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	SJSU Virtual Museum
		Maury developed a system for classifying stars that utilized the spectral lines, their widths, and sharpness as a means of classifying stars.
		Maury's system of star classification was later adopted by Ejnar Hertzsprung and became the basis of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which is the cornerstone of modern stellar astrophysics.
		Antonia Maury died in 1952 at the age of 86.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/Museum/mau.html (153 words)

	SJSU Virtual Museum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Maury developed a system for classifying stars that utilized the spectral lines, their widths, and sharpness as a means of classifying stars.
		Maury's system of star classification was later adopted by Ejnar Hertzsprung and became the basis of the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, which is the cornerstone of modern stellar astrophysics.
		Antonia Maury died in 1952 at the age of 86.
	www2.sjsu.edu /depts/Museum/mau.html (153 words)

	Antonia Maury (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Antonia was born in 1866 and was the niece of Henry Draper who first photographed stellar spectra and she was the granddaughter of JW Draper, a pioneer in astronomical photography.
		Maury graduated from Vassar College in 1887 and, at the request of her father was employed by Edward Pickering at Harvard Observatory classifying the bright northern stars according to their spectra.
		Maury designed her own catalogue, published in 1896, in which she classified the spectra by the width and distinctness of their lines: spectra with (a) normal lines, (b) hazy lines, and (c) sharp lines.
	www.hopkins.k12.mn.us /pages/high/courses/online/astro/course_documents/the_sun/hr_diagram/maury/maury.htm (303 words)

	Antonia Maury -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Antonia Caetana De Paiva Pereira Maury (March 21, 1866 - January 8, 1952) was an (A native or inhabitant of the United States) American (A physicist who studies astronomy) astronomer.
		Maury was born in Cold Spring-on-Hudson, New York.
		In 1943, Maury was awarded the (additional info and facts about Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy) Annie J. Cannon Award in Astronomy by the (additional info and facts about American Astronomical Society) American Astronomical Society.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/an/antonia_maury.htm (243 words)

	Women in Astronomy IV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		ANTONIA MAURY: Antonia was born in 1866 and was the niece of Henry Draper who first photographed stellar spectra and she was the granddaughter of JW Draper, a pioneer in astronomical photography.
		Maury graduated from Vassar College in 1887 and, at the request of her father was employed by Edward Pickering at Harvard Observatory classifying the bright northern stars according to their spectra.
		Maury designed her own catalogue, published in 1896, in which she classified the spectra by the width and distinctness of their lines: spectra with (a) normal lines, (b) hazy lines, and (c) sharp lines.
	www.ottawa.rasc.ca /observers/2001/an0105pa.html (613 words)

	Antonia Maury Summary
		Maury demanded to be acknowledged as the author of her work, a gesture commonly denied to contemporary women scientists.
		Antonia Maury was born in Cold-Spring-on Hudson, New York, on March 21, 1866, to a distinguished family She was the older daughter of the Reverend Mytton Maury and his wife Virginia Draper.
		Maury was always inclined to solve problems or puzzles that she encountered, and tended to fall behind the schedule that Pickering set for data collection.
	www.bookrags.com /Antonia_Maury (1721 words)

	Maury High School Regatta Flyer - Moth Boats
		The article was originally printed in the 1964 Maury Regatta Program and was written by George Loeb, a former Maury Regatta participant, 1945 Moth class, and Co-chairman of the 1999 advisory committee.
		The type instead of having a sharp corner at the chine has a radius or curve which creates smoother lines that contribute to the efficiency of the hull.
		No one can tell what the future holds, but there is no doubt that the moth will always be the fastest sail boat in the world within the eleven feet.
	www.mothboat.com /CMBA/About/mauryregatta.htm (355 words)

	Maury, Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Maury was born in Cold Spring-on-Hudson, New York, and educated at Vassar.
		Studying the spectra of bright stars, Maury found three major divisions among spectra, depending upon the width and distinctness of the spectral lines.
		In 1896 she published her new classification scheme for spectral lines, based on the examination of nearly 5,000 photographs and covering nearly 700 bright stars in the northern sky.
	www.cartage.org.lb /en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/M/Maury/1.html (190 words)

	HR Diagram
		Antonia Maury was well-educated in Physics, having earned her collegiate degrees from Harvard, as well as the esteem she enjoyed from her wealthy donar aunt.
		Maury treated Fleming as an uneducated lower class person who must know little about the workings of Astronomy.
		Pickering, Fleming, Maury, and Cannon noticed that O stars showed strong ionized Helium lines, B stars showed strong Hydrogen lines and neutral Helium, A stars showed strong Hydrogen lines, while F, G, K, and M progressively show stronger ionized metal lines, then neutral metals lines, and finally molecular bands.
	www.hopkins.k12.mn.us /pages/high/courses/online/astro/course_documents/the_sun/hr_diagram/hr_diagram.htm (1230 words)

