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	Antitoxin - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An antitoxin is an antibody with the ability to neutralize a specific toxin.
		Antitoxins are produced by certain animals, plants, and bacteria.
		Later, the blood is withdrawn from the animal.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antitoxin (156 words)

	Are Doctors Ready for Bioterrorism? - Botulism
		A clinician who suspects botulism should immediately contact the local or state health department to facilitate procurement of antitoxin for treatment; arrangements should be made for confirmatory diagnostic testing and initiation of an epidemiologic investigation to identify the source of infection.
		Trivalent (ABE) equine antitoxin is available from the CDC through state and local health departments and should be administered as soon as possible after clinical diagnosis.
		Antitoxin can prevent progression of disease caused by subsequent binding of toxin but does not reverse the effects of already bound toxin.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/61/67290.htm (1428 words)

	Tetanus antitoxin (PIM 520)
		Tetanus antitoxin may also be a refined and concentrated protein, chiefly globulin, containing antitoxin antibodies obtained from the serum or plasma of healthy horses that have been immunized against tetanus toxin or toxoid (USP).
		Tetanus antitoxin occurs as a transparent or slightly opalescent liquid, brownish, yellowish or greenish in colour.
		Tetanus antitoxin neutralizes the toxin produced by Clostridium tetani; the toxin has high affinity for new cells and antitoxin is unlikely to have an effect on toxin that is no longer circulating.
	www.inchem.org /documents/pims/pharm/tetatox.htm (1764 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary
		Antitoxin may be withheld at the time of diagnosis if it is certain that the patient is improving from maximal paralysis.
		During the infusion of antitoxin, diphenhydramine and epinephrine should be on hand for rapid administration in case of adverse reaction.
		Use of antitoxin for postexposure prophylaxis is limited by its scarcity and its reactogenicity.
	www.guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?doc_id=3619&nbr=2845&string=botulism (3717 words)

	antitoxin (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		An antitoxin is a preparation of antibodies against a toxin such as diphtheria or botulism or against animal venoms such as fl widow spider venom (or the one for Australian funnel web spiders, for you blokes down under - G'day 8-) or various snake venoms.
		Antitoxins are produced by injecting the harmful toxin into an animal such as a horse in gradually increasing amounts.
		Antitoxins are not used very often in clinical medicine for two reasons.
	www.drhull.com /EncyMaster/A/antitoxin.html (238 words)

	Dorlands Medical Dictionary
		(an”tĭ-ro´bin) the antitoxin of robin, a poison of the locust tree.
		antitoxin containing antibodies derived from the cow instead of from the horse, for use on persons who are hypersensitive to horse serum.
		[USP] equine antitoxin from horses immunized against diphtheria toxin or the toxoid; administered intramuscularly or intravenously in the treatment of suspected cases of diphtheria.
	www.mercksource.com /pp/us/cns/cns_hl_dorlands.jspzQzpgzEzzSzppdocszSzuszSzcommonzSzdorlandszSzdorlandzSzdmd_a_49zPzhtm (1526 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Diphtheria Antitoxin (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Diphtheria antitoxin (dif-THEER-ee-a AN-ti-TOK-sin) is used to prevent and/or treat diphtheria infection in persons exposed to the disease.
		Diphtheria antitoxin is to be administered only by or under the supervision of your doctor or other health care professional.
		Children—Although there is no specific information comparing use of diphtheria antitoxin in children with use in other age groups, this medicine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203067.html (701 words)

	MedlinePlus Drug Information: Tetanus Antitoxin (Systemic) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Tetanus antitoxin (TET-uh-nus AN-ti-TOK-sin) is used to prevent and/or treat tetanus infection (also known as lockjaw).
		Tetanus antitoxin is to be administered only by or under the supervision of your doctor or other health care professional.
		Children—Although there is no specific information comparing use of tetanus antitoxin in children with use in other age groups, this medicine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
	www.nlm.nih.gov /medlineplus/druginfo/uspdi/203079.html (775 words)

	Antitoxin: Another Possible, Last-Ditch Way of Treating Anthrax
		Antitoxins are typically made by injecting a toxin in increasing amounts into an animal.
		Antitoxins began to be used four years later to treat the disease.
		The antitoxin would be administered when it was likely the antibiotic treatment was too late — if, for example, someone had had symptoms and didn't initially know it was anthrax but now was in a struggle to stay alive.
	www.freerepublic.com /focus/news/549420/posts (1432 words)

