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	Antonine Plague - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Antonine Plague AD 165-180, also known as the Plague of Galen, was an ancient pandemic, either of smallpox or measles brought back to the Roman Empire by troops returning from campaigns in the Near East.
		In 251 to 266, at the height of a second major outbreak of disease, known as the Plague of Cyprian (the bishop of Carthage), 5,000 people a day were said to be dying in Rome.
		Historian William McNeill asserts that the Antonine Plague and the Plague of Cyprian were outbreaks of two different diseases, one of smallpox and one of measles, although not necessarily in that order.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Antonine_Plague (962 words)

	List of Bubonic plague outbreaks - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Plagues of disease are a serious factor in the development of human civilization, impacting and altering the course of wars, migrations, population growth, urbanization, and cultural development.
		During the overwhelming disease outbreaks of the Middle Ages, the single word "plague" became strongly identifed with bubonic plague, the virulent contagious febrile disease caused by the bacillus Yersinia pestis, often known as the Black Death.
		This disease, which is spread by fleas from rodents, including rats and some species of mice to human beings, reached epidemic and even pandemic proportions during the history of Asia and Europe, disrupting civilizations and altering the course of human affairs.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Plague (248 words)

	Plague oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Bubonic plague is the most common form of plague, and is characterized by swollen, tender, inflamed lymph glands (called buboes); other forms are Septicemic plague, which occurs when plague bacteria multiply in the blood, and Pneumonic plague, which occurs when the lungs are infected.
		Bubonic plague is primarily a disease of rodents, particularly marmots (in which the most virulent strains of plague are primarily found), but also fl rats, prairie dogs, chipmunks, squirrels and other similar large rodents.
		Plague continued to strike parts of Europe throughout the 15th century, the 16th century and the 17th century with varying degrees of intensity and fatality.
	www.oddd.org /en/plague (3682 words)

	Pandemic
		Antonine Plague[?], 165-180 - Possibly smallpox brought back from the Near East; killed a quarter of those infected and up to five million in all.
		Plague of Justinian[?], started 541 - The first recorded outbreak of the bubonic plague.
		Examples include the previously mentioned plague in 430 BCE Greece and the English Sweat in sixteenth-century England which struck people down in an instant and was more greatly feared even than the bubonic plague.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/pa/Pandemic.html (879 words)

	Plague in the Ancient World
		Due to Procopius’ observation that the plague was not directly contagious, and the absence of the major symptoms of pneumonic plague in the accounts, namely shallow breathing and tightness in the chest, this form was probably not very active.
		Although the evidence for the plague being devastating to the empire stems from vague and unquantifiable literary accounts, the evidence to the contrary is not conclusive.
		Bubonic plague is endemic to the central Asian steppes and to central Africa.
	www.loyno.edu /~history/journal/1996-7/Smith.html (7657 words)

	Ancient Medicine 9: Plagues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Wylie, J.A.H. and Stubbs, H.W. (1983), "The plague of Athens, 430-428 BC: epidemic and epizootic", CQ 33, 6-11.
		Diodorus Siculus on the Plague which affected the Carthaginians at Syracuse in 397 BC [4] After the Carthaginians had seized the suburb and pillaged the temple of Demeter and Core, a plague struck the army.
		Now the plague first attacked the Libyans, and, as many of them perished, at first they buried the dead, but later, both because of the multitude of corpses and because those who tended the sick were seized by the plague, no one dared approach the suffering.
	www.lamp.ac.uk /~noy/Medicine9.htm (4908 words)

	Roman Empire Encyclopedia Article @ Distrusts.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The forced suicide of emperor Nero, in 68, was followed by a brief period of civil war (the first Roman civil war since Antony's death in 30 BC) known as the year of the four emperors.
		The unrest in Britain is believed to have led to the construction of the Antonine Wall from the Firth of Forth to the Firth of Clyde, although it was soon abandoned.
		After Rome had been plagued by bloody disputes about the supreme authority, this finally formalized a peaceful succession of the Emperor: in each half the Caesar rose up to replace the Augustus and proclaimed a new Caesar.
	www.distrusts.com /encyclopedia/Roman_Empire (8900 words)

	Wikipedia: Pandemic
		Eight hundred years after the last outbreak, the bubonic plague returned to Europe.
		There are also a number of unknown diseases that were extremely serious but have now vanished, so the etiology of these diseases cannot be established.
		Examples include the previously mentioned plague in 430 BCE Greece and the English Sweat in 16th-century England, which struck people down in an instant and was more greatly feared even than the bubonic plague.
	www.factbook.org /wikipedia/en/p/pa/pandemic.html (968 words)

	Decius - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Measures were first taken demanding that the bishops and officers of the church sacrifice to the Emperor, a matter of an oath of allegiance that was taken by Christians as profoundly offensive.
		Just at this time there was a second outbreak of the Antonine Plague, which at its height in 251 to 266 was taking the lives of 5,000 a day in Rome.
		This outbreak is referred to as the "Plague of Cyprian" the bishop of Carthage, where both the plague and the persecution of Christians were especially severe.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Decius (939 words)

