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Topic: Antipope Gregory VIII

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	Antipope Gregory VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gelasius II, at Capua, proceeded to excommunicate both Gregory VIII and Henry V on April 7, 1118.
		Calixtus II entered Rome, and Gregory VIII left, going to Sutri, where he was in April 1121, when papal troops of Calixtus II closed up the city for eight days until its citizens surrendered antipope Gregory VIII.
		Gregory VIII • Celestine II • Anacletus II • Victor IV (1138) • Victor IV (1159-1164) • Paschal III • Callixtus III • Innocent III • Nicholas V • Clement VII • Benedict XIII • Alexander V • John XXIII • Clement VIII • Benedict XIV • Felix V • Peter II
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antipope_Gregory_VIII (517 words)

	Antipope
		Hippolytus ended his life, however, in exile during Roman imperial persecution in the mines on the island of Sardinia in the company of Callixtus's successor Pope Pontian, and was reconciled to the Catholic Church.
		There has not been an antipope since 1449 - more recent schisms like the Church of England are controlled by lay sovereigns who do not want to have an ecclesiastical rival or begin like the Old Catholic Church in a rejection of a primary dogma of the papacy.
		Antipope Gregory XVII self-proclaimed in 1978 in Spain
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/an/Antipope.html (338 words)

	Antipope Benedict XIV - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This article concerns the two antipopes Benedict XIV, claimants to the Papacy during the 15th century.
		Benedict XIV was the name used by two closely related minor antipopes of the 15th century.
		Some imagine that cardinals loyal to him elected a series of increasingly marginal antipopes in 1437 and 1470.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antipope_Benedict_XIV (378 words)

	Antipope - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		An antipope is one whose claim to being Pope is the result of a disputed or contested election.
		These antipopes were usually in opposition to a specific person chosen by the papal electors (since the Middle Ages, the College of Cardinals).
		The earliest antipope, Hippolytus, was elected in protest against Pope Callixtus I by a schismatic group in the city of Rome in the 3rd century.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Antipope (1111 words)

	Antipope - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An antipope is one who, in opposition to the generally recognized Pope, makes a widely accepted claim to be the lawful Pope.
		The period when antipopes were most numerous was during the struggles between the Popes and the Holy Roman Emperors of the 11th and 12th centuries.
		The list of Popes and Antipopes in the Annuario Pontificio does not include Natalius (perhaps because of the uncertainty of the evidence) nor Antipope Clement VIII.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antipope (703 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of cardinals of the XII Century
		Antipope Gregory VIII was elected on March 8, 1118.
		Antipope Innocent III was elected on September 29, 1179 and deposed in January 1180.
		Pope Gregory VIII was elected on October 21, 1187 and died on December 17, 1187.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm (6898 words)

	Pope Benedict VIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Benedict VIII (born in Rome, died April 9, 1024), born Theophylactus, Pope from 1012 to 1024, of the noble family of the counts of Tusculum (son of Gregory, Count of Tusculum, and Maria, and brother of future Pope John XIX), descended from Theophylact, Count of Tusculum like his predecessor Pope Benedict VI (973–974).
		Benedict VIII was opposed by an antipope, Gregory VI (1012), who compelled him to flee Rome.
		In Benedict VIII's pontificate the Saracens renewed their attacks on the southern coasts of Europe, and effected a settlement in Sardinia.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Benedict_VIII (314 words)

	Wikinfo \| Antipope (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In the case of certain periods of turbulence in the Roman Catholic Church, elections later determined to have been invalid have set up claimants to the Papacy, and usually in opposition to a specific pope.
		The earliest of these, Hippolytus, was elected in protest against Pope Callixtus I by a schismatic group in the city of Rome in the 3rd century.
		It would not necessarily have been evident, during periods when two (or three) rival claimants existed, which was the antipope, and which was the pope, and the clear-cut distinctions made between them in retrospect can give a false sense that certainty existed among their contemporaries.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Antipope (506 words)

	Antipope Adalbert - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Adalbert or Albert (Italian: Alberto) was an Italian cardinal and suburbicarian bishop of Santa Rufina elected as antipope in January 1101 by the imperial party in Rome following the arrest and imprisonment of Antipope Theodoric.
		Encouraged by the Emperor Henry IV, the followers of the late Antipope Clement III, who had elected Theodoric, gathered in the Basilica of SS.
		In great alarm the assembly hastily broke up; but while Albert, the newly elected Antipope, who was the Bishop of Sabina, contrived to make his escape to the Basilica of St. Marcellus, many of his party were seized and were roughly handled.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antipope_Adalbert (333 words)

	The Pope Encyclopedia
		A rival claimant to the papacy who might be elected, appointed, installed, or even proclaim himself to be the legitimate pontiff; such an individual is said by the Church to have assumed the title of pope illegally or in opposition to the legitimate pope.
		The antipope was a fairly common occurrence during the Middle Ages, and most were often pathetic Churchmen who were propped up by powerful rulers, such as a Holy Roman Emperor, during a feud with the Holy See over various issues.
		Some antipopes were also present in the early Church, when competing parties in Rome offer their own candidate for the papacy.
	media.isnet.org /kristen/Ensiklopedia/AntiPope.html (253 words)

