Apical dominance - Factbites

Apical dominance - Factbites
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Topic: Apical dominance

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	Apical - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apical, from the Latin apex (plural apices) meaning to be at the apex or tip, may refer to:
		An apical consonant, a consonant produced with the tip of the tongue
		This is a disambiguation page: a list of articles associated with the same title.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apical (103 words)

	Apical dominance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In plant physiology, apical dominance is the phenomenon whereby the main central stem of the plant is dominant over (i.e., grows more strongly than) other side stems, and on a branch, the main stem of the branch is further dominant over its own side branchlets.
		These trees are intended to be grown in small gardens, and their strong apical dominance combined with a dwarfing rootstock gives a compact narrow tree with very short fruiting side brances.
		Manipulating this natural response to damage (known as the principle of apical dominance) by processes such as pruning (as well as coppicing and pollarding) allows the horticulturist to determine the shape, size and productivity of many fruiting trees and bushes.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apical_dominance (546 words)

	Basic Principles of Pruning Woody Plants
		Apical dominance influences not only the number of shoot-forming lateral buds and the lengths of lateral shoots formed but also the angle at which the shoots emerge from the main limb.
		Because auxin moves downward in the shoot toward the Earth's center, apical dominance is strongest in vertical or upright shoots or limbs.
		Without apical dominance to control their growth, lateral buds on the upper side of horizontal limbs develop into vigorous, upright shoots, called water sprouts.
	pubs.caes.uga.edu /caespubs/pubcd/B949-W.html (1981 words)

	O5-7: Auxin controls local cytokinin biosynthesis in the nodal stem in apical dominance
		Our results indicate that, in apical dominance, a role of auxin is to repress CK biosynthesis in the nodal stem and that, after decapitation, CKs, which are thought to be derived from roots, are locally biosynthesized in the nodal stem rather than in the roots.
		Apical dominance is a phenomenon in which a terminal bud inhibits the outgrowth of axillary buds.
		To investigate the molecular mechanism by auxin and CK in apical dominance, we screened the genes that were specifically expressed in the nodal stem before or after decapitation in pea.
	www.ueb.cas.cz /acpd/Abstracts/Mori.htm (227 words)

	Bonsai Basics Maintenance Pruning
		Apical dominance is a mechanism that trees have evolved to use to encourage extension of height and width, in order that the tree not be shaded out by neighbouring plants.
		If apical dominance is not countered, the upper branches quickly thicken up as a direct result of their vigour and become out of scale with the weaker lower branches.
		A result of apical dominance is that foliage nearest the trunk is eventually shaded out and dies back.
	www.bonsai4me.com /Basics/Basics_Pruning1.html (722 words)

	Chapter 4 - Developmental Morphology and Physiology of Grasses
		Although the complete mechanism of apical dominance is not thoroughly understood, the direct suppression of axillary bud growth by auxin is no longer an accurate interpretation of the phenomena.
		Apical and intercalary meristems within monocots are less vulnerable to large herbivores because of their basal location within the plant.
		The apical meristem of determinate rhizomes eventually emerge from the soil to form a tiller while the apical meristem of indeterminate rhizomes continue to grow parallel to the soil surface with individual tillers potentially developing from axillary buds located at the nodes.
	cnrit.tamu.edu /rlem/textbook/Chapter4.htm (9528 words)

	Forest Biology and Ecology for Educators
		Apical dominance, for example, may be influenced by the interaction of several growth regulators.
		Related to apical dominance is the relationship auxin plays in controlling sprouting along the trunks of trees.
		Whatever the case, it is clear that auxin is either directly or indirectly is involved in apical dominance.
	www.cnr.vt.edu /dendro/forestbiology/htmltext/chapter5.htm (2804 words)

	The Garden with Insight garden simulator v1.0: apical dominance
		Apical dominance is a mechanism plants use to control their growth habit (shape) by communicating between different parts of the plant.
		If an axillary meristem is within a node distance smaller than that of a parameter (representing the strength of apical dominance), it will not branch.
		As they grow, they turn into apical meristems and themselves put out an apical dominance hormone so they can lengthen their new branch.
	www.kurtz-fernhout.com /help100/00000375.htm (373 words)

	Apical Dominance
		Apical dominance is thought to be caused by the apical bud producing IAA (auxin) in abundance.
		But if we replace the apical bud with a dollop of lanolin (wool wax) with auxin dissolved in it, apical dominance is not diminished.
		This auxin is transported basipetally from the apical bud.
	koning.ecsu.ctstateu.edu /apical/apical.html (530 words)

