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Topic: Anycast

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	katabi-global-anycast-00.txt
		Within the region identified by the shared prefix, each member of the anycast group must be advertised as a separate entry in the routing system (commonly referred to as a "host route"); outside the region, the anycast address may be aggregated into the routing advertisement for the shared prefix.
		The anycast indicator is a fixed length prefix that differentiates anycast addresses from their unicast and multicast counterparts, such that anycast packets can be recognized andforwarded by the anycast forwarding protocol.
		Thus, for internal anycast groups, the average path length in GIA to the shortest path is equal to 1.
	ietfreport.isoc.org /idref/draft-katabi-global-anycast (7598 words)

	kuro5hin.org \|\| technology and culture, from the trenches
		Anycast addressing is nothing more than assigning a common IP address to multiple instances of the same service, which are located at strategic points in the overal network topology.
		Anycast addresses can be used as either a source or destination address, but no longer uniquely identify a single host or service.
		Usually the anycast address is implemented as a virtual interface on the anycast service host, such as in the form of a loopback address and the unique unicast management address is associated with an actual physical data link interface.
	aharp.ittns.northwestern.edu /papers/k5-anycast/index.html (3194 words)

	DomainsAreFree - Definition of Anycast
		Anycast is a network addressing and routing scheme whereby data is routed to the "nearest" or "best" destination.
		Anycast is best suited to connectionless protocols like UDP, rather than connection-oriented protocols such as TCP, since the receiver selected for any given source may change from time to time as optimal routes change, silently breaking any conversations that may be in progress at the time.
		Anycast allows any operator whose routing information is accepted by an intermediate router to hijack any packets intended for the anycast address.
	www.domainsarefree.com /glossary/Anycast.html (586 words)

	grow-anycast-00.txt
		The use of anycast is not limited to the DNS, although the use of anycast imposes some additional limitations on the nature of the service being distributed, including transaction longevity, transaction state held on servers and data synchronisation capabilities.
		Anycast Service Distribution 3.1 General Description Anycast is the name given to the practice of making a Service Address available to a routing system at Anycast Nodes in two or more discrete locations.
		By way of mitigation, routing policies used by Anycast Nodes across such routing systems should be conservative, individual nodes' internal and external/connecting infrastructure should be scaled to support loads far in excess of the average, and the service should be monitored proactively (Section 5.1) from many points in order to avoid unpleasant surprises.
	ietfreport.isoc.org /idref/draft-grow-anycast (5513 words)

	Anycast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Anycast is a network addressing and routing scheme whereby data is routed to the "nearest" or "best" destination as viewed by the routing topology.
		On the Internet, anycast is usually implemented by using BGP to simultaneously announce the same destination IP address range from many different places on the Internet.
		As with conventional IP routing, careful filtering of who is and is not allowed to propagate route announcements is crucial to prevent man-in-the-middle or flhole attacks.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Anycast (865 words)

	RFC 2526 (rfc2526) - Reserved IPv6 Subnet Anycast Addresses
		Introduction IP Version 6 (IPv6) defines a new type of address, known as an "anycast" address, that allows a packet to be routed to one of a number of different nodes all responding to the same address [2, 3].
		The anycast address may be assigned to one or more network interfaces (typically on different nodes), with the network delivering each packet addressed to this address to the "nearest" interface based on the notion of "distance" determined by the routing protocols in use.
		The interface identifier field in these reserved subnet anycast addresses is formed from a 7-bit anycast identifier ("anycast ID"), with the remaining (highest order) bits filled with all one's; however, for interface identifiers in EUI-64 format, the universal/local bit in the interface identifier MUST be set to 0.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc2526.html (1244 words)

	Roxen Community: RFC 3068 An Anycast Prefix for 6to4 Relay Routers (Standards Track) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Anycast routing is known to cause operational issues: since the sending 6to4 router does not directly identify the specific 6to4 relay router to which it forwards the packets, it is hard to identify the responsible router in case of failure, in particular when the failure is transient or intermittent.
		Anycast solutions must thus include adequate monitoring of the routers performing the service, in order to promptly detect and correct failures, and also adequate fault isolation procedures, in order to find out the responsible element when needed, e.g., following a user's complaint.
		The anycast technique introduces an additional risk, that a rogue router or a rogue AS would introduce a bogus route to the 6to4 anycast prefix, and thus divert the traffic.
	community.roxen.com /developers/idocs/rfc/rfc3068.html (2383 words)