	Chapter 16: The Diphtheria Antitoxin
		N this country the antitoxin treatment for diplitheria is still in high favor, while in Germany, where it originated, many of the best medical authorities are abandoning its use on account of its doubtful curative results and certain destructive after-effects.
		That diphtheria treated with antitoxin may be and often is followed by paralysis, heart-failure, or lifelong invalidism of some kind after the patient has apparently recovered from the disease.
		She does not remember whether she was given antitoxin, but recalls that her throat was painted and her body rubbed with oil, and that she had to take a great deal of medicine.
	www.whale.to /a/lindlahr16.html (2803 words)

	Antitoxin - Search Results - ninemsn Encarta
		Antitoxin, antibody produced in the bloodstream of an animal or human being in response to the presence of a bacterial toxin, or poison.
		Botulism antitoxin may be effective if administered early.
		Surgical opening of the trachea and use of a respirator may be life-saving.
	au.encarta.msn.com /Antitoxin.html (89 words)

	Tetanus Antitoxin 1,500 Units - 1 dose
		Administration of Tetanus Antitoxin is recommended for use whenever a non-immunized animal, or one whose immune status is unknown, suffers a deep penetrating wound that has or may become contaminated with soil.
		Antitoxin may also be administered to animals following castration, docking, and other operations performed on premises upon which tetanus infection has been a problem.
		Large doses of Tetanus Antitoxin may provide beneficial response in animals already infected with tetanus, but success of treatment is not assured.
	www.calvetsupply.com /index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=698 (260 words)

	Characterization of the Phd Repressor-Antitoxin Boundary -- McKinley and Magnuson 187 (2): 765 -- The Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Previous deletion analysis had shown that the N terminus of Phd was required for repressor but not antitoxin activity and that the C terminus of Phd was required for antitoxin but not repressor activity.
		Only the third quarter of the protein, the resolution limit of the previous deletion analysis, was needed for both repressor and antitoxin activities (40).
		The positions of mutations affecting antitoxin activity and of those affecting repressor activity might be identical, overlapping, interspersed, or separated.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/187/2/765 (2942 words)

	USATODAY.com - Study: Antitoxin treats infant botulism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A human antitoxin for babies with botulism allows them to leave the hospital weeks earlier than those who aren't treated and trims millions from their medical bills, researchers report Thursday.
		The infant version is made by siphoning antitoxin antibodies from the blood of human volunteers who have been vaccinated because they work with the toxin.
		The antitoxin program was almost scrapped by former California Gov. Gray Davis in January 2003 to cut a $35 billion budget deficit.
	www.usatoday.com /news/health/2006-02-01-toxin-botulism_x.htm (475 words)

	NGC - NGC Summary
		From 1967 to 1977, when the recommended dose was larger than today, approximately 9% of recipients of equine botulinum antitoxin in the United States displayed urticaria, serum sickness, or other reactions suggestive of hypersensitivity.
		When the US Army's investigational heptavalent antitoxin was given to 50 individuals in a large Egyptian outbreak of type E foodborne botulism in 1991, 1 recipient (2%) displayed serum sickness, and 9 (18%) had mild reactions.
		Although standard treatments for detoxification, such as activated charcoal, may be given before antitoxin becomes available, there are no data regarding their effectiveness in human botulism.
	www.guideline.gov /summary/summary.aspx?ss=15&doc_id=3619&nbr=2845 (4455 words)

	Meningar.com om antitoxin. tetanus, Tetanus, diphtheria mm.
		antitoxin antitoxin A substance, such as an antibody, that counteracts the effect of a poison...
		TETANUS ANTITOXIN Tetanus antitoxin is prepared by hyperimmunising horses with tetanus toxin...
		In allergic indivisuals, the tetanus antitoxin is to be injected 15 to 30 mins...
	www.meningar.com /antitoxin.html (824 words)

	Tetanus Antitoxin (Systemic)
		Studies on effects of tetanus antitoxin in pregnancy have not been done in either humans or animals.
		It is not known whether tetanus antitoxin passes into breast milk.
		Although there is no specific information comparing use of tetanus antitoxin in children with use in other age groups, this medicine is not expected to cause different side effects or problems in children than it does in adults.
	allnutritionals.com /drugs/t/tetanusantitoxin-systemic.shtml (729 words)

	PHTN
		is an antitoxin, which you have to get from your health care facility, and then supportive care.
		Because people are aware of the symptoms, they go to their health care facility sooner and get the antitoxin more quickly.
		The only treatment available for botulism is antitoxin, which is a life-saving medicine that stops the action of the botulism poison (or toxin).
	www.phppo.cdc.gov /phtn/botulism/treatment/treatment.asp (433 words)

	Antitoxin definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		For example, if a child gets whooping cough (diphtheria), an antitoxin prepared in horses against diphtheria may be useful in treatment.
		The antitoxin can only be of short-term value because the antibodies against diphtheria were made by the horse and the child is just the passive recipient of the antibodies.
		The antitoxin is directed against a toxin, one of a number of poisons produced by certain plants, animals, and bacteria.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=2289 (293 words)

