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Topic: Anurans

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	World Almanac for Kids
		Anurans range in size from 12 mm (0.5 in) to nearly 300 mm (nearly 1 ft) in length.
		Anurans also have flat heads, external eardrums, bulging eyes that can rotate in almost any direction, and pupils that close down to a slit when exposed to bright light.
		The tongue of anurans is attached at the front of the mouth instead of the rear and is covered with a sticky substance, making it an efficient trap for prey.
	www.worldalmanacforkids.com /explore/animals/frog.html (1136 words)

	Amphibian Biology
		Anurans are a diverse group of amphibians, ranging in size from a few millimeters to a couple feet in length, and are found in nearly every niche on Earth.
		Externally, anurans differ from caudates and caecilians by the presence of four limbs, of which the hind limbs are typically larger, and modified for leaping or climbing.
		Anurans are also unique in that they are capable of vocalizing, and produce an array of sounds from squeaks to barking noises.
	www.livingunderworld.org /biology (1539 words)

	Anurans - Reproduction
		As fertilisation is external in most anurans, sperm is released as the eggs are released and in most temperate species this mating occurs in water which the eggs and aquatic tadpoles never leave.
		Anurans have thus developed many strategies to reduce, or completely free themselves from the need for large bodies of water to reproduce.
		In about 20% of anurans the tadpole stage is missed completely, with the evolution of direct development, while many species show increased parental care for both the egg and larval stages.
	cal.man.ac.uk /student_projects/2000/mnzo7cas/reproduction.htm (612 words)

	Digimorph - Rana catesbeiana (American Bullfrog)
		Anurans are the largest amphibian group with about 344 extant genera and 4800 extant species.
		Anurans are found worldwide, although they are not well adapted for cold climates (Pough et al., 2004).
		Anurans can be divided into different locomotor categories based on the length of the forelimb relative to that of the hindlimb.
	www.digimorph.org /specimens/Rana_catesbeiana (799 words)

	Amphibians
		Anurans tadpoles are mostly short and develop length through growth, in salamanders the larvae are long.
		Among the thirteen species of anurans living in Amazonian Peru, the difference in food was greatest during the dry season.
		Terrestrial eggs are eaten by a some groups of anurans and a variety of insects and vertebrates.
	www.studyworld.com /basementpapers/papers/stack11_10.html (2846 words)

	Untitled Document
		We chose Flamingo Bay because of the high diversity of anurans and because the species that occur there are typical in that they occur at many locations in the southeast.
		Anuran calls were identified to species, and intensity was quantified as follows: 1 = a single frog calling; 2 = a few frogs calling; 3 = loud chorus with many frogs.
		Extinction of montane populations of the Northern Leopard Frog (Rana pipiens) in Colorado.
	www.bio.davidson.edu /people/midorcas/research/Funding-awards/ARS.htm (3136 words)

	Evolution by polyploidy and gene regulation in anura
		Analysis of these topics suggests that the high genetic variability of autotetraploid anurans is a result of tetrasomic expression and that redundant copies of genes in autotetraploid anurans can be silenced, or have their expression reduced, and some mechanisms of gene repression are epigenetic.
		Autopolyploidy has been detected in the anuran families Leptodactylidae and Hylidae by the direct observation of duplicated mitotic chromosomes and multivalent meiotic chromosomes in tetraploid and octoploid animals (Figures 1 and 2); these cytological findings were confirmed by cytophotometric estimates of DNA content (Beçak et al., 1967, 1970).
		Except for Xenopus mulleri, in anurans, unlike urodelans, satellite DNA was not found, and anurans possess a higher degree of methylation of genomic DNA and a larger number of palindromes.
	funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2004/vol2-3/gmr0081_full_text.htm (6380 words)

	Mode of fertilization and parental care in anurans
		In general, it is hypothesized that maternal care should be concentrated in taxa with internal fertilization, and paternal care should be concentrated in taxa with external fertilization.
		Studies have supported this relationship; however, new comparative techniques and new data on parental care and the frequency of internal fertilization in anurans suggest that the relationship should be re-evaluated.
		The observed and expected numbers of transitions from external fertilization and no parental care to external fertilization and male parental care or to internal fertilization and female parental care are not qualitatively different.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/2248.htm (249 words)

	Amphibian Photo Gallery
		In fact, anuran taxa are moved around quite often, and changes at the family level are not uncommon.
		Anurans are highly diverse, and have the widest distribution of the amphibian orders, which includes nearly every continent.
		Major discoveries in the caudate order are less frequent than in the anuran order, but new genetic information often results in the reevaluation of existing classifications, and occasionally modifications at a higher level than species.
	www.livingunderworld.org /gallery (440 words)

	Grzimeks Animal Life Encyclopedia
		In anurans (frogs and toads), the postsacral vertebrae are fused into a rodlike structure, the urostyle (coccyx), and a tail is absent.
		However, the historical biogeography of most anurans (neobatrachians or advanced frogs) is associated with Gondwana, the fragmentation of which into the existing continents played a major role in the differentiation of many lineages of anurans.
		Anurans occur throughout the world but are most diverse in the tropics; salamanders are most diverse in the northern continents; and caecilians are restricted to the tropics.
	www.wordtrade.com /science/lifescience/grzimeksanimallifeencyclopedi.htm (16285 words)

