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Topic: Apiales

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	Systematics of the Apiales
		The debate is fueled by the ambiguous nature of the trends in morphological evolution of the Apiales.
		With regards to subdivision of the Apiales, the old hypothesis divided the Apiales into two families, the Apiaceae (=Umbelliferae) with 3000 species and the Araliaceae with 700.
		Regarding the Apiales' relationship to other angiosperm groups, phylogenetic trees based on the DNA sequences show that the Apiales are not as closely related to Cornales, but should be placed in the subclass Asteridae near the Aquifoliaceae (hollies), Gunneraceae, and Eucommiales (Nandi, 1998).
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /anthophyta/asterids/apiales/apialessy.html (782 words)

	Introduction to the Apiales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Apiales is a group of about 3500 to 4000 species of asterids, a large subgroup of the flowering plants.
		The majority of the Apiales belong either to the Araliaceae (ginseng family) or to the Apiaceae (carrot family), also known as Umbelliferae.
		Most plants in the Apiales are herbs, though some of these produce wood and there are a number of shrubs, vines, and even trees.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /anthophyta/asterids/apiales.html (597 words)

	Apiales - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)

The Apiales are an order of flowering plants.

The Pittosporaceae were placed within the Rosales, and the other forms within the family Cornaceae.

da:Skærmplante-ordenen (Apiales) de:Doldenblütlerartige es:Araliales fr:Apiales nl:Apiales ja:セリ目 zh:伞形目

open-encyclopedia.com /Apiales (100 words)

	Life History & Ecology of the Apiales
		Species from the order Apiales do not only serve as nutrition, they sometimes also contain very strong compounds and are therefore used as medicine or poison.
		The flowers of most species of Apiales are usually small and grouped into clusters.
		Apiales seldom exhibit any specialization for specific pollinators but rather rely on a wide variety of insects (Heywood, 1993).
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /anthophyta/asterids/apiales/apialeslh.html (838 words)

	PBIO 450 Lecture Notes - Rosidae -- Spring 1999
		The order may be defined as those members of the Rosidae typically with inferior ovaries, compound leaves, a single ovule in each carpel or locule, a well-defined nectary-disk, and generally inflorescences arranged in umbels and heads.
		The position of the Apiales, or as Reveal, Takhtajan and Thorne termed the group in 1997, the Araliales, is not so settled in the sense that while Cronquist properly argued they were distinct from Cornales, he disassociated the taxon entirely from them, and the current view is this is not appropriate.
		Therefore, in a strict sense the Araliaceae are those members of the Apiales or Araliales that are woody with simple umbels, or if herbaceous, then not creeping or forming mats, and possess fruits that forms drupes or berries.
	www.life.umd.edu /emeritus/reveal/PBIO/pb450/rosi28.html (1311 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A classic example of the tropical-temperate sister-family problem is exemplified by two families usually placed within Apiales: the tropical, woody Araliaceae and the temperate, herbaceous Apiaceae.
		Further disputed is the relationship of Apiales to other order (Cornales, Pittosporales, Asterales), as well as the relationships within each family, especially Apiaceae, in which there are three subfamilies (Apioideae, Saniculoideae, and Hydrocotyloideae).
		Preliminary data indicate that many of the traditional concepts of relationships in Apiales are inaccurate and that further sampling of representative taxa will greatly increase our understanding of this order.
	www.cs.utexas.edu /users/yguan/NSFAbstracts/Abstracts/BIO/DEB.BIO.a9211400.txt (230 words)

	Abstract 2110 from Intl. Bot. Congress 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Apiales (Apiaceae and Araliaceae) have traditionally been placed in Rosidae, most often near Cornales.
		However, recent molecular studies have suggested that Apiales belong to an expanded subclass Asteridae, closely related to Pittosporaceae and four other genera (Griselinia, Toricellia, Melanophylla, and Aralidium).
		Molecular data suggest that Apiales arose from a woody, paleotropical ancestor with simple leaves, bicarpellate flowers with unisexual mating systems and panicles or racemes.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/ibc99/ibc/abstracts/listen/abstracts/2110.html (154 words)

	Abstract 5036 from Intl. Bot. Congress 1999 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The wood anatomy of 42 genera of Apiales and related taxa was examined for diversity patterns of systematic significance.
		The wood anatomical data are consistent with a hypothesis (confirmed also by the results of recent analysis of DNA sequences (Chase et al.
		1996, 1997) that Apiales is a sister group of Pittosporaceae and a number of enigmatic southern-hemisphere genera (Griselinia, Toricellia, and Aralidium), and refute the traditional concept that Apiales is closely related to Cornales.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/ibc99/ibc/abstracts/listen/abstracts/5036.html (160 words)

