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Topic: Antiretroviral drug

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	ScienceDaily: Antiretroviral drug (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV.
		HIV Drug Resistance Increasing In UK And Among Highest In The World (November 18, 2005) -- Those infected with HIV in the UK have one of the highest rates of resistance to anti-HIV drugs of anywhere in the world, prompting fears of a second wave epidemic of resistant virus, a new study...
		Antiretroviral drug -- Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/Antiretroviral_drug (1446 words)

	Antiretroviral drug - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by retroviruses, primarily HIV.
		Drug holidays (or "structured treatment interruptions"), are intentional discontinuations of antiretroviral drug treatment.
		Antiretroviral drugs are broadly classified by the phase of the retrovirus life-cyle that the drug inhibits.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antiretroviral_drug (2537 words)

	Antiretroviral drug Summary
		Drug holidays (or "structured treatment interruptions"), are intentional discontinuations of antiretroviral drug treatment.
		Antiretroviral drugs are broadly classified by the phase of the retrovirus life-cyle that the drug inhibits.
		Synergistic enhancers usually do not possess any antiretroviral properties alone, but when they are taken concurrently with antiretroviral drugs they enhance the effect of that drug.
	www.bookrags.com /Antiretroviral_drug (2722 words)

	The prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in the United States
		The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance in a large, well-characterized study population representing adults receiving care for HIV infection throughout the contiguous United States.
		Drug susceptibility was measured against the 15 antiretroviral drugs approved by the FDA as of early 2001.
		Drug resistance to one or more drugs was detected in virus from specimens representing an estimated 101 100 patients or 76.3% (95% CI, 73.0-79.2%) of the 132 500 surviving adults with more than 500 copies/ml HIV RNA plasma.
	www.natap.org /2004/HIV/062204_02.htm (2216 words)

	Role of HIV Drug Resistance Testing in Antiretroviral Drug Development
		Drug susceptibility (IC values) for resistant variants and the fold change in IC values relative to the parent virus should be determined (see section IV.E Characterization of Phenotypic and Genotypic Assays).
		Drug resistant variants exhibit a statistically significant increase in the IC A number of drugs targeting the CCR5 and CXCR4 chemokine co-receptors are being developed.
		For example, drugs that exhibit extensive cross-resistance with approved drugs of the same class are unlikely to be suitable for studies in treatment experienced patients harboring resistant isolates to that class.
	www.fda.gov /cder/guidance/5879dft.htm (4507 words)

	Antiretroviral drug: Facts and details from Encyclopedia Topic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Antiretroviral drugs are medications for the treatment of infection by the retrovirus retrovirus quick summary:
		A drug holiday, sometimes referred to as a structured treatment interruption (sti) is the intentional discontinuation of a medication, usually for a short...
		Enfuvirtide is a novel antiretroviral drug used in combination therapy for the treatment of hiv-1 infection....
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/antiretroviral_drug.htm (5009 words)

	Management of Possible Sexual, Injecting-Drug-Use, or Other Nonoccupational Exposure to HIV, Including Considerations ...
		In another study in which a licensed antiretroviral drug was administered to macaques, initiating stavudine (d4T) treatment at the time of IV exposure to human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) resulted in a delay in the onset of viremia and a reduction in viral load (16).
		Antiretroviral agents should not be used for persons with HIV exposures that have a low risk of transmission (e.g., potentially infected body fluid on intact skin) or for persons who seek care too late for the anticipated interruption of transmission (greater than 72 hours after reported exposure).
		Antiretroviral therapy is not a replacement for adherence to behaviors that reduce the risk of HIV exposure.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00054952.htm (5664 words)

	AIDS & HIV antiretroviral drug treatment
		Antiretroviral treatment for HIV infection consists of drugs which work by slowing down the replication of HIV in the body.
		Drugs from the protease inhibitor (PI) group are generally less suitable for starting treatment in resource-limited settings for a number of reasons including cost, the number of pills which need to be taken, and the particular side effects that occur with the protease drugs.
		In addition, some of these drugs, the protease inhibitors in particular, cannot easily be combined with other drugs, as the dose needed can vary from person to person, and is generally too large to go in one capsule.
	www.avert.org /aidstreatment.htm (2728 words)

	Guidelines for Using Antiretroviral Agents Among HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents
		Antiretroviral regimens are complex, have serious side effects, pose difficulty with adherence, and carry serious potential consequences from the development of viral resistance because of nonadherence to the drug regimen or suboptimal levels of antiretroviral agents.
		Antiretroviral treatment recommendations for HIV-infected pregnant women are based on the belief that therapies of known benefit to women should not be withheld during pregnancy, unless the risk for adverse effects outweighs expected benefits for the woman.
		The decision to use any antiretroviral drug during pregnancy should be made by the woman after discussion with her clinician regarding the benefits versus risks to her and her fetus.
	www.cdc.gov /mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5107a1.htm (17656 words)

