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Topic: Antiparallel

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	Electronic dissertations library
		The discovery in 1992 that the entirely antiparallel motif was the most frequently occurring motif for three to eight stranded sheets is seen in 1999, and the trend continues in nine to 15 stranded sheets.
		Antiparallel strands within a ß-sheet only require small loops of protein chain between these strands (ß-turns) to allow the sheet structure to form, whereas parallel strands require more chain between the strands to cover the distance between the top of one strand and the bottom of the next (crossover connections) (Richardson (1977); Fasman (1989b)).
		Antiparallel strands have hydrogen bonds that are parallel to each other as the donors and acceptors are lined up opposite each other in the two strands.
	panizzi.shef.ac.uk /elecdiss/edl0002/disccon.html (3238 words)

	Antiparallel - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Two lines are antiparallel with respect to an angle if the bisector of that angle intersects both lines at the same attitude but in opposite senses.
		Antiparallel is commonly used in physics only in the second sense, applying to vectors or axial vectors, for instance forces or spins.
		The antiparallel structure of DNA is important in DNA replication because it unzips the leading strand one way and the lagging strand the other way.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antiparallel (316 words)

	Symmedian and Antiparallel
		A symmedian drawn from a vertex of a triangle divides the antiparallels to the opposite side in half.
		By the definition of the antiparallel, the triangles ABC and VUC are similar.
		It follows that CS (CT extended) is the symmedian from C. This result is often presented in a different form: the locus of the midpoints of the antiparallels to a side of a triangle is the summedian through the opposite vertex.
	www.cut-the-knot.org /Curriculum/Geometry/SymAntiparallel.shtml (289 words)

	3.2.1 Antiparallel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A residue in an antiparallel beta strand has values of -139 and +135 degrees for the backbone dihedral angles phi and psi, respectively.
		Antiparallel beta sheets are thought to be intrinsically more stable than parallel sheets due to the more optimal orientation of the interstrand hydrogen bonds and that peptide bond dipoles of nearest neighbors within an strand cancel whereas in the parallel sheet, components of the dipoles parallel to the strands align and may interact unfavorably.
		An example of a mixed beta sheet containing an antiparallel component is given using the protein thioredoxin (Figure 10).
	www.cryst.bbk.ac.uk /PPS2/course/section8/ss-960531_11.html (198 words)

	Polylysine Induces an Antiparallel Actin Dimer That Nucleates Filament Assembly. CRYSTAL STRUCTURE AT 3.5-A RESOLUTION ...
		Polylysine Induces an Antiparallel Actin Dimer That Nucleates Filament Assembly.
		The monomer is stabilized by the same crystallographic contacts as those occurring between antiparallel dimers.) The subunit then pivots on its DNase I binding loop in the direction of the blue arrow so as to reach the position shown by the subunit at the termination of the arrow.
		As previously observed in samples viewed by electron microscopy (7), one subunit of the antiparallel dimer is not incorporated into the filament.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/277/23/20999 (5506 words)

	Antiparallel α: The Anatomy & Taxonomy of Protein Structure
		Since there is relatively little other structure besides the helices, the simplest ways of connecting them involve predominantly antiparallel helix interactions, and that is in fact what is observed for these proteins.
		Most of the helices are quite close to exactly antiparallel, with typically a left-handed superhelical twist of less than 15° relative to the common axis of the bundle.
		One of the most important and interesting antiparallel α structures is the globin fold, which has been found in the three-dimensional structures of a large group of related proteins including myoglobin and the hemoglobins of various mammals, glycera, lamprey, insect and even legume root nodules.
	kinemage.biochem.duke.edu /~jsr/html/anatax.3b.html (1550 words)

	Antiparallel β: The Anatomy & Taxonomy of Protein Structure
		None of the antiparallel barrels has as symmetrical or as continuously hydrogen-bonded a cylindrical sheet as the singly wound parallel β barrels of triosephosphate isomerase and pyruvate kinase d1; however, antiparallel barrels are very much more common.
		An antiparallel barrel with an odd number of strands is constrained to have one parallel interaction, but no other parallel strand pairs occurs within antiparallel barrels except in the acid proteases.
		The three barrels pack against each other with a right-handed superhelical twist, and the angle between the axes of adjoining barrels is the same as the angle between opposite strands in one of the barrels.
	kinemage.biochem.duke.edu /~jsr/html/anatax.3d.html (2006 words)

