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Topic: Apachean languages

	apachean languages - Article and Reference from OnPedia.com
		Typologically, Apachean languages are partly agglutinating, partly fusional, polysynthetic head-marking languages.
		Apachean words are modified primarily by prefixes, which is unusual for SOV languages (suffixes are expected).
		The key element in Apachean languages is the verb, and it is notoriously complex.
	www.onpedia.com /encyclopedia/Apachean-languages (1807 words)

	Athabaskan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 31 Northern Athabaskan languages are spoken throughout the interior of Alaska and the interior of northwestern Canada in the Yukon and Northwest Territories as well as in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
		The seven Pacific Coastal Athabaskan languages are spoken in southern Oregon and northern California.
		Isolated from the northern and coastal languages, the six Southern Athabaskan languages, including the different Apache peoples and Navajo, are spoken in the American Southwest and the northwestern part of Mexico.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Athabaskan_languages (1159 words)

	tonal language Information Center - tonal languages
		Register systems are found in Bantu languages, which more typically seem to have 2 or 3 tones with specific relative pitches assigned to them, with a high tone and a low tone being the most common (plus a middle tone for languages that have a third pitch).
		People assume (incorrectly) that a tonal language is incompatible with music because they cannot reconcile this misunderstanding with the nature of music (ie, "If 'love' must be pronounced as a B flat, how could one write a song that uses both the word 'love' and a corresponding note different from B flat?").
		This varies substantially from language to language, but in the case of English, it could be thought of as variations in speech volume, vowel length, and most importantly, tonal contour, that serve to distinguish a particular syllable in a word as being the one that is "stressed".
	www.scipeeps.com /Sci-Linguistic_Topics_R_-_T/tonal_language.html (2759 words)

	Southern Athabascan languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Southern Athabaskan (also Apachean) is a subfamily of Athabaskan languages spoken primarily in the North American Southwest (including Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah, Sonora) with two outliers in Oklahoma and Texas.
		These languages are spoken by various groups of Apache and Navajo peoples.
		Hoijer's classification is based primarily on the differences of the pronunciation of the initial consonant of noun and verb stems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apache_language (1076 words)

	Classified List of BC Native Languages
		The Athabaskan language family as a whole is fairly closely related to Eyak, a language once spoken in the Cook inlet area of southern Alaska.
		The Apachean languages are spoken in the American Southwest, while the Pacific Coast languages are spoken in various places along the Pacific coast from the far north of California to southern Washington.
		The Tsimshianic languages are spoken on the northwest coast and in adjacent areas of the interior.
	www.ydli.org /bcother/bclist.htm (1153 words)

	Tone (linguistics) Did You Mean tone_(linguistics) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		All of the Chinese "dialects" (languages) are strongly tonal; while some of the Tibetan languages, including the standard languages of Lhasa and Bhutan, and Burmese are more marginally tonal.
		Many of the Athabaskan languages, such as Navajo and the other Apachean languages have register-tone systems, but the languages that have tone fall into two groups that are mirror images of each other.
		However, Punjabi is a clearly tonal language where the tones arose as a reinterpretation of a consonant series in terms of pitch, but as they did in China.
	www.did-you-mean.com /Tone_03linguistics04.html (2652 words)

	Ndé Language Skills
		In the April, 2004 issue of the newsletter of the Society for the Study of Indigenous Languages of the Americas (SSILA), the following, generously submitted by Athapascan Linguist Willem de Reuse of the University of North Texas, was printed under the title above.
		In point of fact, the Apachean languages spoken by those whose original learning was uncorrupted by the influence of the gutteral Indo-European progeny are lyrical and beautiful, a melodic rising and falling, puntuated with clicking rhythms and the soft sibilance of the exquisitely difficult voiceless els.
		For example, that the Chiricahua language is "one of the branches of the ancient Aztecs" is fallacious.
	www.learningforpeople.us /Lipan/LanguageSkills.htm (613 words)