	Examining the Probable Consequences of Alternative Patterns of Widespread Antiretroviral Drug Use in ...
		As private, bilateral, and multilateral initiatives begin to fund antiretroviral therapy programs for HIV/AIDS patients living in resource-constrained settings, scientists and practitioners have cautioned that the clinical and epidemiological effects of implementing such programs must be considered.
		The main concern is that of fostering premature emergence of widespread Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (HAART) drug resistance, thereby increasing short-term treatment failure rates and reducing the long-term durability of antiretroviral treatment regimes in developing countries.
		The workshop presented case studies describing the implementation of antiretroviral therapy programs in resource-poor areas and the success or failure of such treatment for producing durable benefits.
	www.iom.edu /CMS/3783/17080.aspx (337 words)

	Antiretroviral drugs (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Antiretroviral agents are virustatic agents which block steps in the replication of the virus.
		The drugs are not curative; however continued use of drugs, particularly in multi-drug regimens, significantly slows disease progression.
		The optimum combinations of antiretroviral drugs have not been determined, nor is there agreement on the stage of infection at which to start treatment.
	www.healthatoz.com /healthatoz/Atoz/ency/antiretroviral_drugs.jsp (1490 words)

	Rates of Antiretroviral Resistance Among HIV-Infected Patients With and Without a History of Injection Drug Use (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This is of particular clinical importance since there is substantial cross-resistance within antiretroviral drug classes [6], and there are a major challenges in treating patients with multi-drug resistant HIV [7,8].
		Previous studies have suggested that patients with a history of injection drug use (IDUs) may be disproportionately affected by this concern in many settings [13-16], which is a growing challenge given that injection drug users constitute a large and growing proportion of the HIV affected population globally [16-19].
		Data on injection drug use obtained from the HOMER cohort is based on physician reports on the enrolment forms and on self-reports to the treatment program's annual participant survey [4,23].
	www.hivdent.org /drugs1/drugRARA0705.htm (1584 words)

	The Epidemiology of Antiretroviral Drug Resistance among Drug-Naive HIV-1--Infected Persons in 10 US Cities: resistance ...
		Consequently, resistance testing prior to initiation of antiretroviral therapy in persons with established HIV infection, although recommended by some when duration of infection or regional prevalence can be established, has not been widely recommended in the United States.
		Although the proportion of HIV-infected persons with mutations associated with reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility did not vary significantly by age group, city, site of enrollment, CD4+ T cell count, or recency of infection, persons with these mutations were more likely to be white, to be MSM, and/or to have a partner taking antiretroviral medications.
		The overall prevalence of mutations associated with reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility was 8.3%; however, it was 6.1% and 4.7% in women and heterosexual men, respectively, and was 12% in MSM.
	www.natap.org /2004/HIV/060704_08.htm (2411 words)

	Differences in the Frequency of Resistance to Antiretroviral Drug Classes among Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Both baseline HIV-1 drug resistance and antiretroviral drug levels are associated with short-term virologic responses to salvage therapy.
		Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adult HIV-1 infection: recommendations of an International AIDS Society-USA panel.
		Prevalence of mutations associated with reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconverters in the United States, 1993-1998.
	jcm.asm.org /cgi/content/full/41/7/3376 (1668 words)

	Antiretroviral Drug Discounts Should Be Extended For Countries Classified As "Middle-Income," Opinion Piece Says
		Only countries classified as "low-income" based on GNI by the World Bank qualify for discounted antiretrovirals under the Accelerated Access Initiative, a public-private partnership that aims to increase access to essential medicines in developing countries, according to Saavedra Lopez and Weinstein.
		Countries classified as "middle-income" are "subjected to outrageous drug prices -- keeping lifesaving medicines out of reach and creating a serious obstacle to combating growing AIDS epidemics in these countries," the authors write.
		Mexico, which is classified as "upper middle-income," has a GNI of $6,790 annually, while the average annual per person cost of antiretrovirals in the country is $8,000, according to the authors.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=54518 (344 words)

	AIDSinfo - Antiretroviral Drug Toxicities
		Important information on antiretroviral therapy-associated adverse events (drug toxicities) was presented in the most recent release of the Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents - May 4, 2006.
		Use the column on the left to navigate to another drug of interest.
		Antiretroviral drug toxicity articles — Expanded list (500+ citations).
	www.aidsinfo.nih.gov /other/toxicities.asp (146 words)