	Antiparallel
		In mathematics, antiparallel vectors are two parallel vectors with opposite direction.
		In the latter terminology, antiparallel vectors have like or parallel direction but opposite sense.
		The two strands of polynucleotide that make up DNA are said to be antiparallel.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Antiparallel (111 words)

	An ionospheric convection signature of antiparallel reconnection
		For the conflicting theories of antiparallel and subsolar reconnection, we model the location of reconnection regions on the dayside magnetopause, their ionospheric footprints, and the resulting ionospheric convection patterns.
		We show that antiparallel reconnection, under particular seasonal and solar wind conditions, gives rise to a distinctive ionospheric convection signature.
		In contrast, we predict poleward flow in the noon sector in midwinter under these solar wind conditions if the subsolar reconnection hypothesis is correct and in other seasons under both hypotheses.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/2001/2001JA900084.shtml (222 words)

	nature physics portal - research highlights - Composite frustration
		Consider an antiferromagnetic material whose lowest energy constraints are that neighbouring spins are antiparallel, and that their net spin must be zero.
		Because of the unlimited number of arrangements that satisfy a net spin of zero — and none that allow all neighbouring spins to be antiparallel — the ground state of a frustrated magnet is strongly degenerate.
		As the material is cooled, the spins within these rings self-organize into loops in which all six spins are oriented antiparallel to neighbouring members of the loop.
	www.ncnr.nist.gov /staff/shl/nature.htm (719 words)

	Discovery of a significant, nontopological preference for antiparallel alignment of helices with parallel regions in ...
		Discovery of a significant, nontopological preference for antiparallel alignment of helices with parallel regions in sheets
		Both parallel and antiparallel preferences in helix packing angle are observed when the strand has an orientation of -1 or -2 (antiparallel sheet).
		antiparallel to parallel regions of sheets is not an artifact
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/12/5/1119 (3195 words)

	X-Ray Facility \| Solved Structures \| Bubb et al 2002
		Polylysine induces an antiparallel actin dimer that nucleates filament assembly: crystal structure at 3.5-A resolution.
		The non-crystallographic contact is consistent with a dimeric structure and confirms the antiparallel orientation of its subunits.
		The crystallographic contacts reveal that the mobile DNase I binding loop of one subunit of a symmetry-related antiparallel actin dimer is partially stabilized in the interface between the two subunits of a second antiparallel dimer.
	www.sb.fsu.edu /~xray/Pubs/02bubb.html (271 words)

	Structural transition from antiparallel to parallel G-quadruplex of d(G4T4G4) induced by Ca2+ -- Miyoshi et al. 31 (4): ...
		The structural transition from the antiparallel to the parallel
		Equilibrium analysis of the transition from the antiparallel to the parallel G-quadruplex.
		) from the antiparallel to the parallel G-quadruplex.
	nar.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/31/4/1156 (4458 words)

	Beta-Sheet Geometry (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		No preference for parallel or antiparallel beta-sheets is observed, but parallel sheets with less than four strands are rare, perhaps reflecting their lower stability.
		Sheets tend to be either all parallel or all antiparallel, but mixed sheets do occur.
		This implies that antiparallel sheets are more stable than parallel ones which is consistent both with the hydrogen bond geometry and the fact that small parallel sheets rarely occur (see above).
	www.rpi.edu /dept/chem-eng/Biotech-Environ/Ryan/sheet.html (546 words)