	Chandler, Gregory T.* and Gregory M. Plunkett. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Relationships in the Apiales have been contentious throughout time, and have only recently gained some stability through molecular phylogenetic analysis.
		Past molecular work, utilizing the chloroplast markers rbcL and matK, identifies five distinct groups in the Apiales: the 'core' Apiaceae, the 'core' Araliaceae, the Pittosporaceae, the Mackinlaya group, and the Myodocarpus group.
		As a result, there are evolutionary questions in the Apiales that need to be addressed, as this subfamily was originally thought to be a 'bridging group' from the 'primitive' Araliaceae to the 'advanced' Apiaceae.
	www.botany2002.org /section12/abstracts/78.shtml (205 words)

	The order Apiales (Umbellales) (from Rosidae) -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Within the Apiales are 2 families, Apiaceae (Umbelliferae), with about 3,000 species, and Araliaceae, with about 700 species.
		The plants have compound or cleft leaves and an inferior ovary.
		More results on "The order Apiales (Umbellales) (from Rosidae)" when you join.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-72892 (703 words)

	Apiaceae -- Encyclopædia Britannica (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		also called Umbelliferae, the parsley family, in the order Apiales, comprising between 300 and 400 genera of plants distributed throughout a wide variety of habitats, principally in the north temperate regions of the world.
		the parsley family, in the order Apiales, comprising between 300 and 400 genera of plants distributed throughout a wide variety of habitats, principally in the north temperate regions of the world.
		In traditional medicine, smallage roots are used as a carminative and its leaf stalks as a soothing tea.
	www.britannica.com /eb/article-9008003 (559 words)

	Theses from Uppsala University : 2696 - Evolutionary Studies in Asterids Emphasising Euasterids II
		Apiales, Aquifoliales, Asterales, asterids, Bayesian inference, Cardiopteridaceae, DNA sequence data, Icacinaceae, morphology, parsimony, Pennantiaceae, phylogeny, Stemonuraceae
		While Pennantiaceae are unrelated to any of the former Icacinaceae and placed in the order Apiales, other former Icacinaceae genera are related to Cardiopteris, a twining herb from South East Asia and Malesia.
		Kårehed, J: The family Pennantiaceae and its relationships to Apiales.
	publications.uu.se /theses/abstract.xsql?dbid=2696 (486 words)

	UNCW College of Arts & Sciences: Biology and Marine Biology - Faculty & Staff
		Evolutionary relationships within Apiales have been difficult to resolve due to large amounts of parallel and convergent evolution of morphological characters (presumably due to repeated migrations of Southern Hemisphere and tropical lineages into the north-temperate zones).
		This problem is compounded by difficulties at almost every taxonomic level, from species circumscriptions to the placement of this order among the higher dicots.
		We aim to collect more material in these regions, which will not only provide physical material for our studies, but provide the collectors with information about the group that cannot be gained by looking at an herbarium sheet.
	www.uncwil.edu /bio/faculty_chandler.htm (638 words)

	Molecular Systematics Lab
		Apiaceae and Araliaceae represent one of the most troubling examples of the "Family-Pair Dilemma," i.e., a series of family pairs in which one family is mostly temperate and herbaceous, whereas the other is mostly tropical and woody.
		Evolutionary relationships within these family pairs have been difficult to resolve due to large amounts of parallel and convergent evolution of morphological characters (presumably due to repeated migrations of tropical lineages into the North temperate zones).
		In the order Apiales, this problem is compounded by difficulties at almost every taxonomic level, from species circumscriptions to the placement of this order among the higher dicots.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~gmplunke (341 words)

	Hedera - TheBestLinks.com - Africa, Asia, Apiales, Azores, ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Hedera - TheBestLinks.com - Africa, Asia, Apiales, Azores,...
		Hedera, Africa, Asia, Apiales, Azores, Bird, Bee, Canary Islands, Europe, Fruit...
		Hedera, English name Ivy (plural, Ivies), is a genus of about 10 species of climbing or ground-creeping evergreen woody plants in the Araliaceae, native in the Atlantic Islands, Europe, North Africa and across Asia east to Japan.
	www.thebestlinks.com /Hedera.html (619 words)

	IngentaConnect Relationships among "Ancient Araliads" and Their Significance for... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The relationship between the angiosperm families Apiaceae and Araliaceae (order Apiales) has been difficult to resolve, due in large part to problems associated with taxa characterized by a mixture of features typical of both families.
		This approach would render four monophyletic groups within Apiales, to which a fifth, Pittosporaceae, cannot at present be excluded.
		Sampling of taxa from Hydrocotyloideae remains preliminary, but results confirm previous studies indicating the polyphyly of this subfamily: hydrocotyloid taxa may be found in no fewer than three major clades in Apiales.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/ap/fy/2001/00000019/00000002/art00920 (366 words)

	IngentaConnect Evolution in Apiales: nuclear and chloroplast markers together in... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		To date, detailed molecular studies of Apiales have relied largely on data derived from plastid sequences, especially matK and rbcL.
		To test and complement the results of these studies, the 26S (large subunit) of nuclear ribosomal DNA was sequenced and analysed phylogenetically.
		Results from this study confirm that Apiales comprise five major lineages: core Apiaceae, core Araliaceae, Pittosporaceae, the Mackinlaya group and the Myodocarpus group.
	www.ingentaconnect.com /content/bsc/boj/2004/00000144/00000002/art00001 (296 words)

