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Topic: Apabhramsha

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	Dr. Devendra Kumar Shastri
		His writings in the field of Apabhramsha Hindi critical literature are imbued with critical insight and are highly prized.
		Dr.Devendra Kumar Shastry has successfully unearthed various manuscripts hitherto unknown to scholars and critics of Apabhramsha after conducting an extensive tour and survey of the country.
		His book 'Apabhramsha Basha tatha Sahitya ki Shodha Pravrittiyan' gives the complete picture of the language and literature.
	www.jainworld.com /society/speaksch/dksastri.htm (446 words)

	Who were Illyrians
		Apabhramsha dialects represent the latest stage of Middle Indo-Aryan development.
		Though all Middle Indo-Aryan languages are included under the name Prakrit, it is customary to speak of the Prakrits as excluding Apabhramsha.
		New Indo-Aryan is represented by such modern vernaculars as Hindi and Bengali, which began to emerge from about the 10th century AD.
	www.geocities.com /iliria1 (15583 words)

	Hindi Language,National Language Of India,Official Language Of India,Devanagari Language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The poetry of this period has been divided into three categories Apabhramsha Poetry, Heroic Poetry and Miscellaneous Poetry.
		Apabhramsha Poetry includes the Siddha literature (750-1200), the Nath literature and the Jain literature.
		Siddha literature was written in the popular language and this echoed devotional themes combined with a strong erotic feeling.
	www.indiasite.com /language/hindi.html (1508 words)

	German News - Feb'05 - Jain Studies in Germany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This was followed by many subsequent texts in Prâkrit, Apabhramsha and Sanskrit in addition to works on the Jain religion, its history and philosophy.
		Among other things he provided us with important studies on vegetarianism (the Jains are strict vegetarians) and a series of lectures (Etudes Jaina,, 1965) delivered in Paris which summarise the work done so far and define future tasks (an English translation of both works is presently being printed).
		These tasks continue to be urgent despite the literary notes by Klaus Bruhn (Berlin) and Thomas Oberlies' (Göttingen) glossary on the Âvassaya principles.
	www.germanembassy-india.org /en/germannews05/feb/pg22.html (963 words)

	LankaWeb News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Migrant peoples from the northwest used Sanskrit in northern India sometime before 1000 B.C. In the next stage, Prakrit evolved from Sanskrit by 250 B.C. Pali was another language of these times that derived from Sanskrit.
		From about A.D. 1000, later forms of Prakrit, collectively called Apabhramsha, gave birth to the various regional languages in common usage today including modern Sinhala.
		Archeological findings excavated recently from Anuradhapura area indicate that the north Indian version of Prakrit had been used in Sri Lanka as the language of communication even before Vijaya period.
	www.lankaweb.com /news/items04/sinhala.html (310 words)

	"+opener.document.title+"
		In weeks 1 to 7 students will gain an understaning of the historical development of Sikh traditions and the institutionalisation of its distinctive ideas, practices and external forms.
		Attention will be focused on the study of the central Sikh texts and literature in which one can the presence of languages as diverse as Sanskrit, Arabic, Persian, Apabhramsha and of course Medieval Punjabi and Hindi, not to mention a compendium of religious ideas drwn from non-Sikh and Sikh authors alike.
		The second part of the course (weeks 8 to 14) will focus on the encounter between Sikhism and the West – more specifically the influence of Christianity and the British colonial presence in India which gave rise to the peculiarly modern form and ideology of contemporary Sikhism.
	www.hofstra.edu /FORMS/FORMS_printPage.cfm?thepage=sikh_courses_reli155 (317 words)

	Safety Abroad Handbook -- How to Get There... and Back
		Its speakers today view it as one of the most beautiful and emotionally expressive languages one can learn, enabling them to communicate just as forcefully in poetry as in commerce.
		Hindi is a direct descendant of Sanskrit through Prakrit and Apabhramsha, and has been influenced by Dravidian, Turkish, Farsi, Arabic, Portuguese and English.
		In terms of difficulty, it ranks as one of the easiest and most logical languages to read, write, and pronounce.
	www.lmu.edu /globaled/india/advantagesabroadlangstudy.html (400 words)

