Apical consonant - Factbites

Apical consonant - Factbites
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Topic: Apical consonant

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	Apical - KutjaraWiki
		Consonants further back in the mouth cannot be apical unless the tongue is curled backwards; consonants formed this way are called retroflex.
		An apical consonant is one whose primary articulation is made with the tip of the tongue (the apex), as opposed to the lamina (blade) or dorsum.
		Alveolar consonants can be either apical or laminal; for example, /s/ is laminal in English but apical in Castilian Spanish.
	www.kutjara.com /wiki/index.php?title=Apical

	Click consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The release of the more forward closure produces what in many cases are the loudest consonants in the language, although in some languages such as Hadza, clicks are more subtle and may even be mistaken for ejective stops.
		However, many of these combinations are consonant clusters rather than separate phonemes.
		When a full click consonant is transcribed (that is, an accompaniment + release), the accompaniment is written first: [ŋ͡ǀ].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Click_consonant

	Rhotic consonant - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch
		If a trill is made with the tip of the tongue against the upper gum, we speak of an apical (tongue-tip) alveolar trill, the IPA symbol for this sound is {{IPA}}.
		American, Australian) flaps do not function as rhotics but are realizations of intervocalic apical stops ({{IPA}} or {{IPA}}, eg.
		Trill (popularly known as rolled r): The airstream is interrupted several times as one of the organs of speech (usually the tip of the tongue or the uvula) vibrates, closing and opening the air passage.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /rhotics.htm

	Transitions to Consonants
		Therefore the transition to an apical consonant will move in the direction of the balance point, but will only move a fraction of the distance toward it, according to the size of the node and antinode sums in Relation 1, relative to the contribution of the apical constriction to each one.
		If a vowel with high F2 is adjacent to an apical consonant, then the transition into the consonant lowers F2; conversely a low vocalic F2 will rise, in the transition into an apical consonant.
		This pattern is precisely the observed pattern of F2 changes when apical closure occurs; the ``locus theory'' for coronal consonants describes this effect.
	www.tomveatch.com /Veatch1991/node10.html

	Laminal - KutjaraWiki
		Laminal consonants are those articulated with the lamina, or blade of the tongue, the part just behind the tip; in phonetics, the term contrasts with apical (articulated with the tongue tip) and dorsal (articulated with the body of the tongue).
		(This is a convenience; retroflexes can vary from apical postalveolar to apical palatal, but laminal postalveolars and palatals already have their own symbols, or can be written with the "retracted" diacritic.)
		It is possible for apical and laminal consonants to be contrasted at the same place of articulation; see apical.
	www.kutjara.com /wiki/index.php?title=Laminal

	Untitled
		Commonly persevering types of consonant harmony most usually involve place of articulation; and, among such changes in place of articulation, deapicalisation is by far the most frequent (in English, and maybe universally).
		Vowels are by their nature not as 'discrete' as consonants and it is often difficult to determine whether a contrast is present or not; in addition the attainment of the vowel system is often complete by the age of 3;0 if not earlier and is therefore learnt at a very rapid rate.
		consonants are generally learnt first in syllable-initial position, then inter-syllabic or word-medial position, and lastly in syllable-final position.
	lings.ln.man.ac.uk /info/staff/AC/LanguageinInfancyHTML/2Phonology.html

	Flap consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The difference between a tap and a flap is that in a tap the tongue flips up to strike its point of contact, like a very light plosive, whereas with a flap the tongue is thrown out and down, striking the point of contact in passing.
		Many languages of Africa, Asia, and the Pacific that don't distinguish r from l may actually have a lateral flap, but this is generally missed by European linguists, who aren't often familiar with the sound.
		However, no language contrasts a tap and a flap at the same point of articulation, so the terms are used loosely.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Tap_or_flap_consonant

	Definition of Consonant from dictionary.net
		All the consonants excepting the mutes may be indefinitely, prolonged in utterance without the help of a vowel, and even the mutes may be produced with an aspirate instead of a vocal explosion.
		Define consonant and 150,000 other words at dictionary.net
		An articulate sound which in utterance is usually combined and sounded with an open sound called a vowel; a member of the spoken alphabet other than a vowel; also, a letter or character representing such a sound.
	www.dictionary.net /consonant

	Carrot Powder
		Also the air party was used as decoration for the home, since it is cut the apical consonant party of the root with all its leaves and the root is plunged in a receptacle with hot waters, remaining visible a pretty bouquet of leaves.
	www.seiserre.com.ar /ingles/verduras/zan-pol.htm

	Definitions
		Defining ``acoustic consonant'' and ``acoustic vowel'' allows us to say that coarticulatory effects on an acoustic vowel are effects of an underlying (articulatory or phonological) consonant, without implying that the ``actual'' consonant and vowel are realized elsewhere.
		Where there are sharp acoustic discontinuities at the boundaries of the semivowel, as with the release of apical [l], those discontinuities define the border between the acoustic semivowel and an adjacent segment such as a vowel.
		Thus coarticulatory effects observable in acoustic vowels are not incidental effects of a consonant on a vowel, but are part of the phonetic realization of the underlying consonant itself.
	www.tomveatch.com /Veatch1991/node41.html

