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Topic: Aphthona flava

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	Aphthona flava
		Aphthona flava was originally approved for release in the United States in1986.
		flava appears restricted to plants in the subgenus Esula of the genus Euphorbia.
		flava larvae overwinter, resume feeding in the spring, and then pupate in a soil cell in late spring to early summer.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/weedfeeders/a.flava.html (666 words)

	Northern Canola Growers Association
		The Aphthona flea beetle complex also had intensive host screening in its country of origin (Europe), and within the USDA Biological Control Quarantine laboratories before they were released into the wilds of the United States.
		Aphthona flea beetles all have orange or yellow tibiae while the flea beetles of crucifers have brown or fl tibiae.
		The Aphthona flea beetles are larger, 3-4 mm and the interocular space is always much wider than one eye width; in contrast, the smaller Phyllotreta flea beetles, are 2-3 mm and interocular space hardly wider than one eye width.
	www.northerncanola.com /newsletter/text_only.asp?ID=14 (2907 words)

	Leafy Spurge Control Using Flea Beetles
		Aphthona abdominalis Duftschmid was released in 1992 but has not yet contributed to leafy spurge control in the state.
		Aphthona species flea beetles are about the size of flax seed (about 0.10 inches long) and vary in color and shape depending on species.
		Aphthona flea beetles are very gregarious, and males and females need to be in close proximity.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/plantsci/weeds/w1183w.htm (2385 words)

	Chapter 15 Cypress Spurge - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States
		Aphthona species are generally adapted to a single subgenus of Euphorbia and the host range often is restricted to a few species within a subgenus (Gassmann, 1990).
		Aphthona beetles were released in groups of 500 to 2000 next to marking stakes in one to five acres of cypress or leafy spurge stands.
		Aphthona flava tolerates light shade and is probably less likely to survive low temperatures than the other species (Sommer and Maw, 1982).
	www.invasiveplants.net /biologicalcontrol/15CypressSpurge.html (5619 words)

	Weed Biological Control
		This species is brown/tan in color and is characterized by a dark brown/fl spot on the scutellum (located just behind the head prior to the elytra).
		Aphthona nigriscutis populations in Canada and the United States originate from southern Hungary.
		flava is the least redistributed flea beetle species for leafy spurge in Minnesota.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /weedcontrol/leafyspurge2.htm (1650 words)

	RINHewS Research Reports
		Four of the insects are root-feeding chrysomelid beetles in the genus Aphthona.
		Aphthona flava adults lay eggs in the summer and die by the fall.
		The eggs hatch in the summer and the larvae feed on the roots in the summer and fall, spend the winter under ground, then pupate in the spring and emerge as adult beetles in the summer.
	www.uri.edu /ce/rinhs/rr14.htm (1512 words)

	Leafy spurge predators
		LEAFY SPURGE (Euphorbia esula) In 1989, two leafy spurge predators, Aphthona nigriscutis, and Aphthona flava, were obtained from collections in Canada and Europe.
		In 1991, a third flea beetle species, Aphthona cyparissiae, was obtained from Canada and released.
		This is the smallest of the flea beetles and causes similar damage to the plants as the other Aphthona species.
	www.co.larimer.co.us /publicworks/weeds/Lsbio.htm (1139 words)

	Biological Control of Weeds - Agents - Aphthona flava
		Positive identification is based on the genitalia and the expertise is accessible through provincial Departments of Agriculture.
		They mate on emergence and can lay eggs for 3.5 months, but are probably restricted to less than a month on the prairies.
		Comment: Aphthona flava requires more heat units for development than the other Aphthona spp.
	res2.agr.ca /Lethbridge/weedbio/agents/aaphtflv_e.htm (616 words)

	Leafy Spurge
		Four of the six established insects are flea beetles, (Aphthona spp.) which have reduced the leafy spurge density more than any other agent.
		The first flea beetle released in North Dakota was Aphthona flava Guill in 1986.
		In 1988, a mixed population of Aphthona czwalinae Weise and Aphthona lacertosa Rosenhauer were released near Valley City, North Dakota.
	www.ag.ndsu.nodak.edu /invasiveweeds/lspurgebio.htm (1987 words)