	Southern Athabascan languages - Free net encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The other Athabaskan languages are spoken in the northwest of Canada and Alaska and on the Pacific coast regions of the U.S. Western Apaches call their language Nnéé biyáti’ or Ndéé biyáti’.
		Typologically, Southern Athabaskan languages are mostly fusional, polysynthetic, nominative-accusative head-marking languages.
		SA languages do not have many simple nouns, but these nouns are the most ancient part of the lexicon and thus are essential in making comparisons between Athabascan languages.
	www.netipedia.com /index.php/Apache_language (2753 words)

	The U of MT -- Mansfield Library LangFing Apachean
		You have reached the page on Apachean languages, which is just one part of the "Language Finger" homepage, which is an index by language to the holdings of the Mansfield Library of The University of Montana.
		updated 4-2-2004 Chiricahua (Nadene) belongs to the Mescalero-Chiricahua sub-branch of the Eastern Apachean sub-branch of the Apachean sub-branch of the Athapaskan branch of the Nadene family of languages.
		It is one of the "Seven Apachean languages," and is not to be confused with Kiowa, a Macro-Penutian language.
	www.lib.umt.edu /guide/lang/apachelh.htm (1677 words)

	Forschergruppe Sprachliches und konzeptuelles Wissen (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Inflection of verbs for conjugation, mode, and adverbial meanings will be demonstrated.The area of subject and object marking is one where the languages differ, both in choice of historically available morphemes and in the relationship of the morphemes to the external syntax.
		A related fact is that the Northern languages also indulge in noun and verb incorporation, a phenomenon not found in the Apachean languages.
		Examples will be drawn from languages I have had the chance to work with personally, either with living speakers or, in the case of Galice, tape and archived notes.
	www.uni-leipzig.de /~fgskw/lexikonkonzept/tuttle.html (371 words)

	modern language (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Navajo language is part of the Apachean subgroup of the Athabaskan branch of the Na-Dené language family, a large, spread-out family with member languages ranging all across the western United States and Canada.
		Thus, Navajo is most closely related to the other Apachean languages spoken in the Southwestern United States, including Jicarilla, Mescalero-Chiricahua and Western Apache.
		However, the Navajo language, spoken by about 150,000 people, is the most widely used Native American language in the United States.
	www.aps.edu /aps/wmhs/faculty/TradeTech/wjlml/lu.html (180 words)

	Animacy - Indopedia, the Indological knowledgebase
		Objects such as stones or grass may be ranked very low, and animals usually occupy a space in between; however, according to the spiritual beliefs of the people whose language possesses an animacy hierarchy, certain types of animal or plant may be ranked very highly in the hierarchy.
		Examples of languages which possess animacy hierarchies include the Mexican language Totonac and the Apachean languages (such as Western Apache and Navajo), whose animacy hierarchy has been the subject of intense study.
		See also grammar section of Apachean languages entry.
	www.indopedia.org /Animacy.html (297 words)

	Wet'suwet'en oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		HMCS Athabaskan Athabaskan or Athabascan (also Athapascan or Athapaskan) is the name of a large group of distantly related Native American peoples, also known as the Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes, located in two main Southern and Northern groups in western North America, and of their language family.
		The 24 Northern Athabaskan languages are spoken throughout the interior of Alaska and the interior of northwestern Canada in the Yukon and Northwest Territories as well as in the provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba.
		Several Athabaskan languages are official languages in the Northwest Territories, including Chipewyan, Dogrib or Tlicho, Gwich'in, and Slavey.
	www.oddd.org /en/Wet'suwet'en (5411 words)

	Dene oddd.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The Dene speak Athabaskan languages of the Na-Dené language family, and were the first people to settle in what is now the Northwest Territories.
		The use of the word "Indian" in day-to-day language is erratic in Canada, with some seeing the term as offensive while others prefer it to alternate terminology such as "Aboriginal".
		French was made an official language in 1877 by the appointed government, after lengthy and bitter debate resulting from a speech from the throne in 1888 by Lt. Governor Joseph Royal.
	www.oddd.org /en/Dene (4714 words)

	Athabascan
		Athabascan or Athapascan or Athapaskan or Athabaskan is the name of a Native American people, also known as the Athabasca Indians or Athapaskes, and of their language family.
		Tlingit is said to be related to this group to form the language family called Na-Dene by linguists.
		The Apachean languages are spoken in the American Southwest, Texas, Oklahoma, and Mexico.
	www.askfactmaster.com /Athabascan (209 words)