	Antonia Maury - TheBestLinks.com - Astronomer, March 21, United States, 1952, ...
		Antonia Maury - TheBestLinks.com - Astronomer, March 21, United States, 1952,...
		Antonia Maury, Astronomer, March 21, United States, 1952, 1908, 1943, 1866...
		Antonia Caetana De Paiva Pereira Maury was an American astronomer born in Cold Spring-on-Hudson, New York on March 21, 1866.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Antonia_Maury.html (255 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Their colleague Antonia Maury, who suggested improvements to Cannon\rquote s system of classification that were u ltimately accepted many years later, graduated from Vassar (founded 1865) in 1887.
		The work was carried further by Antonia Maury, wh o developed her own classification system.
		Maury not only sorted out technical glitches in the data Fleming had worked with, she also realized the importance of the width and sharpnes s of the absorption lines, and developed a two-dimensional classification on this basis.
	www.idiom.com /~arkuat/ForsteSeniorPaper.rtf (3353 words)

	The Hutchinson Dictionary of Scientific Biography: Maury, Antonia Caetana de Paiva Pereira (1866-1952)@ HighBeam ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		She also formulated a classification system to categorize the appearance of spectral lines, a system that was later seen to relate to the appearance of the stars themselves.
		Maury was born on 21 March 1866, into a family that had already produced several prominent scientists.
		Educated at Vassar, she became an Assistant at the Harvard College Observatory even before she graduated in 1887.
	www.highbeam.com /library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:28909914&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf (206 words)

	Edward Charles Pickering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		He served as director of Harvard College Observatory, where he made great leaps forward in the gathering of stellar spectra through the use of photography.
		At Harvard, he recruited many women to work for him, including Annie Jump Cannon, Henrietta Swan Leavitt, and Antonia Maury.
		These women, who came to be known as "Pickering's Harem" by the scientific community, made several important discoveries at HCO.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Edward_Charles_Pickering (177 words)

	harvard
		Cannon developed a system of classification for these stars which was eventually adopted as the standard with some slight alterations at the 1910 meeting of the International Astronomical Union.
		Antonia Maury also developed a classification system which was a bit more complex.
		For, Enjar Hertzsprung was not slow to point out, her third subdivision segregated the stars of high luminosity.
	www.acad.carleton.edu /curricular/phys/astro/pages/marga_michele/harvard.html (803 words)

	Antonia - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Antonia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Here you will find more informations about Antonia.
		Antonia is the name of all women of the Antonius family in Ancient Rome, according to the Roman naming convention.
		**Antonia Minor, mother of Claudius and grandmother of Caligula
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Antonia.html (93 words)

	[No title]
		Antonia Maury, one of the spectral analysts at Harvard, noticed that there was another sort of subtle difference hidden within the spectra.
		Maury put the stars with wide, strong lines into groups she called "classes a and b," and the stars with narrower, weakers lines into "classes c and ac." Early versions of the HD catalog included these notations.
		They removed Maury's groups from their catalogs, so you will no longer see classes which include lower-case "a" or "b" or "c".
	spiff.rit.edu /classes/phys301/lectures/class/class.html (1226 words)

	Annie Jump Cannon: Theorist of Star Spectra
		The work was carried further by Antonia Maury, who developed her own classification system.
		The system was cumbersome by comparison with Fleming's, and Pickering could not sympathize with Maury's insistence on theoretical (what we would today call astrophysical) concerns that underlay her scheme.
		To these she applied yet a third scheme, derived from Fleming's and Maury's, an "arbitrary" division of stars into the spectral classes O, B, A, F, G, K, M, and so on.
	www.sdsc.edu /ScienceWomen/cannon.html (566 words)

	harvard
		Cannon developed a system of classification for these stars which was eventually adopted as the standard with some slight alterations at the 1910 meeting of the International Astronomical Union.
		Antonia Maury also developed a classification system which was a bit more complex.
		For, Enjar Hertzsprung was not slow to point out, her third subdivision segregated the stars of high luminosity.
	www.calstatela.edu /faculty/kaniol/a360/harvard_women.htm (801 words)

	L-M - Women in Astronomy: A Comprehensive Bibliography (Science Reference Services, Library of Congress)
		Bailey, Martha J. Maury, Antonia Caetana De Paiva Pereira (1866-1952), astronomer.
		Maury, Antonia Coetana [sic] In Woman's who's who of America.
		Welther, Barbara L. Antonia Maury: rainbows and pinwheels.
	www.loc.gov /rr/scitech/womenastro/womenastro-lm.html (812 words)

	Stars - Interactive Sound Installation
		Their work forms the basis for the majority of the stellar maps in use today, and is the foundation for the maps used to generate the LP disks for the sculpture.
		The disks represent some of the more famous women astronomers of the 19th and 20th Century, Annie Jump Cannon, Williamina Fleming, Margaret Harwood, and Antonia Maury, who were part of the group.
		The absence of disks for the other members of the group is reflective of the then prevailing social attitudes towards women in science which resulted in many of them falling away into obscurity despite the significance of their contribution.
	www.viewingspace.com /ucla_mfa/ucla_pages/stars.htm (719 words)