	Pope Gelasius II - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He drove Gelasius II from Rome in March 1118, pronounced his election null and void, and set up Burdinus, archbishop of Braga, as antipope under the name of Gregory VIII (1118–21).
		Gelasius II fled to Gaeta, where he was ordained priest on the 9th of March 1118 and on the following day received episcopal consecration.
		He at once excommunicated Henry V and the antipope and, under Norman protection, was able to return to Rome in July; but the disturbances of the imperialist party, especially of the Frangipani, who attacked the Pope while celebrating Mass in the church of St.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Pope_Gelasius_II (404 words)

	Antipope
		Hippolytus ended his life, however, in exile during Roman imperial persecution in the mines on the island of Sardinia in the company of Callixtus' successor Pope Pontian, and was reconciled to the Catholic Church.
		There had not been an antipope since 1449, until 1978, when Antipope Gregory XVII was self-declared.
		Antipope Valeriano I self-proclaimed in 1990 in Chieti, Italy
	www.knowledgefun.com /book/a/an/antipope.html (556 words)

	Roman Catholic Church, Christian church headed by the pope, the bishop of Rome
		Gregory encouraged monasticism, made laws for the lives of the clergy, and sent missionaries to England.
		The Council of Pisa (1409) tried unsuccessfully to depose GREGORY XII of the Roman line and Benedict XIII of the Avignon line, and elected a second antipope, Alexander V, who was soon succeeded by the energetic Baldasarre COSSA as John XXIII.
		The schism was ended by the Council of Constance (1414—18) that accepted Gregory's resignation, deposed Benedict and John, and elected MARTIN V as pope.
	home.stx.rr.com /togdir/mainpage/twilight/religion/catholic/encyclop/RomanCat.html (5764 words)

	Encyclopedia
		Although northern Germany was in revolt in 1116, Henry invaded Italy to seize the territories that had been left to the papacy by Matilda, countess of Tuscany (1046–1115).
		By the Concordat of Worms in 1122 he established a compromise on investiture with the papacy, abandoning the antipope Gregory VIII; he was then reinstated in the communion of the church, but retained the right to appoint church officials.
		In the last year of his reign the emperor, in alliance with his father-in-law, Henry I of England, led an unsuccessful expedition against Louis VI of France.
	www.history.com /encyclopedia.do?vendorId=FWNE.fw..he051100.a#FWNE.fw..he051100.a (713 words)

	New Catholic Dictionary: Bourdin, Maurice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		(Gregory VIII) Antipope, 1118, born probably Limoges, France; died Salerno, Italy, c.1137.
		A Cluniac monk, he was made Archbishop of Braga, Portugal, 1111, but was suspended by Paschal II, 1114.
		Later, he was forced to flee to Sutri, where Callistus II captured him and imprisoned him in a monastery.
	www.catholic-forum.com /Saints/ncd01395.htm (73 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Papal elections and conclaves by century
		Antipope Clement III died on September 8, 1100.
		Antipope Theodoric was arrested and imprisoned in January 1101.
		Antipope Victor V died in Lucca on April 20, 1164.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/conclave-xii.htm (6477 words)

	Lateran Councils
		The council also adopted canons forbidding simony and the marriage of clergymen, and it annulled the ordinances of the antipope Gregory VIII (reigned 1118-1121).
		Gregory of Tours, who saw it all, has described it in pages that are a classic collection of horror stories.
		Gregory VII makes no distinction between the bishopric considered as a cure of souls and as a feudal status.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/lateran.htm (16494 words)

	Italy
		When her mother Beatrice died in 1076, Matilda succeeded to the Margravate and took the side of the Pope Gregory VII in the Investiture Controversy.
		When Charles VIII of France invaded Italy in 1494, he was only interested in his own claim to Naples; but when Louis XII of Orlèans came to the throne, his claim was now to Milan as well as Naples.
		It was the invasion of Italy by the French King Charles VIII in 1494 that disrupted the rule of the Medici.
	www.friesian.com /italia.htm (10172 words)

	This day in history - www.ezboard.com
		Pope Gregory XI, encouraged by Saint Catherine of Siena, returned the seat of papal power to the ancient city over the protest of French cardinals.
		Gregory VII had charged Henry, ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, with a list of offenses, and in response Henry assembled his bishops and ordered them to renounce their obedience to the pope.
		Countess Matilda and Saint Hugh of Cluny appealed to the pope for mercy, and although Gregory knew he should wait for the diet, he could not be seen to be so unforgiving in the face of such a display.
	p200.ezboard.com /fnfisgetoutthevotefrm10.showMessageRange?start=21&stop=40&topicID=20.topic (19487 words)