	[Homestead] Pandemics happen with some degree or regularity
		An outburst of Antonine Plague, most likely smallpox, occurred in 165-180: about five million people were killed with the disease.
		Bubonic plague, or fl death hit the world in the XIV century - it destroyed about one-third of the Asian and a half of the European population.
		When plague was raging on Cyprus in 250-271, a lot of local population converted to Christianity.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/homestead/2005-January/003925.html (1094 words)

	Plague
		Plague is usually understood as a generic term for Bubonic plague, the mortal disease caused by the bacillus Yersinia pestis, which is spread by fleas from rats and some species of mice to human beings.
		Plague has reached epidemic and even pandemic proportions during the history of Asia and Europe, disrupting civilizations and altering the course of human affairs when plague brought terror and panic in crowded cities, decimating populations like a visitation of the gods.
		A plague of jellyfish along Europe's beaches has become the latest environmental hazard to be blamed on global warming.
	www.archaeologics.com /Health-ItoP/Plague.php (842 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Past pandemics that ravaged Europe
		Known as the Antonine Plague, after Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, one of two Roman emperors who died from the disease, it killed a quarter of those who caught it.
		A now familiar tale of disease-ridden fleas, carried on the backs of ship-borne rats, the Plague of Justinian, as it came to be known, was in fact the first great pandemic of the bubonic plague.
		There were similar bubonic plague outbreaks in Asia and the Middle East at the same time, indicating that it was a global pandemic.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/4381924.stm (1151 words)

	Timeline Microbiology
		Plague had broken out earlier among the troops of the Kipchak Khan, who was besieging the Black Sea port of Kaffa.
		The plague, an infectious fever caused by the bacillus Yersinia pestis, appears in several varieties: bubonic (which involves swelling of the lymph glands), pneumonic (which involves the lungs) and septicemia (which involves severe infection in the bloodstream).
		Yersinia pestis bacteria causes plague and is spread by fleas carried by rodents.
	timelines.ws /subjects/Microbiology.HTML (8912 words)

	City of the Silent - Timeline of Death - Ancient & Early Christian Era
		At the behest of the Emperor Constantine, Archbishop Makarios of Jerusalem razes a temple erected 200 years earlier by the Emperor Hadrian and pronounces an empty tomb beneath the foundation to be that where Christ lay for three days before the Resurrection.
		Churchmen attending the Synod of Whitby spread an unknown disease (variously believed to be plague, smallpox, measles, influenza, or something else) when they return to their homes in England, Ireland, and Wales.
		Chad dies at Lichfield and is interred in a wood coffin with a view window so that pilgrims can grab a handful of his dust and feed it to their sick cattle.
	www.alsirat.com /silence/cemtime/time1.html (2153 words)

	Disease Cycles - Cycles - Themepark
		While Athens was coping with this huge influx of people, the plague broke out and killed more than a third of the population of all of Athens, including Pericles.
		Plague is transmitted by fleas from infected animals to humans, by direct contact with infected tissues or fluids, or by respiratory droplets from cats and humans with pneumonic plague.
		Plagues and infectious diseases are not ancient history.
	www.uen.org /themepark/cycles/disease.shtml (1899 words)

	Polite Dissent » The Exterminators #1: A Medical (and Historical) Review: comics, medicine, and medical comics
		There was a plague in Rome in the years 165-180 A.D. It is known as the Antonine Plague, the Plague of Marcus Aurelius, or Galen’s Plague.
		It was not the bubonic plague that Henry implies and thus the rats and fleas had nothing to do with it.
		Speaking of the bubonic plague –the most commonly accepted source of the Black Death — it is caused by Yersinia pestis, not Yerainia.
	politedissent.com /archives/1167 (440 words)

	Wikinfo \| Pandemic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The exact cause of the plague was unknown for many years; in January 2006, researchers from the University of Athens analyzed teeth recovered from a mass grave underneath the city, and confirmed the presence of bacteria responsible for typhoid.
		At the height of a second outbreak (251—266) 5,000 people a day were said to be dying in Rome.
		Lassa fever, Rift Valley fever, Marburg virus, Ebola virus and Bolivian hemorrhagic fever are highly contagious and deadly diseases with the theoretical potential to become pandemics.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Pandemic (1702 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Great calamities from 526 to 1900’s
		The plague wiped out enormous amounts of the population, further encouraging barbarian invasions and pushing Europe further into the Dark Ages.
		The Cyprian Plague in Carthage (CE 251 - 266).
		In that case, there is the Plague of Justinian, which was probably bubonic plague, which further destabilized a not so stable position.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=4560&PN=1 (839 words)

	Pandemic Aids -- Recommendations and Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		If the "Antonine plague" was smallpox, it was less virulent than in more recent times.
		Bubonic plague is an infectious disease that is believed to have caused several epidemics or pandemics throughout history.
		The bubonic plague was endemic in populations of infected ground rodents in central Asia, and was a known cause of death among migrant and established human populations in that region for centuries.
	www.becomingapediatrician.com /health/114/pandemic-aids.html (1167 words)