	Implementation and Evaluation of IPv6 Anycast
		A packet sent to an anycast address is routed to the "nearest" interface having that address, depending on the distance of the routing path.
		Anycast addresses are restricted to be used as the destination address of an IP datagram.
		In the case of this anycast mechanism, any nodes with anycast addresses can utilize this option to notify its unicast address, which is corresponding to the anycast addresses, to the peer.
	www.isoc.org /inet2000/cdproceedings/1e/1e_4.htm (2609 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Anycast addresses are taken from the unicast address space, and are not syntactically distinguishable from unicast addresses.
		This anycast address is syntactically the same as a unicast address for an interface on the link with the interface identifier set to zero.
		All routers are required to support the Subnet-Router anycast addresses for the subnets on which they have interfaces.
	www.iana.org /assignments/ipv6-anycast-addresses (276 words)

	Anycast RP
		Anycast RP allows two or more rendezvous points (RPs) to share the load for source registration and the ability to act as hot backup routers for each other.
		Anycast RP is a useful application of MSDP.
		All the downstream routers should be configured to "know" that the Anycast RP loopback address is the IP address of their local RP.
	cisco.com /univercd/cc/td/doc/cisintwk/intsolns/mcst_sol/anycast.htm (1299 words)

	Integrated Routing Algorithms for Anycast Messages
		An anycast message is one that should be delivered to one member in a group of designated recipients [1].
		Sometimes, anycast packets from a source may be dependent in terms of their destination.
		According to the anycast message feature, the message is delivered to one (preferably the nearest) member of the group.
	www.comsoc.org /ci/private/2000/jan/Zhao.html (3954 words)

	anycast \| \| Dictionary & Translation by Babylon
		Anycast ist eine Adressierungsart in Computernetzen, bei der man über eine Adresse einen einzelnen Rechner aus einer ganzen Gruppe von Rechnern ansprechen kann.
		Anycast is een computerterm en het is een vorm van verzenden van data.
		anycast to English anycast to French anycast to Italian anycast to Spanish anycast to Dutch anycast to Portuguese anycast to German
	www.babylon.com /definition/anycast/All (519 words)

	RFC 3446 (rfc3446) - Anycast Rendevous Point (RP) mechanism using Protocol
		Finally, a general requirement of the Anycast RP scheme is that the anycast address MUST NOT be used as the RP address in the RP's SA messages.
		Since the anycast address is not a unique address (by definition), a router MUST NOT choose the anycast unicast address as the router ID, as this can prevent peerings and/or adjacencies from being established.
		Ensure that the anycast IP address is reachable by all routers in the domain This is typically accomplished by causing each RP to inject the /32 into the domain's IGP.
	www.faqs.org /rfcs/rfc3446.html (1774 words)

	LISA '03 — Technical Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Anycast [1] is an IP addressing technique where unicast IP addresses are assigned to multiple hosts and routes configured accordingly.
		Anycast is a remarkably easy technology to deploy, and we believe that can be successfully used in many environments.
		Anycast addressing, host-based router daemons, and unicast reverse path forwarding are three useful tools in the ever-expanding network operator's toolbox.
	www.usenix.org /events/lisa03/tech/full_papers/miller/miller_html (6604 words)

	Sony AWS-G500 Anycast Station
		Working with the Anycast Station is a pretty simple affair, although there's a small learning curve that the brief manual doesn't address very well.
		Anycast Station is first and foremost a live switcher, but it's also a webcasting station.
		One of the most useful features of the Anycast is seamless switching between video and PC sources.
	videosystems.primediabusiness.com /ar/video_sony_awsg_anycast (2211 words)

	NANOG Abstract
		IP Anycast is an older technology that has seen a bit of a resurgence in recent months, perhaps encouraged by its use in providing several of the root servers.
		When traffic is directed to an anycast address, routers select one path from potentially several valid paths to forward traffic (thus, no change from traditional unicast forwarding).
		Using anycast, service is maintained even in the face of a single or multiple host failure.
	www.nanog.org /mtg-0310/miller.html (285 words)

	bgp hints - Redundancy and load balancing with anycast (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		This address is announced through a routing protocol, so that packets sent to the anycast address will be routed to the (network topology wise) closest host.
		Because anycast relies only on a routing protocol, no additional hardware or software is needed to implement it.
		Should the service fail, the anycast IP address should be withdrawn from the routing protocol.
	bgphints.ruud.org /articles/anycast.html (368 words)

