
	Where results make sense

Topic: Antivenom

Related Topics

Venom

Brazilian wandering spider

Mamba

Wolf Spider

Snake

Tetrodotoxin

Cone Snail

Animal

Jellyfish

	Antivenom - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The principle of antivenom is based on that of vaccines, developed by Louis Pasteur, however instead of inducing immunity in the patient directly, it is induced in a host animal and the hyperimmunized serum is transfused into the patient.
		Antivenoms for therapeutic use are often preserved as freeze-dried ampoules, but some are available only in liquid form and must be kept refrigerated.
		Some individuals may react to the antivenom with an immediate hypersensitivity reaction (anaphylaxis) or a delayed hypersensitivity (serum sickness) reaction and antivenom should, therefore, be used with caution.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antivenom (1028 words)

	Antivenom Research
		Antivenoms which are to be given intravenously are preferably diluted 1 in 10.
		In Victoria polyvalent antivenom is not required and a combination of tiger snake antivenom and brown snake antivenom can be employed when the identity of the snake has not been determined.
		This includes improving paraspecific protection by different antivenoms, investigating the cause of sudden death due to the eastern Brown snake, snake venom vaccines for veterinary use, analysing the immunomodulatory actions of venoms, improving immunoassays of venom components and in vitro methods of antivenom potency testing.
	www.venomdoc.com /antivenom.html (1174 words)

	Mechanism of Antivenom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Antivenom acts to neutralize the poisonous venom of the cobra and causes the venom to be released from the receptor site.
		If the amount of antivenom is not sufficient to neutralize all of the venom, a portion of the receptor sites will remain blocked and the person would require the use of artificial respiration machines and electrical impulses to have complete respiration.
		The authors made the decision to use antivenom rather than antivenin, because this is a non-technical presentation, and the average person is more familiar with the word antivenom.
	www.engin.umich.edu /~cre/web_mod/cobra/avenom.htm (375 words)

	eMJA: Antivenom dosing in 35 patients with severe brown snake (Pseudonaja) envenoming in Western Australia over 10 years
		The dose of antivenom required to treat envenoming was defined as the number of ampoules administered before neutralisation of circulating venom.
		The median time from the first dose of antivenom until return of detectable fibrinogen was 10 hours, and in 11% of cases the duration of afibrinogenaemia exceeded 24 hours, reaching 68 hours for one patient.
		Although it might be argued that antivenom was still being given to some of these patients after venom had been neutralised and fibrinogen had simply not yet been detected, in practice we believe this occurs uncommonly.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/181_11_061204/yeu10307_fm.html (2268 words)

	Antivenom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Antivenoms have been very successful in treating these snake bites intravenously but there are many issues and uncertainties about the intramuscular method that can be used out in the field.
		The antivenom produced is polyvalent because it is specified for the epitopes of three different types of venom instead of just one.
		Antivenom was given to mice at either zero or thirty minutes after envenomation, while control mice were not envenomated at all.
	www.gettysburg.edu /~brunsa01/Immuno/antivenom.htm (2750 words)

	Low dose subcutaneous adrenaline to prevent acute adverse reactions to antivenom serum in people bitten by snakes: ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Antivenom serum is the most effective, if not the only effective, treatment available for management of snake bite envenomation.
		Increasing the safety of treatment with antivenom serum for snake bite victims is, therefore, a matter of high priority.
		Consecutive patients who were admitted after a snake bite and required antivenom serum because of systemic envenomation or severe local envenomation were randomised to receive either adrenaline (cases) or identical appearing placebo (controls) as pretreatment.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m0999/is_7190_318/ai_54561224 (876 words)

	Template
		The antibodies used in the antivenom are usually of equine origin, and some patients cannot tolerate this.
		Antivenoms developed from sheep or rabbits carry less of an anaphylaxis risk, but are not yet in widespread use.
		The ideal antivenom would be cheap, have a long shelf life, have a broad specificity, have no risk of anaphylaxis, have a high affinity for the relevant toxins and be synthetically produced.
	www.portfolio.mvm.ed.ac.uk /studentwebs/session3/68/antivenom.html (821 words)

	eMJA: High rate of immediate systemic hypersensitivity reactions to tiger snake antivenom
		Antivenom was recommenced in all patients at a slower rate, although an adrenalin infusion was required in four of these and repeat doses of intramuscular or subcutaneous adrenalin in another four while the antivenom infusion continued.
		There has been a previous report of allergic reactions to tiger snake antivenom in a single hospital,3 and we are concerned that there may be a particular problem with tiger snake antivenom.
		Health care professionals treating patients with tiger snake antivenom need to be aware of the possible higher risk of anaphylaxis with tiger snake antivenom and be prepared to treat with adrenalin.
	www.mja.com.au /public/issues/184_08_170406/letters_170406_fm-1.html (1086 words)

