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Antipope Victor IV (1138)

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	Antipope Info - Bored Net - Boredom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		It would not necessarily have been evident, during periods when two (or three) rival claimants existed, which was the antipope, and which was the pope, and the clear-cut distinctions made between them in retrospect can give a false sense that certainty existed among their contemporaries.
		There has not been an antipope since 1449 - more recent schisms like the Church of England are controlled by lay sovereigns who do not want to have an ecclesiastical rival or begin like the Old Catholic Church in a rejection of a primary dogma of the papacy.
		Antipope Gregory XVII self-proclaimed in 1978 in Spain
	www.borednet.com /e/n/encyclopedia/a/an/antipope.html (438 words)

	Antipopes - FUTEF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Victor IV, the former Cardinal Octavianus (Ottaviano Crescenzi Ottaviani of Monticelli), was known as t...
		Laurentius (possibly Caelius) was an antipope of the Roman Catholic church, from 498 to 506.
		Antipope Paschal III (or Paschal III) was Antipope from 1164 to September 20, 1168.
	futef.com /q/cats:[Antipopes] (477 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Creations of cardinals of the XII Century
		Antipope Theodoric was elected in September 1100 and deposed in January 1101.
		Antipope Celestine II was elected on December 15/16, 1124.
		Antipope Innocent III was elected on September 29, 1179 and deposed in January 1180.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/consistories-xii.htm (6898 words)

	Brujula.Net - Your Latin Stating Point (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		An antipope is one whose claim to being Pope is the result of a disputed or contested election.
		The earliest antipope, Hippolytus, was elected in protest against Pope Callixtus I by a schismatic group in the city of Rome in the 3rd century.
		They are sometimes called antipopes, although it should be noted that in contrast to historical antipopes, the number of their followers is minuscule.
	www.brujula.net /english/wiki/Antipope.html (683 words)

	Antipope Victor IV
		Victor IV:- Two antipopes have claimed this name:
		Cardinal Gregorio Conti, who was chosen by a party in succession to the antipope Anacletus II[?] on March 13, 1138, but through the influence of Bernard of Clairvaux was induced two months afterwards to make his submission to Innocent II
		Cardinal Octavianus, the Ghibelline antipope, elected in 1159, and countenaced by the emperor Barbarossa[?].
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/an/Antipope_Victor_IV.html (79 words)

	Popes - Table - MSN Encarta
		Gregory IX Celestine IV Innocent IV Alexander IV Urban IV Clement IV Bl.
		John XXIII (1410-1415) was an antipope; the modern John XXIII (1958-1963) ignored him altogether and took the same name and numeral.
		An identical case is that of Antipope Victor IV (1138) and Pope Victor IV (1159-1164).
	uk.encarta.msn.com /media_461532637_761554644_-1_1/Popes.html (527 words)

	Father of Lies - Page 5
		Antipope Victor IV (1159-1164) 6 Ex tetro carcere (Out of a harsh prison) He was Cardinal of the title of St. Nicholas at the Tullian prison.
		Antipope Paschal III (1164-1168) 7 Via trans-Tyberina (Road beyond the Tiber) When Cardinal, he was titular of the Basilica di Santa Maria in Trastevere.
		Antipope Felix V (1439-1449) 53 Amator crucis (Lover of the Cross) He was previously the count of Savoy and therefore his coat of arms contained the cross of Savoy.
	www.arguewitheveryone.com /showthread.php?p=31820 (6701 words)

	Trent
		In consideration of imperial favour the bishops of Trent sided with Henry IV and Frederick I during the great struggle between the Church and the Empire, but in such a skilful manner so as to avoid a rupture with the pope.
		Bishop Adelbert is even revered as a saint, although he sided with the antipope Victor IV, who had been chosen by the emperor; in those times of confusion it was often difficult to find the right path.
		In 1369 Rudolph IV concluded a treaty with Bishop Albrecht II of Ortenburg, by virtue of which Rudolph became the real sovereign of the diocese.
	www.catholicity.com /encyclopedia/t/trent.html (1002 words)

	1164
		Pope Adrian IV recognizes Uppsala as seat of the Swedish metropolitan.
		Antipope Paschal III elected by cardinals supporting Frederick Barbarossa.
		Thomas Becket contends with Henry II, leaves England to solicit support from the Pope and the King of France.
	www.teachtime.com /en/wikipedia/1/11/1164.html (164 words)