	Reaching for the Stars
		Shortly before her death, she received the gold medal of the Astronomical Society of Mexico.
		Maury, niece of noted scientist Henry Draper, graduated from Vassar in 1887.
		Pickering said he was reluctant to hire a Vassar graduate at the low salary he had to offer, according to The Harvard College Observatory History, but she was eager to work on the Draper Memorial program that honored her uncle.
	www.news.harvard.edu /gazette/1998/03.19/ReachingfortheS.html (1421 words)

	Chandra X-ray Observatory: AXAF Naming Contest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		These ladies were the first scientists to analyze the massive amount of spectroscopic data made available by the new technology of photography.
		Annie Cannon refined and honed the stellar classification system started by Williamina Fleming and Antonia Maury to that which we use today.
		At a time when she was not allowed to formally study astronomy, at a university which would no t admit women students for decades, Annie Cannon became the most illustrious of a group of world-class astronomers.
	chandra.harvard.edu /contest/canness.html (299 words)

	Stellar classification - Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		It was only much later that it was discovered that the strength of the hydrogen line was connected with the surface temperature of the star.
		The basic work was done by the "girls" of Harvard College Observatory[?], primarily Annie J. Cannon[?] and Antonia Maury[?], based on the work of Williamina Fleming.
		These classes are further subdivided by arabic numbers (0-9).
	wikipedia.findthelinks.com /sp/Spectral_type.html (1343 words)

	Astronomers M
		This has been since called the "Maunder minimum".
		Maury, Antonia C. - Harvard astronomer who in studied the spectra of stars.
		Beginning in 1897 she categorized the different spectra of stars of the same color.
	www.pa.msu.edu /people/horvatin/Astronomers/astronomers_m.htm (359 words)

	Lake County Astronomical Society NightTimes
		His research into stellar spectroscopy was conducted using his photometer because it could simultaneously survey the spectra of many stars.
		He hired Williamina Fleming, Annie Jump Cannon, Antonia Maury and Henrietta Leavitt as observers.
		He repeated the brightness measurement of each star twice to be confident of its accuracy.
	www.bpccs.com /lcas/Articles/pickering.htm (640 words)

	Annie Jump Cannon- Biography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Then Antonia Maury, who developed her own classification system carried on the work.
		Pickering did not like her scheme, so he threw it out and put Annie Jump Cannon in charge of the project.
		Annie simplified Maury's theory by dividing the stars into spectral classes using the letters O, B, A, F, G, K, M.
	library.thinkquest.org /J001780/annie_jump_cannon-_biograp.htm (370 words)

	January/February 2004 AstroNotes
		Pickering had devised a system that put them into a series of classes from A through Q (with I, J and P omitted), with oddities lumped into Q. However, he realized that the scheme was missing something: the system he had produced was a taxonomy — it described, but didn't explain.
		He first assigned Antonia Maury to try to make some sense of the spectra according to some as yet unknown physical properties, but the complications she introduced led to disagreements and to her eventual departure.
		As illogical as this scheme appears, Maury and Cannon came to realize that this sequence represents a continuum based on stellar temperature, from hottest to coolest.
	ottawa.rasc.ca /astronotes/2004/01_jan_feb.html (3673 words)

	Stellar Classification
		The work was funded from the estate of the American astronomer Henry Draper, and performed by a corps of women (and the commonly held belief is that women were chosen because they would work for less pay than men).
		Three in particular made significant intellectual contribution to the projects: Williamina Fleming, Antonia Maury – who happened also to be Draper’s niece – and Annie Jump Cannon.
		The result was the Henry Draper Catalogue, published in nine volumes beginning in 1918.
	www.peripatus.gen.nz /Astronomy/SteCla.html (951 words)

	How Could we ever believe Science is not Political?
		century astronomers, particularly in the mapping fields of spectroscopy and classification, were women: Anna Draper, Annie Cannon, Willamina Fleming and Antonia Maury.
		It was from their careful work that many previously unnoted aspects of stellar spectra had become important, and it was these which motivated the consideration of classification change.
		The second irony for me is that the astronomer-turned-historian whose events I have been citing, continues unashamedly to refer to the male astronomers as ‘Pickering,’ ‘ Lockyer,’ et.
	www.sunysb.edu /philosophy/faculty/dihde/articles/science_political.html (4664 words)

	Re: Spectral classification of stars (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Edward Pickering Astronomer was her boss at Harvard Observatory way back then and who hired her under the request of her father.
		Sadly there was a true paper authorship, system classification, and mostly salary conflict and Miss Maury finally left for a teaching position.
		She returned to her studies of spectroscopic binaries under Harlow Shapley when he took over Pickering's job.
	www.mailarchive.ca /lists/alt.astronomy/2004-11/1389.html (247 words)

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