	The Implementation of the Rules
		This rule was implemented through union building of three subrules: the first one, r13_1mpf.fst, for the labial plosives, the second one, r13_2nts.fst, for the apical plosives and the third one, r13_3Nks.fst, for the velar plosives.
		Rule 23 was implemented with the composition of three subrules: the first one for the schwa-deletion, the second one for the assimilation of the nasal and the third one for the nasalisation of the consonant.
		The first rule is for the deletion of one [+voi,-cont] consonant, the second one for the deletion of the /n/.
	coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de /vmobil/vm-docu/report-235-99/node14.html

	ORLAPUBS P. L29: MARKING THEORY IN HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION
		But the consonant-stems are older than the thematic or vowel stems, other than the short- i-stems --which, at least in Latin, have become confused with them--though in a neatly implicational manner, as shown by this writer and W. Würzel.
		Naturalness theory and marking theory say that in the word-final (not elsewhere in a word) position, the consonant -m is less marked than -n --which can change to -m.
		Among various possibilities to consider is the possibility that consonant -n was original for consonant-stems, and that unstressed vowel+ n changed to syllabic -m the way syllabic- n changes to syllabic -m in open and happen in English, without affecting the -n that remains before a vowel--as in op(
	www.orlapubs.com /AL/L29.html

	Encyclopedia: Irish phonology
		For example, when the vowel-initial words arcán [arka:n] 'piglet' and uimhríonn [iv´r´i:n] 'numbers' (present-tense verb) are preceded by a proclitic ending in a consonant, that consonant is broad: m'arcán [marka:n] 'my piglet'; d'uimhrigh [div´r´i:] 'numbered'.
		Vowel-initial words in Irish exhibit behavior that has led linguists to suggest they begin with a latent onset that, like consonants, can be either velarized (broad) or palatalized (slender).
		But when the words earc [ark] 'lizard' and imíonn [im'i:n] 'leaves' (present-tense verb) are preceded by the same proclitics, the consonant is slender: m'earc [m´ark] 'my lizard'; d'imigh [d´im´i:] 'left'.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Irish-phonology

	Manner of articulation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In speech there are different ways of producing a consonant.
		Nasals, where there is a total blockage and the sound instead goes through the nose.
		IPA, which may not display correctly in some browsers.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Manner_of_articulation

	Linguolabial consonant - One Language
		Cross-linguistically, consonants produced at the linguolabial place of articulation are very rare, even though they do not represent a particularly exotic combination of articulatory configurations, unlike click consonants or ejectives.
		Linguolabials are consonants articulated by putting the tongue tip or tongue blade against the upper lip.
		Linguolabial consonants are found in some Oceanic languages.
	www.onelang.com /encyclopedia/index.php/Linguolabial_consonant

	Abstracts
		The lingua-dorsal consonant was associated with greater closure force than the lingua-apical consonant but only for the men and only in the high-back vowel environment.
		A tendency for greater closure force for the fricative consonant was observed when the fricative followed rather than preceded the nasal consonant.
		Vowel identity had an effect on closure force during consonant production in the men in that closure force was greater for /s/ and /n/ in high versus low vowel contexts.
	www.shc.uiowa.edu /wjshc/labsites/sphys/Abstracts.html

	Nasal consonant - Enpsychlopedia
		Nasal consonants are sonorants, (as are laterals, approximants, and vowels), meaning they do not restrict the escape of the air.
		A nasal consonant is produced when the velum —that fleshy part of the palate near the back—is lowered, allowing air to escape freely through the nose.
		Both stops and fricatives are known as obstruents.) Nasals are sometimes called nasal stops because the flow of air through the mouth is stopped completely, although since air escapes through the nose, the flow is air is not stopped completely.
	www.grohol.com /wiki/Nasal_consonant

	Speech Group Achievements 2001
		VOT of unvoiced stop consonants is on average 45 ms greater than that of their voiced counterparts and VOP of voiced stop consonants is on average significantly greater than that of their voiceless counterparts.
		There are similarities in the placement and shaping of the articulator for consonants with a particular place of articulation, independent of whether the consonants are stops, nasals, or fricatives.
		Since different combinations of cues give the best classification for consonants of different manner, it is often necessary to determine the manner of the consonant as a requirement for determining place.
	web.mit.edu /speech/www/2001achieve.html

	Bilabial Consonant Bilabial Click Bilabial Ejective
		Bilabial consonant In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lips.
		In phonetics, a bilabial consonant is a consonant articulated with both lip s.
		The bilabial consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are: See also place of articulation List of phonetics topics Phonetics.
	www.masterliness.com /a/Bilabial.htm