	Frogs
		Frogs and toads are collectively known as anurans, which loosely translated means amphibians without tails.
		Because anurans are amphibians and therefore need to reproduce in an aquatic environment, the best place to listen for calls is near a body of water such as a pond, swamp, river, stream or even a road side ditch.
		Anurans can be heard calling at almost anytime.
	seaworld.org /FLN/flnfrogsintro.htm (252 words)

	Florida Herp Bibliography, Topic search results
		Anuran biodiversity on an upland habitat in Florida.
		Anuran biodiversity on a periodically burned xeric upland habitat in central Florida.
		Tihen, J. Anuran remains from the Miocene of Florida, with the description of a new species of Bufo.
	www.myfwc.com /herpbibl/resultstopic.asp?Species=ANUR (2649 words)

	Altitudinal Variation in the Life History of Anurans in Southeast Queensland
		This lack of ecological data is a major impediment to identifying the causal factors responsible for amphibian declines.
		Due to differences in life history characteristics, high altitude populations may be less resilient than their lowland counterparts and subsequently may be more vulnerable to extinction.
		Consequently, the main aim of this study was to determine whether altitude influenced life history characteristics and ultimately population resilience of anurans in the southeast Queensland region.
	www4.gu.edu.au:8080 /adt-root/public/adt-QGU20031125.120847 (1000 words)

	Salientia
		The informal term archaeobatrachian is a convenient term for anurans that are not part of Neobatrachia.
		Starrett, P. The phylogenetic significance of the jaw musculature in anuran amphibians.
		A phylogenetic investigation of the inter- and intrarelationships of the Lissamphibia (Amphibia: Temnospondyli).
	www.zo.utexas.edu /research/salientia/salientia.html (2810 words)

	:: Environmental Program: The Last Noah's Ark ::
		So the reason for the anurans, in general, being more exposed to depredation and environmental changing, than another animals, which bigger mobility allows them moving with agility, quickly and with sufficient autonomy for reaching a secure place, also reaching an alike habitat trying for survive.
		It must be observed, also, that among anurans, there are more specialized species, that have the necessity of certain environments for surviving, and so have less adaptation facility, what can make them disappearing easier, because of the modification at its specific area.
		These activities that cause damage to the environment that seeming to be common to man, are in great part not necessary, and when practiced, reach the anures drastically.
	www.aultimaarcadenoe.com /anfibiosfaunadestruicaoingles.htm (219 words)

	Diel activity patterns in the breeding migrations of winter breeding anurans.
		Diel activity patterns in the breeding migrations of winter breeding anurans.
		Diel activity patterns in the breeding migrations of four winter-breeding anurans (Hyla crucifer, Pseudacris nigrita, Pseudacris ornata, and Rana utricularia) were examined at a breeding pond in South Carolina, U.S.A., using a terrestrial drift fence with pitfall traps.
		The absence of daylight appears to be a necessary trigger for migratory behavior in these anurans.
	www.uga.edu /srel/Reprint/1051.htm (228 words)

	Physiological responses to feeding, fasting and estivation for anurans -- Secor 208 (13): 2595 -- Journal of ...
		Anuran estivation is characterized by long episodes of aphagia.
		Width of the intestinal serosa and muscularis/mucosa layers, and height, width and volume of intestinal enterocytes of six anuran species after a 2 week fast (fasted, open bars) and at 1 day postfeeding (fed, closed bars).
		for estivating anurans, and four questions to be further explored.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/full/208/13/2595 (6112 words)

	:: Environmental Program: The Last Noah's Ark ::
		Werner Bokermann was a tireless anurans student by his own, mainly, contributing in an immeasurable way to zoology, being among the first students in this area.
		Bookermann had written more than 100 articles about anurans, described 61 species and for his reverence, there are 13 anurans species that were described with his name, showing his importance in the Scientific world.
		Werner Bokermann was born in 07/04th /1929, in Botucatu, São Paulo, and has died in 04/01st /1995, in São Paulo, when we had a good contact, receiving almost weekly his taught.
	www.aultimaarcadenoe.com /anfibiosfaunawerneringles.htm (244 words)

	Vol.10-18
		The frog had been discovered on a cool, overcast afternoon sitting along the margin of a temporary pool, which had formed in a canal remnant near the floodplain of the Staunton River.
		Upon examination of the literature and personal communication with J. Mitchell for supplemental data, I concluded that the live specimen represented a voucher for the Campbell county record (Tobey, F.J. Virginia's Amphibians and Reptiles: A Distributional Survey, VHS, Purcellville, VA 114 pp.).
		Collectors should be challenged to investigate floodplain ponds and swamps (and adjacent pavements) elsewhere in the southern Piedmont of Virginia.
	fwie.fw.vt.edu /vhs/vol_10-18.htm (12565 words)

	arnold7_a
		During periods of anuran metamorphosis, garter snakes converge on the shoreline and their diets are biased towards transforming stages.
		This bias appears to reflect the locomotor ineptitude of metamorphosing anurans; transforming anurans can neither swim nor hop as effectively as premetamorphic tadpoles or postmetamorphic frogs, respectively.
		Metamorphic synchrony in certain anurans (e.g., Bufo) may have evolved as a defense against predation during metamorphosis.
	www.bcc.orst.edu /~arnolds/7.htm (143 words)