	Antipopes
		Antipope: a pope set up against the one chosen by church law, as in a
		Celestine II Anacletus II Victor IV Victor VI Paschal III
		All of the Antipopes prior to 1958 were of the first kind; that is elected, while a true Pope reigned. Those from 1958 to the present have been of the latter kind, although several are of both kinds (i.e.
	www.vaticaninexile.com /Antipopes.html (201 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Victor IV
		Yet it is not to be assumed that the emperor had desired his election; Rolando was certainly not agreeable to him, yet neither was it to his interest to have an antipope.
		It decided, as was to be expected, for Victor, and pronounced an anathema upon Alexander, while Alexander on his side excommunicated the emperor.
		The attempt to secure Victor's recognition was never completely successful in Germany, where Bishop Eberhard of Salzburg was his principal opponent.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/15411a.htm (407 words)

	Alexander III - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He came to Rome under Eugene III, was made a cardinal, and became a trusted adviser of Adrian IV.
		Although the antipope was supported only by Germany and some Lombards, the schism thus begun continued until 1178 with antipopes Paschal III and Calixtus III.
		Alexander was forced (1162) by Emperor Frederick I into exile in France.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-alexand3.html (406 words)

	Sirianism OR Pope Siri ("Gregory XVII")
		While imprisoned by Balisarius, Pope Silverius (536-37) capitulated to the point that he actually abdicated from his office, in order to allow the antipope Vigilius, invalidly installed by the pope's captors, to become regularized in his possession of the Chair of Peter, so that the Church would not be left without a head.
		In 1378, the cardinals who had just elected Bartolomeo Prignano, who took the name Pope Urban VI (1378-89), to the supreme pontificate, became afraid of what might have been the reaction to their choice by the Roman mob which burst into the conclave, and announced instead that they had elected the Roman Cardinal Tibaldeschi.
		IV., page 426), perhaps anticipating our own frightful age when apostasy runs rampant in the wake of a heretical council, says: "Such instances have only occurred during times of grave constitutional crisis in the Church, when either there was no pope, or the rightful pope was indistinguishable from antipopes.
	www.geocities.com /prakashjm45/sirianism.html (3340 words)

	11th Council, Third Lateran Council (A.D. 1179)
		ACTION: Called and ratified by Pope Alexander III, this council regulated the election of Popes (two-thirds majority vote by the College of Cardinals was required for the Pope to be elected, and the emperor was excluded from voting).
		For when Pope Hadrian IV had died in 1159, the cardinals elected two popes together, namely Roland of Siena, who took the name of Alexander III, and Octavian of Rome who though he was nominated by fewer cardinals, nevertheless with the support of the emperor Frederick usurped the name of Pope Victor IV.
		A serious schism had arisen out of this conflict, and after Victor IV two antipopes were nominated in opposition to Alexander III, namely Paschal III (1164-1168) and Callistus III (1168-1178).
	www.catholicbook.com /AgredaCD/Ecumenical_Councils/Lateran3.htm (4938 words)

	AllRefer.com - Popes of the Roman Catholic Church (table) - Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Before St. Victor I (189), dates may err by one year.
		Antipopes : i.e., those men whose elections have been declared uncanonical : are indicated.
		Leo VII, 96365, or Benedict V, 96466 (one of these was an antipope)
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/popesTABLE.html (210 words)

	Lateran Councils
		When Pope Victor II died, in 1057, their leaders did not wait for any news of what the German overlord proposed, but straightway, within four days, elected a pope, the cardinal who was abbot of Monte Cassino, Frederick of Lorraine, Stephen IX.
		And what the present tyrant, Henry IV, desires is a continuance of the bad system where he is absolute master of the Church, free to choose whom he will for bishops, and to fix their price, what time the revival of religion may take its chance.
		At the second session (on 20 November) the struggle for the empire between Frederick II and Otto IV was brought before the council and gave rise to a bitter and contentious debate.
	mb-soft.com /believe/txs/lateran.htm (16494 words)