	Beta sheet - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		However, Astbury did not have the necessary data on the bond geometry of the amino acids in order to build accurate models, especially since he did not then know that the peptide bond was planar.
		A very simple structural motif involving β sheets is the β hairpin in which two antiparallel strands are linked by a short loop of two to five residues, of which one is frequently a glycine or a proline, both of which can assume the unusual dihedral-angle conformations required for a tight turn.
		It consists of three antiparallel strands connected by hairpins, while the fourth is adjacent to the first and linked to the third by a longer loop.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Beta_sheet (1775 words)

	definitions
		Antiparallel - Vectors (such as a velocity) which are antiparallel are those which point in exact opposite directions.
		Hence, two particles which have relative motion will always have (with respect to one another) antiparallel velocities since their motions are not taken with respect to a coordinate system but only with respect to each other.
		For example, from the viewpoint of either of two quantum particles which have relative motion one must consider that either the viewpoint quantum is moving or the other quantum is moving.
	www.singtech.com /pages/definitions.html (4820 words)

	Diabetes-associated mutations in a beta -cell transcription factor destabilize an antiparallel "mini-zipper" in a ...
		Diabetes-associated mutations in a beta -cell transcription factor destabilize an antiparallel "mini-zipper" in a dimerization interface -- Hua et al.
		DCoH dimer (antiparallel) (22-24) and the parallel model of the
		The lower dimer is shown in green relative to binding helices (red) of upper dimer (gray).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/97/5/1999 (3548 words)

	Antiparallel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In triangle geometry, antiparallels make a frequent appearance when the transversal is taken to be one of the angles bisectors of a triangle, while the opposite side serves as one of the antiparallel lines.
		Orthic and tangential triangles have their sides antiparallel to the corresponding sides of the reference triangle.
		Passing to the supplementary angles makes it obvious that DE is antiparallel to AB.
	www.manifesto.cut-the-knot.org /Curriculum/Geometry/Antiparallel.shtml (322 words)

	JCSG Protein Structure Quality Score
		The first domain is a central three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet sandwiched between three helices and accompanied by a two-stranded antiparallel, beta-sheet.
		The smaller insertion domain folds into a three-stranded, antiparallel beta-sheet, surrounded by two helices and loop regions.
		Alpha/beta sandwich with central antiparallel 8-strand beta-sheet, accompanied by two large insertions.
	www.jcsg.org /new_folds (319 words)

	Quantum Info Defies Logic
		PRL a team shows that storing a direction in space with two oppositely directed (antiparallel) spins is more efficient than using two parallel spins, even though in the classical world there is no difference.
		Massar of the University of Brussels and Sandu Popescu of the University of Cambridge and Hewlett-Packard Laboratories in Bristol, United Kingdom, showed that Bob's accuracy is maximized if he measures the spins in a way that quantum mechanically "entangles" them--so that they no longer have separate identities--rather than measuring them individually.
		If Alice used a single spin aligned antiparallel to the direction she wanted to communicate, Bob could simply turn his spin analyzer upside down, or just switch the labels on the "spin up" and "spin down" indicator lights.
	focus.aps.org /story/v4/st3 (594 words)

	Lecture VI - BMO 520
		strands is aligning antiparallel strands that are connected by reverse turns.
		In general this kind of barrel seems to be particularly suited to act as containers for a variety of hydrophobic ligands.
		In most instances 2 antiparallel sheets constitute the barrel; but barrels can be more complex, as in the case of neuraminidase from influenza virus in which six sheets participate (show).]
	www.sunysb.edu /biochem/courses/lectures/6bmo520.html (1941 words)

	Peptide Secondary Structure Tutorial (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Antiparallel Beta-Sheet is characterized by two peptide strands running in opposite directions held together by hydrogen bonding between the strands.
		The number of atoms in hydrogen bonded rings alternate between 14 and 10 in an antiparallel beta-sheet.Hydrogen bonds in an antiparallel beta-sheet are linear.
		For this reason antiparallel beta sheets are more stable than parallel beta-sheets.
	www.nku.edu /~russellk/tutorial/peptide/peptide.html (378 words)

	Molecular Tools
		Alpha helices may be found as individual coils in globular proteins, or they may be associated with other helices in either a parallel or antiparallel orientation.
		The helices don't need to be in tandem; there can be an extra loop or polypeptide chain length between the helices, but what is important is the relative directions of the helices and their proximity to each other.
		A variation to the antiparallel orientation is the Helix-Turn-Helix motif.
	home.san.rr.com /dna/darryl/predicting3rdstructure.html (653 words)