	African Reptiles & Venom
		Snakebite antivenom is manufactured by injecting horses with small quantities of snake venom, causing the horses to build up antibodies against these venoms.
		In South Africa SAVP manufactures polyvalent snakebite antivenom for treatment of bites from the dangerous adders, cobras, mambas and ringkals.
		Antivenom is best injected by trained medical personnel and must be injected in large quantities and intravenously.
	www.africanreptiles-venom.co.za /antivenom.htm (216 words)

	Monocellate Cobra (Naja naja Kaouthia) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Each vial of Haffkine Institute Polyvalent Antivenom is packaged as a lyophilized dry preparation in a glass vial with an accompanying vial of sterile water (to reconstitute the antivenom).
		The antivenom should ideally be diluted 1 to 10 in Lactated Ringers Solution, and always given by intravenous infusion at a rate of One vial per 10 minutes (1.0 mls per min).
		This latter statement should not be held as a contraindication to the use of antivenom in those cases of cobra bite in which local symptoms predominate.
	www-surgery.ucsd.edu /ent/DAVIDSON/Snake/Naja.htm (2553 words)

	SCORPION ENVENOMATION IN CHILDREN
		The serum was prepared from the purified plasma of healthy horses immunized with venoms of Leiurus quinquestriatus, and Androctonus amoreuxi, and capable of neutralizing venoms of L.
		The decision to use antivenom should be made as quickly as possible and should be based on both known potency of the venom and the clinical severity of the victim.
		reported that 58% of patients treated with antivenom had a delayed onset of rash or symptoms of serum sickness, and states that the use of antivenom for the less severe envenomation may subject them to unjustified risk.
	www.kfshrc.edu.sa /annals/195/98-189.html (1762 words)

	CSL Antivenom Handbook - Box Jellyfish Antivenom
		CSL Box Jellyfish Antivenom should be given as soon as possible if there is evidence of life threatening envenoming, such as collapse or cardiac dysfunction /arrest (3 vials recommended).
		In practice, however, anaphylaxis has not yet resulted with this antivenom, and the need for early administration in severe cases may well outweigh the need to be fully prepared to treat anaphylaxis.
		If there is either a sudden fall in blood pressure or bronchospasm, after starting the antivenom infusion and clearly due to an adverse reaction to antivenom rather than an effect of the venom, then temporarily stop the antivenom and give adrenaline by subcutaneous injection, give 100% O2 and IV fluids (Haemaccel®).
	www.toxinology.com /generic_static_files/cslavh_antivenom_boxjelly.html (781 words)

	APPGuide Online - Consumer Medicine Information - TICK ANTIVENOM - CMI
		The antivenom is produced by immunising dogs against this poison and then collecting that part of the dog's blood which neutralises the poison of the tick.
		The antivenom is purified and made into an injection for those people who may need it after being poisoned by a tick.
		The poison is in the saliva of the tick.
	www.appco.com.au /appguide/drug.asp?drug_id=00099011&t=cmi (618 words)

	U.S. Newswire : Releases : "Zoos, Aquariums and Poison Centers Debut New WebBased Antivenom Index to Speed Antidote ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Antivenom (also referred to as antivenin) is a biological product used to provide medical treatment for venomous bites and stings.
		The original Antivenom Index, also a collaborative effort by the AZA and the AAPCC, was published at irregular intervals in hard copy for the past 23 years.
		The online Antivenom Index, at http://www.aza.org/ai/, is password-protected and may be accessed only by AZA-accredited zoos and aquariums to update their stocking information or by any poison center when treatment is needed.
	releases.usnewswire.com /GetRelease.asp?id=70548 (1104 words)

	New Antivenom For Snake Bites
		The new "ovine" Fab antivenom is produced from blood serum of sheep rather than horses and causes fewer adverse effects, such as rash, wheezing, and potentially fatal allergic reactions.
		The Fab antivenom is effective against the most common of these, which are caused by the crotalid family of pit vipers -- copperheads, cottonmouth water moccasin, and about 30 different species of rattlesnake (including the North American and Western diamondback).
		The patients received an infusion of four to eight 750 milligram vials of Fab crotalid antivenom into a vein and were then hospitalized for at least 48 hours.
	www.personalmd.com /news/a1997070405.shtml (486 words)