	Genstyle Companion Database Browser (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Eukaryota Viridiplantae Streptophyta Embryophyta Tracheophyta Spermatophyta Magnoliophyta eudicotyledons core eudicots asterids campanulids Apiales Apiaceae Apioideae apioid superclade Careae Aegopodium
		Eukaryota Viridiplantae Streptophyta Embryophyta Tracheophyta Spermatophyta Magnoliophyta eudicotyledons core eudicots asterids campanulids Apiales Apiaceae Apioideae apioid superclade Pimpinella clade Arafoe
		Eukaryota Viridiplantae Streptophyta Embryophyta Tracheophyta Spermatophyta Magnoliophyta eudicotyledons core eudicots asterids campanulids Apiales Apiaceae Apioideae apioid superclade apioid superclade incertae sedis Ferula
	genstyle.imed.jussieu.fr /affichage_esp.php?cherche=Apiales (759 words)

	IngentaConnect Sympetaly in Apiales (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Pittosporaceae) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In all recent molecular sequence based analyses Apiales come out to be placed within a broadly defined group Asteridae.
		Within 'euasterids II' Apiales (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Pittosporaceae, Aralidiaceae, as well as some former cornaceous taxa) form a monophyletic group in a position close to Asterales– Campanulales and Dipsacales.
		Also from a floral developmental point of view the mostly choripetalous Apiales are not out of place among these sympetalous orders: In members of Apiales (Apiaceae: Hydrocotyle; Araliaceae: Aralia, Hedera; Pittosporaceae: Sollya, Pittosporum) the corollas are initiated from a continuous ring primordium corresponding exactly to the development in Campanulales–Asterales and Dipsacales.
	api.ingentaconnect.com /content/nisc/sajb/2004/00000070/00000003/art00011 (209 words)

	IngentaConnect Floral organ sequences in Apiales (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Pittospo... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		IngentaConnect Floral organ sequences in Apiales (Apiaceae, Araliaceae, Pittospo...
		Sometimes one sepal is opposite the subtending bract, a feature which becomes fixed in Cyphiaceae and Lobeliaceae of Campanulales, a sister group of Apiales.
		You will be able to remove this item from your shopping cart at any time before you have completed check-out.
	api.ingentaconnect.com /content/nisc/sajb/2004/00000070/00000003/art00012 (212 words)

	Apiales (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A number of genera in Araliaceae (Apiales) are multicarpellate, the most extreme...
		The Classification and Geography of the Flowering Plants: Dicotyledons of the Class Angiospermae.
		MAGAZINES The Botanical Review 10/1/1999 HARRIS, ELIZABETH M. Mimosaceae Fabaceae Proteales Proteaceac Myrtales Combretaceae Cornales Nyssaceae Euphorbiales Buxaceae Sapindales Burseraceae Apiales Araliaceae Apiaceae Asteridae Plantaginales Plantaginaceac Scrophulariales Globulariaceae Campanulales Campanulaceae Brunoniaceae...
	encyklopedi.com /Apiales (195 words)

	Molecular Systematics Lab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Araliales [= Apiales] Resource Centre -- an international clearinghouse for information on Apiaceae and Araliaceae
		You can find a Good Overview of plant classification with lots of good pictures at Texas AandM's Flora Page; but be warned: some of the concepts employed there are outdated (e.g., Apiales is now thought to be in subclass Asteridae, not subclass Rosidae).
		"Malagasy/Indo-australo-malesian Phytogeographic Connections" at the MoBot's WWW page, or their discussion of our work on Basal Apiales.
	www.people.vcu.edu /~gmplunke/gmp/links-araliales.html (104 words)

	Order Apiales (Umbelliferae) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		(viral hosts belong to the Division Magnoliophyta, Class Magnoliopsida, Subclass ROSIDAE, Order Apiales) Family Araliaceae.
		(viral hosts belong to the Division Magnoliophyta, Class Magnoliopsida, Subclass ROSIDAE, Order Apiales) Family Apiaceaee (~Umbellifera).
		Click this button to go on to the next set of characters
	www.ictvdb.rothamsted.ac.uk /charslist/1821Chars.htm (55 words)

	Florida Nature: Hydrocotyle sp. - Marshpennywort (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Hydrocotyle genus has often been placed in the Apiaceae family (also in the Apiales order) rather than the Araliaceae family.
		Clarification of the current taxonomic placement for Hydrocotyle can be found here:
		Unless otherwise indicated next to the thumbnail images, all photographs were taken by Emily Earp or Josh Hillman and are copyrighted.
	www.floridanature.org /species.asp?species=Hydrocotyle_sp. (64 words)

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Topic: Apiales

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