	History of DNS Root Anycast Controversy
		IPv6 includes the notion of "anycast" addresses to improve multicast (RFC2460, 12/98) There are subsequently discussed problems with using the IPv6 anycast for DNS in IPv6.
		On May 3, 2002, the dnsop-serverid-00 draft was introduced in the DNSOP WG by David Conrad in an attempt to address the problem of server identification.
		Anycast: - Paul Vixie No new features, there is incremental growth with much the same architecture Mark Kosters presents data from nanog on the "J" instance.
	www.av8.net /IETF-watch/DNSRootAnycast/History.html (3252 words)

	Sony AWS-G500 Anycast Station
		This is because the Anycast Station requires very little or no technical knowledge of switcher and mixer setup and operations due to its extremely straightforward and intuitive control surface.
		What's more, the Anycast Station allows each input on these modules to be assigned to any one of the primary inputs via simple menu settings.
		The Anycast Station allows synchronized recording of two primary input sources (per video interface board) to a third-party IEEE1394-interface-equipped hard disk drive connected to its rear panel.
	www.vidinc.net /soawanst.html (870 words)

	What is anycast? - a definition from Whatis.com
		Anycasting is designed to let one host initiate the efficient updating of router tables for a group of hosts.
		IPv6 can determine which gateway host is closest and sends the packets to that host as though it were a unicast communication.
		In turn, that host can anycast to another host in the group until all routing tables are updated.
	searchnetworking.techtarget.com /sDefinition/0,,sid7_gci211574,00.html (241 words)

	Event \| Towards a Global IP Anycast Service (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		IP anycast, with its innate ability to find nearby resources in a robust and efficient fashion, has long been considered an important means of service discovery.
		Unfortunately, IP anycast suffers from serious problems: it is very hard to deploy globally, it scales poorly by the number of anycast groups, and it lacks important features like load-balancing.
		The primary contribution of this work is a new IP anycast architecture, PIAS, that overcomes these problems while largely maintaining the strengths of IP anycast.
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /cgi-bin/events/event.pl?ID=000297 (181 words)

	OASIS: Anycast for Any Service
		A two-tier architecture (§2.1) combines a reliable core of hosts that implement anycast with a larger number of replicas belonging to different services that also assist in network measurement.
		While OASIS can support a large number of replicas by simply adding more nodes, the anycast protocol described in §3.2 has a bottleneck in scaling to large numbers of clients for a particular service: one of the k rendezvous nodes is involved in each request.
		Since both clients and replicas are redirected to their nearest OASIS core nodes---when performing anycast requests and initiating registration, respectively---hosts redirected to the same core node are likely to be close to one another.
	www.cs.berkeley.edu /~karthik/research/papers/oasis (8905 words)

	Generalized Anycasting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		In this project, we are investigating replication of servers for providing scalable service, along with the anycasting communication paradigm to identify a good server.
		Clients interact with the anycast resolvers according to a basic query/response cycle: a client generates an anycast query, the resolver processes the query and replies with an anycast response.
		A key feature of the system is the presence of metric databases, associated with each anycast resolver, containing performance data about servers.
	www-static.cc.gatech.edu /fac/Ellen.Zegura/anycast.html (315 words)

	Studio Monthly \| Sony Anycast Station
		Although every subsystem of the Anycast worked perfectly when measured solely against its local design intent, I was left with the unavoidable impression that the product as a whole wasn’t much more than a direct sum of rather simple parts.
		The principal draw of the Anycast is its compactness.
		The utility of the DSK facility is somewhat hampered by the inability of the Anycast to dynamically receive image data from external sources.
	www.studiodaily.com /studiomonthly/currentissue/6139.html (1473 words)

	Anycast and Anycast Routing
		Anycast is communication between a single sender and several receivers topologically nearest in a group.
		The term exists in contradistinction to multicast, communication between a single sender and a group of selected receivers, and unicast, communication between one sender and one receiver in a network.
		A node receiving an anycast packet needs to put its own unicast address as sender address in the replying packet header.
	www.networkdictionary.com /networking/anycast.php (319 words)

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