	Serum Antitoxin Antibodies Mediate Systemic and Mucosal Protection from Clostridium difficile Disease in Hamsters -- ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Clostridium difficile is the bacterial pathogen identified as the cause of pseudomembranous colitis and is principally responsible
		Antitoxin antibody responses and toxin-neutralizing activity in prechallenge samples from vaccinated hamsters.
		The geometric mean titer of neutralizing activity (solid bars) against toxin A or B and the goat anti-toxin A or B levels (hatched bars) in sera or unchallenged hamsters are shown, along with the standard error.
	iai.asm.org /cgi/content/full/67/2/527 (6648 words)

	CIDRAP >> Antitoxin for infant botulism slashes hospital stays
		Feb 8, 2006 (CIDRAP News) – A human-derived antitoxin for babies with botulism shortened their hospital stays by an average of more than 3 weeks and reduced average hospital bills by about $88,000 in a randomized trial, according to a recent report.
		A botulism antitoxin derived from vaccinated horses is available for adults in the United States, but serious side effects deter its use in infants.
		The authors write that because botulism is now classified as a category A biological weapon, a larger supply of human antitoxin than can be derived from blood plasma is needed, and a recombinant antitoxin is in development.
	www.cidrap.umn.edu /cidrap/content/bt/botulism/news/feb0806botulism.html (636 words)

	Making Diphtheria Antitoxin Serum: An Episode in the Medical History of Rochester (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The work which led to the discovery of the diphtheria antitoxin was the final outcome of the researches of a number of investigators extending over a period of years from the time of Davaine to that of the men named.
		Reports from private practice and from hospitals showed that, in cases in which the serum was used early, the death rate was lowered from 20 per cent to 50 per cent below that which prevailed in cases in which the serum was not used.
		No testing of the toxin or of the antitoxin was being done at the time of our visit and we consequently missed seeing some of the most important phases of the work.
	www.lib.rochester.edu /index.cfm?PAGE=2453 (2997 words)

	TETANUS ANTITOXIN
		The toxin has a high affinity for nerve tissue and antitoxin is unlikely to have an effect on toxin that is no longer circulating.
		If the wound is extensive, with a high risk of tetanus infection, antitoxin, (preferably the human immunoglobulin) may be injected intramuscularly at the earliest possible moment after infliction of the injury.
		Antitoxin should never be used if a booster dose of Tetanus vaccine would suffice.
	home.intekom.com /pharm/saimr/tetser.html (607 words)

	Modular Organization of the Phd Repressor/Antitoxin Protein -- Smith and Magnuson 186 (9): 2692 -- The Journal of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		antitoxin is present in sufficient quantity to neutralize the
		We propose that the plasmid addiction operon is a composite
		Antitoxin activity was indicated by the ability of the cells to grow in the presence of an otherwise lethal level of the Doc toxin (Table 4).
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/186/9/2692 (4116 words)

	Harmful Algal Blooms and Cystic Fibrosis: A Surprising Connection - DERT
		In studies conducted in laboratory animals, this team noticed that the antitoxins acted in much the same way as drugs used to treat cystic fibrosis.
		The researchers suspect that the antitoxins work by increasing the movement of cilia, tiny hair-like structures that line airways, and also by thinning the mucus.
		Additional research will be necessary to confirm these results; however, the antitoxins may lead to better, more effective treatments for cystic fibrosis and other similar lung diseases.
	www.niehs.nih.gov /dert/profiles/hilites/2004/hab.htm (381 words)

	ScienCentral Video News: Good Poison
		Close examination led to the identification of the antitoxin, which was about half the size of the toxin.
		The antitoxins do two things to clear lung mucus: First, they thin the mucus by moving salts smoothly through tiny channels on the surface of the lungs.
		Giusti admits it's too early to tell how effective the antitoxins will be relative to other cystic fibrosis treatments, but he says the fact that a very small quantity of the antitoxin was needed to be effective, even deep inside the lungs, is promising in terms of side effects.
	www.sciencentral.com /articles/view.php3?type=article&article_id=218392454 (1050 words)

	Connecticut Department of Public Health
		· Administration of one 10-ml vial of trivalent botulism antitoxin by the intravenous route results in serum antibody levels of type A, B, and E antibodies capable of neutralizing serum toxin concentrations manyfold in excess of those reported for botulism patients.
		For exposed infants, the risk of inducing lifelong sensitivity to horse serum should be weighed against the benefits of administering botulism antitoxin.
		A human-derived antitoxin product is available solely for the treatment of infant botulism under a Treatment Investigational New Drug protocol and may be procured through the California DOH.
	www.dph.state.ct.us /bt/bot_hcp.htm (653 words)

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