	Catholic Apologetics International - Robert Sungenis
		For example, Pope Sergius III “took the Papacy by force,” while Pope John XII is reportedly to have been “struck with paralysis while visiting his mistress” and died shortly after; and Pope Sixtus IV was involved in the plot to murder Lorenzo de Medici (The Popes, Eric John, pages 162, 166 and 301).
		Sixtus IV (1471-1484) made nepotism “the chief influence of papal policies.” His revenues, which exceeded 60,000 gold ducats a year, “enabled him to lead a life of luxury which astonished contemporaries and shocked many.” (The Popes, Eric John, p.
		Notice, in particular, that the antipope, Anacletus II, sat for EIGHT years (1130-1138) in the papal chair, while the true pope was in exile:
	www.catholicintl.com /catholicissues/larson-part2-2.htm (2536 words)

	Popes of the Roman Catholic Church - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		In the following list, the date of election, rather than of consecration, is given.
		Leo VII, 963-65, or Benedict V, 964-66 (one of these was an antipope)
		antipope: Benedict XIII, 1394-1423 (see Luna, Pedro de)
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-popesTABLE.html (394 words)

	Strange Days - Discussion of All Matters - St Malachy's Prophecies -POPE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Antipope Calistus III (1168-1178) 8 De Pannonia Tusciæ
		193 Nicholas IV (1288-1292) 30 Picus inter escas
		Antipope Clement VII (1378-1394) 42 De cruce Apostilica
	www.campuscrawler.com /hosted/strangedays/forum/showthread.php?t=3 (1082 words)

	GREGORY VII (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		He had been a Premonstratensian, but was made cardinal deacon by Hadrian IV in 1155.
		He served as vice-chancellor when Roland Bandinelli was chancellor, and when Roland became Pope Alexander III Albert succeeded him as chancellor of the Apostolic See.
		It is interesting to note that this pope, usually so mild and merciful, yet ordered the bones of Octavian, the antipope Victor IV, to be thrown out of the church in Parma where they were buried.
	www.cfpeople.org /Books/Pope/POPEp171.htm (456 words)

	Nwowatcher is the leading resource for topics of political conspiracy, mythology, symbolism, activism, and the ...
		Antipope Calistus III (1168-1178) 8 De Pannonia Tusciand#1078;
		Ratzinger was the oldest cardinal to be named pope since Clement XII, who was also 78 when he became pope in 1730.
		He is the first German pope since Victor II (1055-1057).
	nwowatcher.com /smf/index.php?topic=2738.45 (5252 words)

	~In Today's Catholic World (TCW) True Catholic News~
		Thus for today's post TCW thinks it is prudent to cite the historical precedence (concrete examples) of lawful Popes being forced into exile from Rome by the stealthy enemies of the Faith prior to the twentieth century.
		In addition a list of antipopes who usurped the papal office in Rome itself during the absence of, or simultaneous with, the reign of a true pope, before the twentieth century is provided too.
		Antipope Paul VI), was working in close cooperation with the Catholic Church's inplacable enemies (atheistic communists) behind the back of the then reigning Pope, Pius XII.
	www.todayscatholicworld.com /dec05tcw.htm (10315 words)

	The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church - Guide to documents and events (76-2005)
		Numerical summary of the cardinals and pseudocardinals created created by the 16 popes and of this century.
		[Antipope] Victor IV (1138) - no information found about creation of Pseudocardinals by this Antipope
		Of these cardinals, 15 were declared saint or blessed; 12 became popes; 4 became antipopes; 23 were deposed; and 98 occupied episcopal sees.
	www.fiu.edu /~mirandas/guide-xii.htm (1061 words)

	AllRefer.com - Alexander III, pope (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		AllRefer.com - Alexander III, pope (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
		You are here : AllRefer.com > Reference > Encyclopedia > Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes > Alexander III, pope
		Alexander III, pope, Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/A/Alexand3.html (366 words)

	THE LAST POPE The Decline and Fall of the Church of Rome (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12)
		Abbas Suburranus (A Suburran Abbot) – Anastasius IV: 1153-1154
		De Pannomia Tuscæ (From the Hungary of Tuscia)– Calistus III, Antipope: 1168-78
		Schisma Barchinonium (A Schismatic of Barcelona) – Clement VIII, Antipope: 1424-29
	www.hogueprophecy.com /lastpop.htm (1695 words)

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