	Anurans - References
		Gray, L.A., O'Reilly, J.C. and Nishikawa, K.C. (1997) Evolution of Forelimb Movement Patterns for Prey Manipulation in Anurans.
		Sc.Am Navas, C.A. (1996) The Effect of Temperature on the Vocal Activity of Tropical Anurans: A Comparison of High and Low-Elevation Species.
		Ovaska, K.E. and Caldbeck, J. Vocal Behaviour of the Frog Eleutherodactylus antillensis on the British Virgin Islands.
	cal.man.ac.uk /student_projects/2000/mnzo7cas/references.htm (906 words)

	Fossil Frogs and Toads of North America by J. Alan Holman
		The heart of this book consists of detailed systematic accounts of the known fossil frogs and toads (anurans) of North America and their localities.
		The volume begins with an overview of the anurans and anuran studies, a general account of the skeleton and bones, and a discussion of the early evolution of the Anura, along with the formal classification of anuran taxonomic groups found in the North American fossil record.
		The third part of the book presents an epoch-by-epoch discussion of Mesozoic, Tertiary, and Pleistocene anurans, the classification and phylogeny of the anurans, and a comprehensive list of references.
	www.webcom.com /outbooks/FossilFrogs.html (151 words)

	A PALEOECOLOGY COMPARISON STUDY OF ANURANS FROM THE GRAY FOSSIL SITE, WASHINGTON COUNTY, TN, AND THE PIPE CREEK ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		As expected in such an assemblage, aquatic taxa, such as anurans are represented.
		In contrast, the Pipe Creek Sinkhole estimated to be early Pliocene (c.
		Specific taxonomic differences noted thus far are that the anuran fauna from Pipe Creek is dominated by smaller aquatic species, identified as being in the Rana pipiens complex; whereas the fauna from Gray is primarily larger aquatic anurans similar in size and morphology to Rana catesbeiana.
	gsa.confex.com /gsa/2006SE/finalprogram/abstract_102387.htm (297 words)

	Amplexus - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		This mostly happens in the water, but some more terrestrial anurans like the disc-tongued frogs (Discoglossidae) do it on land.
		In more advanced anurans like the true frogs (Ranidae), the tree frogs (Hylidae) and the true toads (Bufonidae) the amplexus is axillary (in the armpits), while in less derived anurans (the Archaeobatrachia) and frogs in the Myobatrachidae family it is lumbal (abdominal, in front of the hindlegs).
		This page was last modified 19:49, 15 July 2006.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Amplexus (142 words)

	Volume 48/Number 1/Abstract 07
		Helminth parasites of anurans from five locations in the savannah-mosaic and one in the transitional vegetation zone of Edo State of Nigeria were investigated.
		(larva), and larval ascaridoids were only recorded in the anurans of the savannah-mosaic zone.
		Since the polystomes were not recorded in the humid environment of the rainforest and the mangrove, we presume that these are preferentially parasites of anurans residing in drier environments such as prevail in the savannah.
	www.actaparasitologica.pan.pl /archive/48/toc48107.html (231 words)

	Axolotls: The Fascinating Mexican Axolotl and the Tiger Salamander
		Australians and New Zealanders frequently refer to the Axolotl as the Mexican Walking Fish, though the Axolotl is not a fish but an amphibian, a salamander, part of the order Caudata/Urodela.
		Because it's a salamander, it's part of one of the three branches of class Amphibia, which also includes the frogs and toads (the Anurans), and the mainly eel-like order, Gymnophiona, which are also known as the Caecilians.
		Have a look at the Biology Page for a short guide to the Axolotl's body and characteristics.
	www.axolotl.org (1010 words)

	CNAH LINKS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Kansas is home to 22 kinds of frogs, treefrogs, spadefoots, and toads (known collectively to science as anurans), and we don't know nearly enough about them -- where they live, how many there are, and whether they are doing well, or poorly.
		The Kansas Department of Wildlife and Parks (Pratt), in cooperation with the Sternberg Museum of Natural History, Fort Hays State University (Hays), and The Center for North American Herpetology (Lawrence), is pleased to announce the launching of the KANSAS ANURAN MONITORING PROGRAM (KAMP) web site.
		The earliest known anuran is Triadobatrachus massinoti, a fossil from the Early Triassic of Madagascar.
	www.naherpetology.org /links.asp?id=3 (1633 words)

	Find in a Library: The behavioural responses of anurans to ultraviolet radiation
		Find in a Library: The behavioural responses of anurans to ultraviolet radiation
		The behavioural responses of anurans to ultraviolet radiation
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/e39da2878a00bc77a19afeb4da09e526.html (47 words)

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