	Clinical Psychoacoustics Cochlear Implant Research
		Although the maximum transmitted information for place of consonant articulation (which is based primarily on spectral speech cues) was only 34%, correlations between place-pitch sensitivity and transmitted speech information were as high as 0.71.
		Place pitch was typically ordered from apical to basal electrodes, i.e., basal electrodes were judged to be higher in pitch than more apical electrodes.
		Instances were also seen of better electrode ranking in the apical half of the electrode array than in the basal half, and vice-versa.
	www.cpl.umn.edu /implants.htm

	Nasal consonant - Network Live
		Rotokas, a language of Papua New Guinea, nasal and non-nasal consonants usually alternate allophonically, and it is only a theoretical assumption on the part of the individual linguist that the nasal version is not the basic form of the consonant.
		In other cases, it is unclear whether nasalization belongs to the consonants or to the vowels.
		a continuant consonant produced through the nose with the mouth closed...
	nasal_consonant.networklive.org

	A Graphemic-Phonemic Analysis of the Reading Errors of Inner City Children
		In speech, English clusters are frequently simplified; this happens in different ways, depending on whether the second element is a tongue-tip or apical consonant (/t, d/) or a consonant of a different type formed with the lips (/p, b/) or the back of the tongue(/k,g/).
		If the first consonant is an /s/, we find that second element in words like wasp or ask is occasionally deleted, but not as often as with apical consonants.
		One general strategy is obvious: that more time should be devoted to the "rhyme": the vowels and consonants which follow the consonantal onset, and especially to the consonants at the ends of words.
	www.ling.upenn.edu /~wlabov/Papers/GAREC/GAREC.html

	[Plagiarism] : [Assignments] : [Week 3 Summarizing] : Summary Examples
		The "r" in French spoken by male Arabs in North Africa is an apical consonant while it is a uvular consonant in female speeches.
		In some languages the articulation of certain consonants differ according to the speaker's gender (French spoken by Arabs, North America, South America) In some languages gender is in part natural, in part grammatical (Central American Carib).
		The differences in male and female speech are seen in North and South American languages as well as in Asia.
	dana.ucc.nau.edu /~rv28/etc677/Plagiarism/Assignments/wk3SummExamples.htm

	SID A
		The final consonant changes to become identical with the initial consonant of a following noun, if this consonant is apical.
		An ambisyllabic consonant is one which is regarded as being simultaneously the final consonant in the coda of one syllable and the initial consonant of the onset of the following syllable.
		Examples of speech-related areal features are the occurrence of clicks in Southern Africa in Khoisan and Bantu languages and the occurrence of retroflex consonants in both Dravidian and Indo-European languages in the Indian sub-continent.
	www.phon.ucl.ac.uk /home/johnm/sid/sida.htm

	Learning and Intelligent Systems
		The apical component of the cochlear traveling wave serves to format the peripheral spatio-temporal response pattern in a manner germane to frequency analysis and the perception of pitch.
		A potential resolution of this historical opposition is proposed, in which place and time are viewed as flip sides of a complex representational matrix of neural activity, bound together through the mechanics of the cochlear traveling wave and its expansion at the level of the auditory cortex ( Greenberg et al., 1998).
	www.icsi.berkeley.edu /real/LIS/index.html

	Consonants - Arden Reference Grammar
		All of the apical consonants are dental, except /r/, which is alveolar, but /n l/ usually assimilate to the place of articulation of a following consonant.
		/s/ and /z/ are only used in consonant clusters, while /þ/ and /ð/ elsewhere.
		Arden Reference Grammar > Phonology > Consonants
	www.glossopoiesis.net /Arden/consonants.html

	2pSC28. Palato-lingual contact patterns during voiced and unvoiced consonant production.
		As for fricative consonant productions, the opening of apical area during voiceless fricative production is wide and stable, while the pattern of maximal contact area is unstable.
		Therefore, the present study is to further investigate the role of the tongue articulatory movements during voiced and unvoiced consonant production in Japanese.
		The palato-lingual contact patterns during intervocalic consonant productions were recorded using dynamic electropalatography.
	www.auditory.org /asamtgs/asa96haw/2pSC/2pSC28.html

	Implosive consonant - Network Live
		ejective consonants, where it is the velar articulation that is most common, and the bilabial that is rare.
		That is, the airsteam is controlled by moving the glottis downward, rather than by expelling air from the lungs as in normal pulmonic consonants.
		The vast majority of implosive consonants are voiced, meaning that the glottis is only partially closed.
	implosive_consonant.networklive.org

	H+-K+-ATPases: regulation and role in pathophysiological states -- Silver and Soleimani 276 (6): 799 -- AJP - Renal Physiology
		Stimulation of apical H-K-ATPase in intercalated cells of cortical collecting duct with chronic metabolic acidosis.
		Stimulation of total CO flux by 10% CO in rabbit CCD: role of an apical SCH-28080 and Ba-sensitive mechanism.
		observed in microperfused rabbit CCD where an apical Sch-28080-sensitive
	ajprenal.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/6/F799

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Topic: Apical consonant

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