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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Antipope Clement III
		The latter on receipt of this news again entered Rome on March 21, 1084, and succeeded in gaining possession of the greater part of the city and besieged the Pope in the Castle of Sant' Angelo, while, on March 24, Guibert was enthroned as pope in the church of St.
		Victor III, who was elected after a prolonged vacancy caused by the critical position of the Church in Rome, was compelled, eight days after his coronation in St. Peter's on May 3, 1087, to fly from Rome before the partisans of Guibert.
		Clement was notoriously regarded as the champion of the simoniacal and anti-celibacy and pro-clerical concubinage party, although he went through the notions of legislating against these abuses, and, through the leeway he granted the cardinals supporting him, contributed to the development of the College of Cardinals.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III (1477 words)

	Antipope Clement III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Henry and Clement were expelled from Rome, and Clement became archbishop of Ravenna.
		Clement returned to Rome functioning as Pope and negotiating with other European rulers during the reigns of Victor III and Urban II.
		Clement legislated against simony and other practices, and, through the leeway he granted the cardinals supporting him, contributed to the development of the College of Cardinals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antipope_Clement_III (364 words)

	Antipope Theodoric - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Theodoric was an antipope in 1100 and 1101.
		Antipope Clement III died on September 8, 1100.
		Forced to abandon Rome, Theodoric was seized three and a half months later and brought before Pope Paschal II, where he was condemned and declared an antipope and then sent to the monastery of, Salerno, where he died in 1102, according to the epitaph in the crypt of the monastery.
	leessummit.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Antipope_Theodoric (177 words)

	Antipope Clement VIII Information
		Clement VIII was one of the antipopes of the Avignon line, reigning from 10 June 1423 to 26 July 1429.
		In the summer of 1423 Alfonso persuaded the Republic of Siena to acknowledge Clement VIII, thus securing recognition for the pope of the Avignon line in the very city, Pavia, which was part of the Republic of Siena, where the Roman pope Martin V had convened an ecumencial council of the Church.
		Clement's abdication on 26 July 1429 was confirmed in mid-August.
	www.bookrags.com /Antipope_Clement_VIII (291 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of Cardinals of the XI Century
		Relapsed and was excommunicated by Pope Victor III in the Council of Benevento in August 1087.
		Antipope Honorius II, Bishop Cadalo (or Pietro Cadalus, or Cadalous) of Parma, was not a cardinal when he was nominated by Empress Agnes and elected by a miscellaneous assembly in Basle on October 28, 1061.
		Antipope Clement III, Archbishop Guibert (or Wibert) of Ravenna, was not a cardinal when King Henry IV of Germany had him elected pope on June 25, 1080.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xi.htm (6224 words)

	Antipope - Wikinfo
		It would not necessarily have been evident, during periods when two (or three) rival claimants existed, which was the antipope, and which was the pope, and the clear-cut distinctions made between them in retrospect can give a false sense that certainty existed among their contemporaries.
		There has not been an antipope since 1449 - more recent schisms like the Church of England are controlled by lay sovereigns who do not want to have an ecclesiastical rival or begin like the Old Catholic Church in a rejection of a primary dogma of the papacy.
		Antipope Gregory XVII self-proclaimed in 1978 in Spain
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Antipope (1447 words)

	Search Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Clement Clement, in Philippians, one of Paul's coworkers.
		Clement VII Clement VII, c.1475-1534, pope (1523-34), a Florentine named Giulio de' Medici; successor of Adrian VI.
		Clement V Clement V, 1264-1314, pope (1305-14), a Frenchman named Bertrand de Got; successor of Benedict XI.
	www.encyclopedia.com /search.asp?target=@DOCTITLE+Clement+V (508 words)

	Pope Clement III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was made cardinal bishop of Palestrina by Pope Alexander III in 1180 or 1181.
		He incited Henry II of England and Philip II of France to undertake the Third Crusade, and introduced several minor reforms in ecclesiastical matters.
		In spite of his conciliatory policy, Clement angered Henry VI of Germany by bestowing Sicily on Tancred.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Clement_III (246 words)

	Antipope Clement III
		Henry and Clement were expelled from Rome, and Clement became archbishop of Ravenna.
		Clement returned to Rome functioning as Pope and negotiating with other European rulers during the reigns of Victor III and Urban II.
		Clement legislated against simony and other practices, and, through the leeway he granted the cardinals supporting him, contributed to the develoment of the College of Cardinals.
	www.xasa.com /wiki/en/wikipedia/a/an/antipope_clement_iii.html (347 words)

	antipope clement iii - Information from Reference.com
		Clement III, or Guibert of Ravenna, or Guiberto di Ravenna, or...
		Clement III, [Wibert van Ravenna], 1st anti-pope (1084-1100), dies...
		Wibert was enthroned as antipope Clement III, and Henry IV was crowned emperor.
	www.reference.com /search?q=antipope%20clement%20iii&db=web (182 words)