	Melissa Axelrod, Jule G—mez de Garc’a, and Jordan Lachler (University of New Mexico), Plains Apache Language ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Plains Apache Language Documentation--Melissa Axelrod, Jule G—mez de Garc’a, and Jordan Lachler The Plains Apaches, formally known as the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, are centered in Anadarko, Oklahoma.
		Plains Apache is one of the Apachean group of Athabaskan languages, and is part of the Na Dene family.
		The primary aim of the project was to produce documentation of the language, chiefly in the form of an interactive CD ROM dictionary.
	www.ling.yale.edu /~elf/Axelrod.html (348 words)

	Guide to Orthography
		For this electronic edition, Hoijer's original 1938 orthography has been converted the new 'practical orthography' which is used for writing many of the Apachean languages today.
		Vowel length, short or long, is phonetic in the Apachean languages.
		If an unvoiced spirant, which is otherwise written as 'h', occurs after 's', 'ts', or 'z', it is written as 'x' to avoid confusing its order in the consonant sequence with single consonant phonemes which are expressed by letter combinations ending with 'h'.
	etext.lib.virginia.edu /apache/orthograph.html (593 words)

	Berlitz Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		He studied at Yale University, and was a brilliant linguist (he spoke 25 different languages).
		Ethnologue lists about 6,800 main languages in its language name index (seethe external link) and distinguishes about 41,000 alternate language names and dialects.
		This list deals with particular languages, and includes only natural and constructed languages spoken by humans.
	www.daikaiju.com /edge/21321-berlitzlanguages.html (221 words)

	languagehat.com: LISTING LANGUAGES.
		And also languages where there is controversy about their status as separate languages like Macedonian/Bulgarian, Moldovan/Romanian, Flemish/Dutch.
		Ge'ez is the liturgical language of Ethiopia; it bears a relationship to Amharic similar to that of Sanskrit to the modern Indic languages.
		I'd be inclined to include liturgical languages too, but didn't for this exercise.
	www.languagehat.com /archives/002187.php (829 words)

	UNM Press Books
		This is the first large-scale dictionary of any of the Eastern Apachean languages.
		The school-age population is in the hundreds and this dictionary has been specifically developed to support language learning in their schools.
		She has taught the language and developed materials for Jicarilla language classes for adults and children.
	www.unmpress.com /Book.php?id=11237712953672 (330 words)

	Anthropological Linguistics Vol. 41, no. 3
		The Maya language of Yucatan has only five basic color terms (?éek' 'fl', cak 'red, pink, orange, rust colored', k'áan 'yellow, orange', sak 'white', and yá?a 'green'), but they appear in seventy-five compound stems that discriminate semantically among variables other than hue, including brightness, saturation, relative size and discreteness, opacity, and texture.
		The gender semantics of Worora (a non-Pama-Nyungan language of the Kimberley region of northern Australia) is examined, and linguistic and cultural explanations are sought for the categories observed.
		Morphological differences between White Mountain Apache and the other Apachean languages include both divergences in the phonological shape of morphemes due to regular sound change and the existence of morphemes unique to White Mountain Apache.
	www.indiana.edu /~anthling/v41-3.html (493 words)

	Apache Language (Mescalero, Chiricahua, Jicarilla, Western, Plains, and Kiowa Apache)
		Apache is an Athabaskan (Na-Dene) language of the American Southwest.
		The two are closely related, like French and Spanish, but speakers of one language cannot understand the other well--in fact, Western Apache is closer to Navajo than to Eastern Apache.
		As a complement to our Apache language information, we would like to share our collection of indexed links about the Apache people and various aspects of their society.
	www.native-languages.org /apache.htm (427 words)

	NATIVE LANGUAGES PAGE
		American Language Reprint Series - reprints of early works on Eastern Native languages, from Evolution Publishing; now includes a searchable language database that will identify words in English in the language materials published by Evolution.
		Living Languages of the Americas - data on languages, where spoken, number of speakers, and texts published in the languages.
		Vernacular Language Program - to disseminate the oral literature of the vernacular languages and dialects of Ecuador.
	www.nativeculturelinks.com /natlang.html (968 words)

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