	Gregory VI (Antipope) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		On the death of Sergius IV in June, 1012, "a certain Gregory", opposed the election of Benedict VIII, and got himself made pope, seemingly by a small faction.
		Promptly expelled from Rome, he made his way to Germany, and craved the support of King Henry II (25 Dec., 1012).
		That monarch, however, after promising him that his case should be carefully examined in accordance with canon law and Roman custom, took away from him the papal insignia which he was wearing, and bade him cease to act as pope in the meanwhile.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/g/gregory_vi.html (147 words)

	Encyclopedia
		The council also adopted canons forbidding simony and the marriage of clergymen, and it annulled the ordinances of the antipope Gregory VIII (r.
		The second council was held in 1139 under Pope Innocent II (r.
		It was called to heal the schism caused by the antipope Anacletus II (r.
	www.historychannel.com /encyclopedia/article.jsp?link=FWNE.fw..la022600.a (585 words)

	emperors2
		Henry was greatly concerned with church reform and went to Rome in 1046 to settle the conflict caused by three rival claimants to the papacy.
		On being reprimanded by Pope Gregory VII, Henry convoked (1076) a German council at Worms to depose the pope.
		Michael VIII Palaeologus was direct descendant of family; another ruling house was established by Michael Angelus Comnenus as despots of Epirus and Thessaly (1204-1318).
	website.lineone.net /~johnbidmead/emperors2.htm (6635 words)

	History of the Mass (16histot.htm)
		The prestige lost since Pope Saint Gregory VII was finally restored and the Church looked to the future with renewed hope and a growing prestige throughout medieval Europe which was beginning to gear up for the Crusades.
		It was Calixtus who had approved the foundation of the Knights of St. John, known to many as the Hospitallers, the Order of Knights-Templars both of which would carry out many of the duties of the Crusaders along with the Teutonic Knights who were known for their fearlessness.
		In addition, they confirmed that all ordinations performed by the antipope Gregory were null and void.
	www.dailycatholic.org /16histot.htm (1501 words)

	AllRefer.com - Popes of the Roman Catholic Church (table) - Encyclopedia
		Antipopes : i.e., those men whose elections have been declared uncanonical : are indicated.
		Leo VII, 96365, or Benedict V, 96466 (one of these was an antipope)
		antipope: Benedict XIII, 13941423 (see Luna, Pedro de)
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/popesTABLE.html (210 words)

	Gregory Viii - LoveToKnow 1911
		There is more than one meaning of Gregory Viii discussed in the 1911 Encyclopedia.
		We are planning to let all links go to the correct meaning directly, but for now you will have to search it out from the list below by yourself.
		This page was last modified 17:12, 14 Apr 2006.
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Gregory_Viii (68 words)

	First Lateran Council 1123 A.D.
		Also, the struggle for the Corsican episcopacy between the churches of Genoa and Pisa was a considerable problem, and a commission of twenty-four fathers had to be created by the pope in order to resolve the matter; for this see canons 1, 7, and also canons 2, 5-6, 9, 11, 16.
		Thus pope Callistus, following as closely as he could the examples of Gregory VII and Urban II {3 }, and supported by the approval of the council, brought to a successful conclusion matters which had engrossed the whole church's effort and zeal for almost fifty years.
		They may not receive tithes or churches from lay persons without the consent and wish of the bishops; and if they presume to do otherwise, they shall be subject to the canonical penalty.
	www.franciscan-sfo.org /ap/ECUM09.HTM (2858 words)

	Register Report
		Although northern Germany was in revolt in 1116, Henry i nvaded Italy to seize the territories that had been left to the papacy by Mat ilda, countess of Tuscany.
		Henry was accordingly excommunicated by Paschal's successor, Pope Gelasius II (reigned 1118-19).
		By the Concordat of Worms in 1122 he established a compromise on investiture with t he papacy, abandoning the antipope Gregory VIII; he was then reinstated in th e communion of the church, but retained the right to appoint church officia ls.
	members.fortunecity.com /weaverjay/rr01/rr01_261.htm (1099 words)

	Chapter 8: Saint James's Catapult
		It is true that certain churchmen, most notably Gregory VII himself, had a vision of a society organized on Christian lines whose divine directing power should be mediated through the bishop of Rome as successor to St. Peter and Vicar of Christ.
		Yet it is unfortunate that Gregory VII's name should have become attached to this epoch in the history of the church.
		It cannot have been long afterwards that Boso heard of the capture of the antipope at Sutri on 23 April: he communicated the news to Diego in the letter he sent to summon him to the legatine council he proposed to hold.
	libro.uca.edu /sjc/sjc8.htm (10750 words)

	[No title]
		A group of English barons offer Prince Louis (soon to be Louis VIII) of France the throne of England.
		A coterie of English noblemen led by Richard's uncle Thomas of Woodstock, Duke of Gloucester get in a power struggle with Richard II John of Gaunt helps Richard II of England assert his authority.
		1509 Henry VIII of England is crowned and marries Katherine of Aragon
	www.fortunecity.com /millennium/family/1155/timeline.htm (4627 words)

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