	Antipope Clement VIII -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Clement VIII is one of the (Click link for more info and facts about antipope) antipopes of (Click link for more info and facts about Avignon) Avignon, reigning 10 January 1423 to 26 July 1429.
		Clement VIII's fate was bound up with the ambitions of (Click link for more info and facts about Alfonso V) Alfonso V of (A region of northeastern Spain; a former kingdom that united with Castile in 1479 to form Spain (after the marriage of Ferdinand V and Isabella I)) Aragon's ambitions.
		Clement's abdication on 26 July was confirmed mid August, and Martin granted Sanchez Muñoz a bishopric.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/A/An/Antipope_Clement_VIII3.htm (344 words)

	Matilda of Tuscany - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Matilda was her parents' youngest child, but her father was murdered in 1052, and her older sister and brother died soon afterwards, leaving the eight-year-old Matilda as a great heiress under her mother's guardianship.
		Henry's control of Rome enabled him to have his choice of pope, Antipope Clement III, consecrated and in turn for this pope to crown Henry as emperor.
		Sometime around 1090 Matilda married again, to Welf V of Bavaria, from a family (the Welfs) whose very name was later to become synomynous with alliance to the popes in their conflict with the German emperors (see Guelphs and Ghibellines).
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Countess_Matilda (1017 words)

	Pope Victor III
		Victor III, pope (24th May 1086 to 16th September 1087), was the successor of Pope Gregory VII.
		The countess Matilda of Tuscany soon afterwards induced him to return to Rome; but, owing to the presence of the antipope Clement III[?], (Guibert of Ravenna), who had powerful partisans, his stay there was short.
		In August he held at Benevento a synod of some importance, at which Clement II was excommunicated, lay-investiture forbidden, and a kind of crusade proclaimed against the Saracens in Africa.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Victor_III.html (233 words)

	Pope Urban II
		Desiderius, abbot of Monte Cassino (who took the name Victor III) was chosen in the first instance to the difficult post, but after his short reign Odo was elected by acclamation (March 1088) at a small meeting of cardinals and other prelates held in Terracina.
		At the outset he had to reckon with the presence of the powerful Antipope Clement III in Rome; but a series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, lay investiture, and clerical marriages, and a continued opposition to Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor.
		In accordance with this last policy, the marriage of the countess Matilda of Tuscany with Guelph of Bavaria was promoted, Prince Conrad was helped in his rebellion against his father and crowned King of the Romans at Milan in 1093, and the empress (Adelaide or Praxedes) encouraged in her charges against her husband.
	www.starrepublic.org /encyclopedia/wikipedia/p/po/pope_urban_ii.html (418 words)

	Pope Victor III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He was elected on 1086-05-24, but showed genuine reluctance to accept the embarrassing honour thus thrust upon him, and after his tardy consecration, which did not take place till 1087-05-09, he withdrew at once to Monte Cassino.
		The countess Matilda of Tuscany soon afterwards induced him to return to Rome; but, owing to the presence of the antipope Clement III (Guibert of Ravenna), who had powerful partisans, Victor's stay there was short.
		That August, he held a synod of some importance at Benevento, at which Clement III was excommunicated, lay investiture forbidden, and a kind of crusade proclaimed against the Saracens in Africa.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Victor_III (252 words)

	VICTOR - LoveToKnow Article on VICTOR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		His nomination to the papacy by Henry, at Mainz, in September 1054, was made at the instance of a Roman deputation headed by Hildebrand, whose policy doubtless was to detach from the imperial interest one of its ablest supporters.
		The cardinals at length proclaimed him pope against his will on the 24th of May 1086, but he was driven from Rome by imperialists before his consecration was complete, and, laying aside the papal insignia at Terracina, he retired to his beloved monastery.
		Consecrated at Farfa on the 4th of October, Victor was the first of the series of antipopes supported by Frederick against Alexander III.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /V/VI/VICTOR.htm (949 words)

	Antipope Clement III - Definition, explanation
		When Pope Paschal II was elected, Clement prepared to press his claim but was forced to withdraw, dying at Cività Castellana on 8 January 1100.
		Clement legislated against simony and other practices, and, through the leeway he granted the cardinals supporting him, contributed to the development of the College of Cardinals.
		An antipope, known as Clement III, 1080 (1084) to 1100; born at...
	www.calsky.com /lexikon/en/txt/a/an/antipope_clement_iii.php (425 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Guibert of Ravenna
		election of the antipope, Cadalous of Parma (Honorius II), and became an opponent of Pope Alexander II.
		The antipope failed to secure recognition outside of Henry's dominions; he was in fact but a tool in the hands of the latter, and quite devoid of personal initiative.
		In June, 1089, at a pseudo-synod held in Rome, the antipope declared invalid the decree of excommunication launched against Henry, and various charges were made against the supporters of the legitimate pope.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/07063a.htm (1165 words)