	Kashmir Sentinel
		And though much of its early literary output has been lost, whatever written evidence is available to us today of the language is sufficient to help us draw a clear outline of the process of its development.
		The nascent features of early Kashmiri that appear in the 'Chumma Sampradaya' take a more pronounced and distinct form in later works like the ‘Mahanaya Prakasha’, ‘Banasur Katha’ and Sukha-Dukha Charit, presenting a somewhat continuous picture of linguistic development from the 10th-11th tury to the end of the 15th century.
		Bilhana, another great Sanskrit poet, who lived in the 12th century, admires women of his native land for having the same command over Sanskrit and Prakrit as they had over their 'janma bhasha' or native tongue-obviously Kashmiri.
	www.kashmirsentinel.com /june2003/2.html (2680 words)

	punjabi language
		Punjabi emerged as an independent language in the 11th century from the Suaraseni Apabhramsha, according to many scholars, though Paisachi has also contributed to its development in the modern form.
		The rise of present day Punjabi has been parallel with the formation of the Gurumukhi script, evolved by the Sikh Gurus.
		Punjabi literature was the natural successor to the Vedic and Arabian-Persian literature and Apabhramsha literature which contained dramas, stories and narrative poems.
	www.india4world.com /indian-language/punjabi-language.shtml (485 words)

	Hindi - Simple English Wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hindi evolved directly from the ancient language Sanskrit.
		It has been established that Hindi started emerging in the 7th century as Apabhramsha but became pretty stable by the 10th century.
		This short article needs someone to make it better.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/Hindi (196 words)

	Gujarat,Gujarat India,Gujarat Tour,Gujarat Travel,Gujarat Tourism,Gujarat Tours,Gujarat
		The Gujarati script used universally by the speakers of that tongue is very much akin to Devnagari but unlike Devnagari, it is written without the line overhead.
		The language originally spoken in Gujarat and West Rajasthan was known as old western Rajasthani and then as Maru Gujar.
		Old Gujarati then evolved after the establishment of the Sultanate of Gujarat in the 15th century.
	www.indiantravelportal.com /gujarat/languages (294 words)

	EASAS Newsletter No. 2 - June 1999 - Panel 27 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The topics of the papers read in our Panel cover a huge period of time beginning with the texts of the Vedic period up to modern times.
		The languages of these texts are both Indo-Aryan (Vedic, Sanskrit, Apabhramsha) and Dravidian (Tamil, Kannada).
		There was no special Dravidian Panel, and we had to open our doors to the representatives of the Dravidian culture too, which has enriched our experience and provoked a discussion of the topic of linguistic and cultural contacts.
	iias.leidenuniv.nl /host/easas/newsletter/2/panel27.html (437 words)

	What is Art? What is an Artist? Illuminated Kalakacaryakatha Page
		The Kalakacarya (or Kalaka) cycle is a series of legends that began to appear from about the 12th century CE or earlier.
		Versions of it have been written numerous languages, including Sanskrit, Prakrit, Apabhramsha, and Gujarati.
		Many of the manuscripts have been illustrated, such as the example here.
	www.arthistory.sbc.edu /artartists/illussutra.html (489 words)

	Hindi language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Hindi is the third most widely-spoken language in the world (after English and Mandarin): an estimated 500-600 million people speak the language.
		A direct descendant of Sanskrit through Prakrit and Apabhramsha, Hindi belongs to the Indo-Aryan group of languages, a subset of the Indo-European family.
		It has been influenced and enriched by Persian, Turkish, Farsi, Arabic, Portuguese, and English.
	www.pledgeco.com /languages/hindi-language.htm (955 words)

	Roopa Bhawani in Kashmiri Language and Literature
		It was the glorious age of this language in Kashmir when scholars and researchers dived deep to unearth the treasures by the giant intellects whose characteristic zeal for divine wisdom enabled the preservation of knowledge and spiritual experience.
		It is believed that phonetic distortion and decay in Sanskrit gave rise to Apabhramsha followed later by Prakrit.
		Kashmiri emerged as a language towards the close of the 14th Century when it assumed some form in its original base of Sanskrit.
	www.koausa.org /Saints/RupaBhawani/article2.html (3053 words)

	India Image : A Gateway for Government of India Info over the web (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		It is written in the Devanagri script, which is phonetic and, unlike English, is pronounced as it is written.
		Hindi is a direct descendant of Sanskrit through Prakrit and Apabhramsha.
		It has been influenced and enriched by Dravidian, Turkish, Farsi, Arabic, Portugese and English.
	indiaimage.nic.in /languages.htm (132 words)

	About Gujarat - 2
		Till the time, Gujarati emerged as a separate language, all works were written first in Sanskrit, later in Prakrit and then in Apabhramsha.
		Writers, scholars, poets and acharyas received great encouragement for their works during the Maitraka period.
		Apabhramsha or ancient Gujarati was spoken in this region between the 11th and the 14th century.
	www.gurjari.net /ico/Gujarat/gujarat2.htm (747 words)