	TheLaterRomanEmpire and the Barbarian Invasions
		Plague One such disease, known as the Antonine plague, occurred during the reign of Marcus Aurelius (161-180 A.D.).
		Plagues made a difference, but there was also a failure to raise children.
		Note even with higher rates of infant mortality, the "replacement" rate was not reached at this one town in Greece.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~klio/wc05/20-fall&barbarian.htm (1011 words)

	micro130 first lecture set
		Thucydides of Athens (430 BCE) described a plague that wiped out about 25% of the population.
		The plague helped to destroy the feudal system and redistributed power.
		Infectious disease was often a biological weapon of colonizing societies.
	www2.hawaii.edu /~johnb/micro/m130/m130lect1.html (739 words)

	Amazon.com: Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present: Books: George C. Kohn (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Antonine Plague, Plague of Cyprian, and Plague of Justinian.
		Luckily, there are several appendices including a "Timetable of Plague and Pestilence" and a "Geographical Appendix." One of the more interesting entries in the latter appendix is "Ancient History"--not precisely a geographical entity but containing references to plagues such as the "Thasian Mumps Epidemic" (c.
		The entries in the "Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence" are fascinating to browse, but if you are trying to research a particular disease such as cholera, you will be making heavy use of this book's 8-point-type index.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0816048932?v=glance (1165 words)

	JYI.org :: Letter to the Editor — Pandemics, Avian Influenza, and Nepal (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Bird flu would not be the first pandemic to rock the world, either — diseases like plague, small pox, cholera, and Spanish flu have all taken their toll throughout human history.
		This disease was called the Antonine Plague, after Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, one of two Roman emperors who died from the disease.
		The Bubonic plague then spread through Constantinople, killing ten thousand at its height and eventually ending the lives of 40% of the city's inhabitants.
	www.jyi.org /articletools/print.php?id=720 (1113 words)

	History of Southern Italy Part Two (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		It is theorized that this disease may have been an especially virulent disease like smallpox and was spread by Roman legionaries returning from the east.
		Lasting until 180, this “Antonine Plague” (so-called because it occurred during the reigns of Antoninus Pius and Marcus Aurelius) may have killed from 25 to 35% of the population.
		The rule of the Empire is now divided between 2 senior Emperors, the Augusti, one in the east and the other in the west.
	www.researchitaly.us /pages/11/index.htm (3764 words)

	Athens plague was typhoid fever.
		The plague which struck Athens during the Peloponnesian War was not smallpox after all.
		It is also fairly certain that Gregory of Tours description of a plague in Italy and France which he called Variola from the Latin for ‘spotted’ was Smallpox.
		For me the question is could the Antonine plague or the Plague of Cyprian have been Smallpox?
	majorityrights.com /index.php/weblog/comments/athens_plague_was_typhoid_fever (808 words)

	Death on a Grand Scale - MedHunters
		The plague killed an estimated 25 to 35% of those in the worst affected parts of the Empire.
		Nonetheless, the plague ravaged the cities and the army and probably put an end to Justinian's hopes to reestablish the Roman Empire to its former glory.
		The plague is believed to have arisen in Asia and then brought to Europe via the Genoese trading station at Kaffa on the Black Sea.
	www.medhunters.com /articles/deathOnAGrandScale.html (2947 words)

	Biographical Info on Marcus Aurelius
		The last years of this decade were dominated by efforts to overcome the plague and provide succour to its victims.
		Weber, W., "The Antonines," in CAH XI (Cambridge, 1936) 325-92 (a new edition of this volume is expected shortly).
		The latter state that the plague was not a decisive event in Roman history (255).
	www.ancientworlds.net /aw/Post/141995 (4092 words)

	Influenza Pandemic (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		More people died of influenza in a single year than in four-years of the Black Death Bubonic Plague from 1347 to 1351...
		Claims that an avian flu pandemic could kill up to 1.6 million Canadians are out of line, says Carolyn Bennett, the minister of state for public health.
		Examples include the previously mentioned plague in 430 BCE Greece and the
	www.obiecorp.com /Health/health_pandemic.htm (1035 words)

	JAMA -- The Power of Plagues, July 5, 2006, Greenberg 296 (1): 101 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		diseases known to cause plagues, eg, malaria, cholera, smallpox,
		Plagues," provides a general introduction to fundamental concepts,
		Athens, Roman Fever (malaria), the Antonine Plague, the Cyprian
	jama.ama-assn.org /cgi/content/short/296/1/101?rss=1 (143 words)

	All Empires History Forum: Why did Rome collapse?
		The Roman inflation resulted from the rediculous coining that occured during the 3rd century as general after general usurped the throne and printed out money to fund their campaigns.
		Beforehand, the Antonine plague had whiped out a sizeable chunk of the population, resulting in economic collapse.
		This couldn't have come at a worse time, for a new round of barbarians were beating on the frontier while the Sassanids introduced themselves in an explosive way.
	www.allempires.com /forum/forum_posts.asp?TID=2109&get=last (483 words)

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