	History of the Mass (14histot.htm)
		Though they were greatly hindered, like Gregory, by the persistent presence of the antipope Clement III and the antagonistic spirit of the German king Henry IV who held great resentment toward Gregory and his successors Pope Blessed Victor III and Pope Blessed Urban II.
		Victor III authorized the first military theater in Tunisia against the Muslims and the French-born Urban II launched the first offensive march into the Holy Land to recapture Jerusalem from the infidels.
		His first act was to excommunicate Clement III though he was not able to physically force the antipope out of Rome because of Clement's forces which had entrenched themselves in the eternal city.
	www.dailycatholic.org /hist/14histot.htm (1985 words)

	Antipope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It would not necessarily have been evident, during periods when two (or three) rival claimants existed, which was the antipope, and which was the pope, and the clear-cut distinctions made between them in retrospect can give a false sense that certainty existed among their contemporaries.
		Supporters might offer assistance to a given candidate, but could not know which would be determined to have been an antipope, and which the pope, until events had run their course.
		They are sometimes called antipopes, although it should be noted that in contrast to historical antipopes, the number of their followers is minuscule.
	www.yotor.com /wiki/en/an/Antipope.htm (749 words)

	Pope Victor III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The Blessed Victor III, born as Dauferius (Benevento, 1026?—September 16, 1087), pope (May 24, 1086 until his death), was the successor of Pope Gregory VII.
		Son of Landolfo V, prince of Benevento, he was born circa 1026; in his thirtieth year he entered monastic life at Monte Cassino, changing his name of Dauferius to Desiderius.
		He was elected on 1086-, but showed genuine reluctance to accept the embarrassing honour thus thrust upon him, and after his tardy consecration, which did not take place till 1087-, he withdrew at once to Monte Cassino.
	bucyrus.us /project/wikipedia/index.php/Pope_Victor_III (292 words)

	VICTOR III
		In 1078 he arranged an alliance between Pope Gregory VII and Robert Guiscard, the Norman adventurer in Italy, against Emperor Henry IV.
		Desiderius was elected pope by the Norman interests in 1086, but Antipope Clement III (c.
		On April 21, 1975, Xuan Loc, Saigon's last line of defense against North Vietnamese forces, fell to the Communists.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?articleId=225180 (510 words)

	The Female Pope Chapter 3
		On 24 May, 1086, Victor III reluctantly assumed the papal throne, but he lived for less than a year and a half, after which there was an interregnum of only six months before he was succeeded by Odo, Bishop of Ostia, who took the name Urban II.
		Clement was still in Rome, and the Emperor controlled a great deal of Italy, so Urban's installation as pope took place in Terracina, one hundred kilometres south-east of the city.
		In addition to Clement III (1080-1100), the antipopes Theodoric (1100-2), Albert (1102) and Sylvester IV (1105-11) all enjoyed the support of one faction or another within Rome, and as a result gained a brief ascendancy to the discomfiture of Paschal.
	www.users.globalnet.co.uk /~pardos/PopeJoan3.html (6949 words)

	Pope Urban II - Wikipedia
		He was one of the most prominet and active supporters of the Gregorian reforms, especially as legate in Germany in 1084, and was among the few whom Gregory nominated as posible successors.
		At the outset he had to reckon with the presence of the powerful antipope Clement III in Rome; but a series of well-attended synods held in Rome, Amalfi, Benevento, and Troia supported him in renewed declarations against simony, lay investiture, and clerical marriages, and a continued opposition to Henry IV.
		In accordance with this last policy, the marriage of the countess Matilda of Tuscany with Guelph of Bavaria was promoted, Prince Conrad was helped in his rebllion against his father and crowned king of the Romans at Milan in 1093, and the empress (Adelaide or Praxedes) encouraged in her charges against her husband.
	nostalgia.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Urban_II (425 words)

	Encyclopedia: Antipope Clement III
		Events Anselm of Canterbury becomes prior at Le Bec Sancho I becomes ruler of Aragon Bishopric of Olomouc is founded Births Deaths Constantine III Lichoudas Patriarch of Constantinople Adelaide Havoise daughter of Robert II of France Tughril Beg first leader of the Seljuk Turks Song dynasty Emperor Renzong (ä»å®—) Hungarian ruler...
		The Investiture Controversy was the most significant conflict between secular and religious powers in medieval Europe.
		Simony is the ecclesiastical crime and personal sin of paying for offices or positions in the hierarchy of a church, named after Simon Magus, who appears in the Acts of the Apostles 8:18-24.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Antipope-Clement-III (976 words)

	Pope Clement III
		Clement III, pope (1187-1191), (Paulino Scolari, bishop of Praeneste) was elected pope in December 1187, and died in March 1191.
		He incited Henry II of England and Philip Augustus[?] to undertake the third crusade, and introduced several minor reforms in ecclesiastical matters.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/po/Pope_Clement_III.html (79 words)

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