	Position Statement
		Antivenom Acquisition: When antivenom is available, it should be obtained prior to the institution's acquisition of the venomous animal.
		When FDA approved antivenom is not available, an antivenom that is approved for use in another country is preferred over antivenom with no governmental regulatory approval.
		Antivenom Storage: Antivenom may be stored at the institution where the venomous animal is housed or at the intended medical receiving facility.
	www.ijmt.net /ijmt/5_3/5_3_23.htm (719 words)

	New antivenom could save more snakebite victims - health - 06 June 2006 - New Scientist (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A snakebite antivenom has been developed that is more powerful than conventional antidotes and works even when it is unclear exactly what species of snake has bitten the victim.
		In recent years, big drug companies have stopped making antivenom as it is increasingly unprofitable: the serum needs to be purified to meet stringent safety standards, animal rights activists object because the horses suffer, and most of the people who need the product can't afford it.
		This generic action is important, as classic antivenom works best against the species from whose venom it is prepared, yet victims may not know which snake has bitten them.
	www.newscientist.com /article/dn9277-new-antivenom-could-save-more-snakebite-victims.html (514 words)

	Antivenom of the tiger snake may not be as useful as previously believed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Antivenom of the tiger snake may not be as useful as previously believed
		He found that the antivenom worked remarkably well against a wide range of venoms, not just from different varieties of sea snake, but also from venom of the very unrelated sea kraits.
		It is highly unusual for the antivenom from a single species to be so effective across such a wide array of snakes and it has never been seen in the land snakes, even between closely related groups of snakes, he says.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=3727 (702 words)

	NATURE. Australia's Little Assassins. Venom Rx \| PBS
		The antibodies are extracted from the animal's blood, then processed into the antivenom.
		When a bite victim arrives at the hospital, doctors inject the antivenom, helping the body's own immune system ward off the poison.
		Antivenom isn't the only medical use of venom.
	www.pbs.org /wnet/nature/australia/rx.html (336 words)

	Cape Cobra (Naja nivea) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Antivenom Therapy is the mainstay of treatment for African Cobra envenomation.
		Since both Prostigmine and antivenom fail to reverse fully established paralysis, it is suggested that the toxin becomes fixed presumably to a presynaptic target, is unavailable to bind with the antivenom, and that reversal occurs only after metabolic degradation has taken place.
		Early administration of antivenom before the onset of respiratory impairment may allow for sufficient binding of the neurotoxic components, and avoid the need for mechanical ventilation.
	www-surgery.ucsd.edu /ENT/DAVIDSON/snake/Naja3.htm (2701 words)

	Spiders - Funnel-web Spider antivenom
		An antivenom for the Sydney Funnel-web Spider was first developed for clinical use in 1981 By Dr Struan Sutherland and his team at the Commonwealth Serum Laboratories.
		This antivenom has also been effective against other dangerous funnel-web spider species.
		Antivenom is held at major city and regional hospitals.
	www.amonline.net.au /spiders/dangerous/funnelweb/antivenom.htm (99 words)

	American College of Medical Toxicology
		While he used antivenom generously, he recognized that it is inconceivable that adequate blood flow could enter some of these very tight digits after the swelling had already developed.
		However, this willingness has deteriorated some in recent years owing to the annoying tendency of physicians to: 1) request the inappropriate antivenom or use their antivenom for patients who did not need it and 2) refuse to pay for the antivenom once it is used.
		The antivenom should not be requested unless the facility is willing to pay for it and then bill the patient.
	www.ijmt.net /ijmt/2_1/2_1_1.html (2384 words)

	National Guard Health Affairs :: Antivenom (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The National Antivenom and Vaccine Production Center, the first and only one producer of antivenom for snake bites and scorpion stings in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Region is located at the National Guard Health Affairs, Riyadh.
		The Center’s being a producer of a very potent antivenoms against the venoms of local snakes and scorpions has its ultra modern plant for plasma processing and ampoule filling.
		Antivenom against ALL Saudi venomous snakes and all of the highly dangerous Saudi scorpions are prepared from immune sera raised mainly in horses.
	www.ngha.med.sa /Abount-NGHA/Centers-noHP/Antivenom/index.htm (235 words)

	Genetically-engineered antivenom to improve the treatment of snake bite
		As reported in the latest issue of the prestigious medical journal, Public Library of Science: Medicine, researchers at the Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine have made an important breakthrough in using DNA sequencing rather than actual snake venom as the means to generate antivenom.
		Antivenom is conventionally manufactured by immunising large animals with small quantities of venom and then extracting the antibodies produced in the blood.
		The successful outcome of this "proof of principle" research has demonstrated that it is possible to use genetic techniques to produce immunogens (substances that generate an immune response in a host animal) to generate targeted antibodies for specific toxins.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=18609 (386 words)

Try your search on: Qwika (all wikis)