	Drug-Drug Interactions with HIV-Related Medications (Veterans Affairs) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This complexity is increased by the fact that antiretroviral agents, particularly protease inhibitors (PIs) and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs), can affect and be affected by alterations in the activity of the cytochrome P450 enzymes in the liver.
		Patients taking HIV medications often have complex drug profiles, and the interaction of only 2 drugs is rarely the concern; more often, patients are on 3 or more medications that could influence interactions.
		Suggests that a high level of evidence is available regarding the drug combination, that the clinical significance of the interaction is well understood, and that consensus exists regarding the management strategy (eg, on dosage adjustments).
	www.hiv.va.gov /vahiv?page=prtyp-wp-312_drug (1498 words)

	Antiretroviral adherence, drug resistance, viral fitness and HIV disease progression: a tangled web is woven -- Lucas ...
		Virologic rebound on HAART in the context of low treatment adherence is associated with a low prevalence of antiretroviral drug resistance.
		Antiretroviral drug resistance testing in adults infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: 2003 recommendations of an International AIDS Society—USA Panel.
		Antiretroviral resistance among HIV-infected persons who have died in British Columbia, in the era of modern antiretroviral therapy.
	jac.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/55/4/413 (2477 words)

	AIDSinfo - HIV/AIDS Drug Information
		The fact sheets describe the drug's use, pharmacology, side effects, and other information.
		Drugs Used for the Treatment of HIV Infection
		Drugs Used in the Treatment of Pediatric HIV Infection
	www.aidsinfo.nih.gov /drugs (78 words)

	Database of Antiretroviral Drug Interactions
		Select an FDA-approved antiretroviral and view interactions with other drugs specified by drug name or drug class, or view "all interactions".
		Select any drug in the database and view all interactions with FDA-approved antiretrovirals.
		Select any drug class in the database and view all interactions with FDA-approved antiretrovirals.
	www.hivinsight.com /InSite.jsp?page=ar-00-02 (76 words)

	Science & Medicine \| NIAID Halts Trial on Antiretroviral Drug Conservation Strategy After Findings Show Method ...
		The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases on Wednesday announced it ended enrollment in a clinical trial comparing daily antiretroviral therapy with a drug-conservation strategy, which involves taking medication intermittently, after findings showed the conservation strategy increased HIV-positive patients' risk of developing AIDS or dying,
		The Strategies for Management of Antiretroviral Therapy trial -- which involved 318 sites in 33 countries -- began enrolling patients in January 2002 and included 5,472 HIV-positive participants when the trial was suspended on Jan. 11 (NIAID release, 1/18).
		"We were surprised to learn that in the short term, episodic antiretroviral therapy carries such an increased risk without evidence of sparing patients the known side effects associated with [antiretroviral therapy]," Wafaa El-Sadr of the Harlem Hospital Center and Columbia University in New York, who was working on the trial, said.
	www.kaisernetwork.org /daily_reports/rep_index.cfm?DR_ID=34861 (337 words)

	hiv drug treatment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		develop resistance to antiretroviral drug treatment, which is an important cause of treatment failure, are...
		Drug treatment is usually reserved for when the psychosis is prolonged...
		The HIV drug treatment called HAART does not increase the risk for heart disease in the short term.
	www.go-shopping.us /drug%20treatment/hiv-drug-treatment.html (494 words)

	NEJM -- Antiretroviral-Drug Resistance among Patients Recently Infected with HIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Time trends in primary resistance to HIV drugs in the United Kingdom: multicentre observational study.
		Scott, P., Arnold, E., Evans, B., Pozniak, A., Moyle, G., Shahmenesh, M., White, D., Shirley, J., Cane, P., Pillay, D. Surveillance of HIV antiretroviral drug resistance in treated individuals in England: 1998-2000.
		Hirsch, M. HIV Drug Resistance -- A Chink in the Armor.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/short/347/6/385 (1663 words)

	AIDS - HIV Drug (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This report is an update on the prevalence of HIV drug resistance in the United Kingdom (UK) in both antiretroviral-experienced individuals and antiretroviral naive individuals
		Updated regularly, Drug War Facts provides reliable information and credible citations on important criminal justice and public health issues. The goal is to introduce facts cited by authoritative sources to a debate which is often characterized by myths, erroneous information and emotion.
		PhenoSense HIV is a highly advanced phenotypic drug resistance assay, and the most widely used phenotypic technology for HIV patient management and antiretroviral drug development.
	www.aidshq.com /hivdrug (2043 words)

	ScienceDaily: Help Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		New research, to be published in the Proceedings of the National...
		Pattern Of Human Ebola Outbreaks Linked To Wildlife And Climate (November 15, 2006) -- A visiting biologist at the University of California, San Diego and her colleagues in Africa and Britain have shown that there are close linkages between outbreaks of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in human...
		Tailored Treatments: Promising Designer Drug Provides New Insight Into Cancer Biology (November 15, 2006) -- Scientists are making progress toward unraveling the molecular mysteries that underlie cancer progression and treatment resistance.
	www.sciencedaily.com /articles/health_medicine/pharmacology (1165 words)

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