	Biological Control of Weeds, Inc.
		The Black Dot Spurge Flea Beetle, Aphthona nigriscutis, is the most successful of the four species we offer to attack leafy spurge.
		The Brown Legged Spurge Flea Beetle, Aphthona lacertosa, is another successful root boring beetle introduced to attack leafy spurge.
		USDA researchers in Montana found that Aphthona flava releases reduced leafy spurge infestations in field plots from 57 percent of canopy cover to less than 1 percent in just 4 years.
	www.bio-control.com /7b.asp (187 words)

	Chapter 14 Leafy Spurge - Biological Control of Invasive Plants in the Eastern United States
		All of the established flea beetle species released against leafy spurge in the United States are univoltine, with some of the species showing phenological differences in adult emergence during the course of the growing season (Hansen, 1994).
		Aphthona species overwinter as larvae, and generally pupate within the spurge roots in late spring to early summer (Rees et al.
		Aphthona lacertosa establishment and its impact on leafy spurge has been greatest at moderately dry to mesic sites in the United States (Rees et al.
	www.invasiveplants.net /biologicalcontrol/14LeafySpurge.html (6024 words)

	Biological Contol of Insect and Weed Pests in North Dakota Agriculture
		Larger larvae feed on the root crown, destroying the root tissues directly and indirectly causing the plant to become more susceptible to herbicides and soil borne pathogens.
		Aphthona flea beetles have established throughout the north central Great Plains region and have substantially reduced spurge infestations at locations that provide the necessary environmental conditions for flea beetle development.
		Land managers interested in collecting and releasing flea beetles on their lands should contact the local county weed officer for information on date, time, and locations of flea beetle collection and redistribution programs in their area.
	www.ag.ndsu.edu /pubs/plantsci/pests/e1225-3.htm (1902 words)

	NCR125 North Dakota report for 2001
		flava only persisted at these levels in habitats that consisted of silt clay loam soil with a pH of 7.6-7.9 and 7.3-8.4% organic matter the year beetles were released. Stem density and height ranged from 127-329 stems per m
		flava is restricted, it will be necessary to collect and redistribute this flea beetle into its preferred habitat when using this biological control agent to treat large infestations of leafy spurge that includes a range of habitat characteristics.
		with a plant height of 30.48 to53.34 cm. Aphthona nigriscutis does not reach sufficient population levels to impact leafy spurge infestations in habitats where the soil is classified fine sand with 0.9 to 2% organic matter.
	www.ncera125.ent.msu.edu /StateRpts2001ND.htm (1214 words)

	Smith River Habitat Project
		The grant funded the purchase and release 2250 Aphthona nigriscutis and 2250 Aphthona flava on the Smith River.
		Aphthona nigriscutis is well established on this site and a reduction in leafy spurge density is evident.
		Aphthona nigriscutis, A. lacertosa, A. flava, Obera erythrocephala* and other insects as they become available should be established on all camps.
	www.smithriverhabitatproject.org /05-WM-1996.html (4699 words)

	Aphthona flava
		Aphthona flava was the first flea beetle to be released against Leafy Spurge in the United States.
		There are numerous species of the Aphthona flea beetle.
		All have similarities in life cycle and habit, but some are better adapted for certain soil type, moisture regime, plant community, and exposure.
	www.co.stevens.wa.us /weedboard/htm_bio/aphthona_flava.htm (223 words)