	BetaCore, a designed water soluble four-stranded antiparallel {beta}-sheet protein -- Carulla et al. 11 (6): 1539 -- ...
		antiparallel ß-sheets that fold in water (Kortemme et al.
		Koepf, E.K., Petrassi, H.M., Sudol, M., and Kelly, J.W. WW: An isolated three-stranded antiparallel ß-sheet domain that unfolds and refolds reversibly; evidence for a structured hydrophobic cluster in urea and GdnHCl and a disordered thermal unfolded state.
		Wouters, M.A. and Curmi, P.M.G. An analysis of side chain interactions and pair correlations within antiparallel ß-sheets: The differences between backbone hydrogen-bonded and non-hydrogen-bonded residue pairs.
	www.proteinscience.org /cgi/content/full/11/6/1539 (6646 words)

	Single-molecule studies of SNARE complex assembly reveal parallel and antiparallel configurations -- Weninger et al. ...
		The antiparallel population dominates, strongly suggesting that a major mode of misfolding is antiparallel incorporation of the synaptobrevin helix relative to syntaxin.
		The value of 88% antiparallel incorporation of synaptobrevin labeled at residue 61 is somewhat larger than the 76% antiparallel incorporation of synaptobrevin labeled at residue 28.
		Furthermore, EPR studies of SNARE complexes containing a spin label at residue 61 of synaptobrevin observed pronounced immobile peaks, suggesting that labels at this residue may have interactions with surrounding residues (26).
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/25/14800 (5093 words)

	DNA - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Inspection of a double helix reveals that the direction of the nucleotides in one strand is opposite to their direction in the other strand.
		In a vertically oriented double helix, the 3' strand is said to be ascending while the 5' strand is said to be descending.
		As a result of their antiparallel arrangement and the sequence-reading preferences of enzymes, even if both strands carried identical instead of complementary sequences, cells could properly translate only one of them.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/DNA (4814 words)

	Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes -- Johnson and Chisholm 14 (11): 2268 -- Genome ...
		Individual tandem and antiparallel graphs (data not shown) have nearly identical patterns.
		the antiparallel –1 shifted overlaps are relatively constant
		Short antiparallel overlaps may also be involved in expression
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/14/11/2268 (2987 words)

	SCOP: Class: Alpha and beta proteins (a+b)
		Mainly antiparallel beta sheets (segregated alpha and beta regions)
		3 layers: a/b/a; antiparallel beta-sheet of 5 strands is flaked by two helices
		4 layers: a/b/b/a; antiparallel beta sheets; similarities to ferredoxin-like fold (scop_cf 54861) in the N-terminal part (1-120) and to the Bacterial S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase subunit (scop_fa 997656) in the C-terminal part (121-340)
	scop.berkeley.edu /data/scop.b.e.html (1856 words)

	antiparallel - OneLook Dictionary Search
		Antiparallel : Online Plain Text English Dictionary [home, info]
		Antiparallel, Antiparallel : A Glossary of Mathematical Terms [home, info]
		Antiparallel : Drug Discovery and Development [home, info]
	www.onelook.com /?w=antiparallel (176 words)

	CiteULike: Verification of antiparallel G-quadruplex structure in human telomeres by using two-photon excitation ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		CiteULike: Verification of antiparallel G-quadruplex structure in human telomeres by using two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of the 3,6-Bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium)carbazole diiodide molecule.
		Verification of antiparallel G-quadruplex structure in human telomeres by using two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy of the 3,6-Bis(1-methyl-4-vinylpyridinium)carbazole diiodide molecule.
		The distinction in lifetime measured with submicrometer spatial resolution in two-photon excitation fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy provides a powerful approach not only to verify the existence of the antiparallel G-quadruplex structure in human telomeres but also to map its localizations in metaphase chromosomes.
	www.citeulike.org /user/bpagano/article/970439 (340 words)

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