, particles also carry "strong" charges, "weak" charges, etc.).
		While it is a fact that our universe is made of positive protons and negative electrons, an antimatter universe (or star or galaxy), made of positive electrons and negative protons is perfectly plausible.
		On the other side, we have no evidence whatsoever of any sizeable conglomeration of antimatter in the universe, and this strong matter-antimatter asymmetry is one of the questions facing modern cosmology.
	landau1.phys.virginia.edu /classes/102/lec16/lec16.html (2211 words)

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