	Hindi (English to Hindi translation glossary)
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		Brief History of Hindi: Hindi started to emerge as Apabhramsha in the 7th cent.
		Several dialects of Hindi have been used in literature.
	www.proz.com /kudoz/145690?rifle_url=141400,141401,141402,141564,142262,142584,142637,143335,144415,144649,144677,145690,146054,146562,146626,147008,147108,147910,148169,148223,148426 (827 words)

	\|\| Indian Christianity \|\|
		, Prakrit, and Apabhramsha: While Sanskrit remained largely unchanged as the classical language of literature, the spoken language evolved through further stages.
		A number of different spoken languages collectively called Prakrit--meaning "natural" speech, as opposed to Sanskrit, which means "refined speech"--continued the process of evolution.
		Modern Indo-European languages: The main modern languages to evolve from the various regional forms of Apabhramsha are Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi, Kashmiri, Konkani, Marathi, Nepali, Oriya, Punjabi, Rajasthani, and Sindhi.
	www.indianchristianity.org /india.html (13993 words)

	CULTURE
		Study of evolution of Bengali, Marathi and Hindi show that transition from Sanskrit to their modern versions has taken place in two stages, viz.
		from Sanskrit to Prakrit, to Apabhramsha and then from Apabhramsha to their present form.
		In Punjabi, on the other hand, the evolution is direct and so it is as old as Sanskrit.
	www.sikhreview.org /august1996/culture.htm (1728 words)

	Language and Literature : Trinidad & Tobago : Selected Internet Resources (Portals to the World, Library of Congress)
		Site devoted to Caribbean author Earl Lovelace who was born in Toco, Trinidad.
		Presents information about Hindi, a language that is a descendant of Sanskrit through Prakrit and Apabhramsha.
		Notes that Hindi is spoken in India and other countries.
	www.loc.gov /rr/international/hispanic/trinidad/resources/trinidad-language.html (407 words)

	[No title]
		Its appeal lay in its directness, energy and resilience.
		This Sant bhasha contains words not only from Sanskrit, Prakrit and Apabhramsha but also from Persian and Arabic.
		Besides Sant bhasha we find writings in the Adi Granth in Eastern Punjabi and Western Punjabi (Lehndi).
	members.fortunecity.co.uk /kirpal/Gurmat/Bani-structure.htm (387 words)

	Indians Living Abroad - Education
		Home » Education » Brush up your Hindi
		The Hindi language is regarded as a direct descendant of Sanskrit through Prakrit and Apabhramsha dialects.
		Over a period of time, however, it was influenced by other languages like Dravidian, Turkish, Persian, Arabic, Portugese and English.
	www.indianslivingabroad.com /education/brush-hindi1.asp?print=printer (361 words)

	MarginalPost: Back to History, TBYD # 26
		Bindusara (also known as Amitrochates to the Greek)
		Maithili, Magadhi, Apabhramsha – Prakrit is an ancient Indian language which evolved into Apabhramsha.
		Which is why one of Kabir’s couplet goes: Rahiman dhaga prem ka/ Maat tore-yeo chat-kayi/ Toot-e se phir na milee/ Milee to gath pare-jaye
	arunkatiyar.blogspot.com /2004/06/back-to-history-tbyd-26.html (341 words)

	LINGUIST List 7.1013: Indic scripts (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Ancient Indic languages after Vedic Sanskrit - the oldest stage - are divided into Sanskrit, Pali, Prakrit (which is really a group of languages younger than Pali), Apabhramsha (the last stage of Ancient Indic before the modern Neo-Aryan Languages emerge).
		Pali, Prakrit and Apabhramsha are also referred to as MIA or Middle Indo-Aryan languages.
		Please not that Dravidian languages are not included here!
	www.sfs.nphil.uni-tuebingen.de /linguist/issues/7/7-1013.html (175 words)

	WEL COME - AHIMSA TIMES AUGUST 2002 ISSUE- WWW.JAINSAMAJ.ORG (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Email addresses representing Jain community around the world available for mass mailing For details mail at:
		Run by Digambar jain Atishay Kshetra Sri Mahavirji, the Apabhramsha Sahitya Academi, Jaipur is inviting papers related to Apabhramsha literature, in Hindi and English, for Sayambhu Award 2002, which carries Rs.
		The intending participants are requested to write to: Dr. Kamal Chand Sogani, Apabhramsha Sahitya Academi, Digambar Jain Nasiyan Bhattakarji, Sawai Ramsingh Road, Jaipur-302004.
	jainsamaj.org /magazines/august2002.htm (4339 words)

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