	Index D-L
		flea beetles [Chrysomelidae]: Agasicles hygrophila; Aphthona abdominalis; Aphthona cyparissiae; Aphthona czwalinae; Aphthona flava; Aphthona lacertosa; Aphthona nigriscutis; Chamaesphecia hungarica; Hyles euphorbiae; Oberea erythrocephala; Spurgia esulae; nematodes; Podisus maculiventris
		grasslands: Agapeta zoegana; Aphthona abdominalis; Aphthona cyparissiae; Aphthona czwalinae; Aphthona flava; Aphthona lacertosa; Aphthona nigriscutis; Chamaesphecia hungarica; Cyphocleonus achates;Hyles euphorbiae; Oberea erythrocephala; Sphenoptera jugoslavica; Spurgia esulae; Urophora affinis
		leafy spurge [Euphorbia esula (L.)]: Aphthona abdominalis; Aphthona cyparissiae; Aphthona czwalinae; Aphthona flava; Aphthona lacertosa; Aphthona nigriscutis; Chamaesphecia hungarica; Hyles euphorbiae; Oberea erythrocephala; Spurgia esulae
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /ent/biocontrol/indexdl.html (335 words)

	Euphorbia genus (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Five flea beatles (Aphthona spp.) have been established in many areas across the Great Plains and Pacific Northwest.
		Fornasari, L. Temperature effects on the embryonic development of Aphthona abdominalis (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a natural enemy of Euphorbia esula (Euphorbiales: Euphorbiaceae).
		Fornasari, L. and Pecora, P. Host specificity of Aphthona abdominalis Duftschmid (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), a biological control agent for Euphorbia esula L. (leafy spurge, Euphorbiaceae) in North America.
	www.cdfa.ca.gov /phpps/ipc/weedinfo/euphorbia.htm (4085 words)

	Management Of Leafy Spurge
		Data from Colorado State University shows the effective control of leafy spurge with the copper spurge flea beetle (Aphthona flava) used in combination with sheep grazing.
		During the 1999 season, the Larimer County Weed District distributed various Aphthona species to landowners with significant leafy spurge populations.
		It is our goal to offer this program for the year 2000 season.
	www.co.larimer.co.us /weeds/management/MgtLeafySpurge.htm (636 words)

	NPWRC :: Biological Control of Leafy Spurge
		Adult flea beetles feed on the leaves of spurge.
		Three species of chrysomelid flea beetles, Aphthona flava Guill., Aphthona cyparissiae (Koch), and Aphthona czwalinae (Weise), contribute to the attack on leafy spurge.
		They were brought to the United States from Austria, Hungary, Italy, and Yugoslavia.
	www.npwrc.usgs.gov /resource/plants/lspur/control.htm (614 words)

	Information about leafy spurge - Euphorbia esula
		The larvae bore into the stem and rootcrown and consume the inside of the plant.
		Three species of chrysomelid flea beetles, from central Europe, Aphthona flava, Aphthona czwalinea and Aphthona cyparissiae are in the study group.
		The adult stage of these beetles feed on leaves for about three months and then the females produce about 250 offspring each, which mine the roots and eat the fine roothairs of the succulent spurge plant.
	www.nwcb.wa.gov /weed_info/Written_findings/Euphorbia_esula.html (1819 words)

	Copper Leafy Spurge Flea Beetle (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Adults will emerge in June through early fall, depending on degree-days.
		This species is larger and yellower than Aphthona cyparissiae and A.
		It has the characteristic flea beetle appearance and jumps when disturbed.
	www.hysham.com /mtweedcontrol/new_page_1.htm (598 words)

	Yellowstone County Weed Information: Leafy Spurge
		Seeds: Seed is thrown to 20' by exploding seed capsule.
		Biological Controls: Leafy spurge hawkmoth (Hyles euphorbiae), Red-headed leafy spurge stem borer (Oberea erythrocephala), Copper leafy spurge flea beetle (Aphthona flava), Black dot leafy spurge flea beetle (Aphthona nigriscutis), Brown-legged leafy spurge flea beetle (Aphthona lacertosa), Brown dot leafy spurge flea beetle (Aphthona cyparissiae).
		Caution: People should handle the plant with caution because the latex can cause irritation, blotching, blisters, and swelling in sensitive individuals.
	www.co.yellowstone.mt.us /publicworks/weed/leafyspurge.htm (179 words)

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