	UGA Entomology Southeastern Peach Growers' Handbook Tree Density, Orchard Design, & Training Systems
		Growth is influenced by apical dominance in which the growing apex or terminal bud produces a hormone which moves downward toward the earth's center.
		Apical dominance is strongest in vertical shoots and limbs.
		Orientation at a 45° angle moderates apical dominance, reduces vigor of growth near the apex, and increases both lateral shoot number and length along the limb further from the apex.
	www.ent.uga.edu /Peach/peach_handbook/tree_density.htm (5290 words)

	Shoot Growth and Tree Architecture in a Range of Avocado Cultivars
		The relative dominance of prolepsis and syllepsis is established by the interaction between apical dominance and acrotony.
		A positive correlation was found in all avocado cultivars studied between apical dominance and acrotony such that strong apical dominance involved the inhibition of syllepsis, and strong acrotony involved the release of proleptic buds.
		Champagnat (1978) described acrotony as the release of daughter axes that allows them to become dominant; and apical dominance as the suppressive effect of a parent bud on the daughter bud it produces.
	www.avocadosource.com /WAC2/WAC2_p237.htm (1109 words)

	Veg Boom Plus Holland Secret plant food
		Apical dominance is the process by which the top of the plant grows faster than the side branches.
		What this does is reduce the 'apical dominance' of the plant, reducing the growth of the main stalk and allows side branches to grow out more.
		to the part of the plant where you want to reduce the apical dominance, i.e., the highest point of the plant.
	www.betterthannature.com /hydroponic/Veg_Boom_Plus_10L.html (618 words)

	Is auxin the repressor signal of branch growth in apical control? -- Cline and Sadeski 89 (11): 1764 -- American Journal of Botany
		Cline M. 1983 Apical dominance in Pharbitis nil: effects induced by inverting the apex of the main shoot.
		Brown C. Alpine P. Kormanik 1967 Apical dominance and form in woody plants: a reappraisal.
		Table 1. A demonstration of apical control of the elongation of the lower dominated shoot A by the upper dominating shoot B and the lack of repression of A by the application of auxin (1% NAA in lanolin) to the cut stump surface of the removed B shoot in Ipomoea nil (Fig.
	www.amjbot.org /cgi/content/full/89/11/1764 (5680 words)

	National Gardening Association :: Regional Reports
		Apical dominance also influences the crotch angle between side branches and the main trunk of a tree.
		Apical dominance can cause a curious situation to occur on fruit trees.
		Whether damage to a growing point is accidental (animals, wind, snow) or intentional (pruning), the plant's response is affected by a natural condition called apical dominance.
	www.garden.org /regional/report/arch/inmygarden/1709 (1004 words)

	Apical dominance
		The normal trick to "test for apical dominance" is simply to compare the growth of plants with their apex intact with ones that have their apical bud removed.
		Many plants exhibit apical dominance - it enables them to channel their growth mainly into upward growth towards light.
		One plant is left intact, and the second and third have their apical buds removed with a razor or scalpel; of these two plants, one has a gelatine capsule of lanolin placed on the stump, whilst the other has a gelatine capsule with IAA applied to its stump.
	www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.uk /records/rec140.htm (419 words)

	Control of Outgrowth and Dormancy in Axillary Buds -- Shimizu-Sato and Mori 127 (4): 1405 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		correlated with the degree of apical dominance, and root-exported
		release of dormant axillary buds, that is, release of apical dominance.
		Apical dominance was one of the first developmental phenomena shown to be regulated by plant hormones (Thimann and Skoog,
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/127/4/1405 (5131 words)

	Apical Dominance
		In Pssu-ipt-transformed tobacco, apical dominance was released by defoliation of the upper nodes, while the apex remained intact.
		Polyamines (Put, Spd, Spm) and aromatic amines (Tyr, Pea) are involved in apical dominance provoked by defoliation of ipt-transformed or decapitation of SR1 tobacco plants.
		This is the first report on the possible involvement of PAs and AAs in apical dominance.
	www.kuleuven.ac.be /bio/biofys/apical_e.htm (162 words)

	Predictions About Plant Hormones
		To induce orderly upward growth through apical dominance, so that the young, most efficient cells reach the most sunlight and the plant is “pointed” at the top and can pierce through the forest canopy if necessary.
		To induce orderly downward growth of the root through apical dominance, so that the young, most efficient root cells reach the deepest, most humid, soil, which is expected to be rich in minerals.
		The Christmas tree growth pattern of apical dominance is also bottom heavy, adding to the balance and stability of the plant.
	www.planthormones.info /predictions.htm (2219 words)

	PlantStudio Help: Meristem parameters
		In apical dominance the apical meristem at the end of the plant stem dominates the other meristems by sending out a substance that inhibits them from branching.
		For example, if a plant stem has five nodes and you set the apical dominance strength to 3.0, the first two nodes will branch normally but the last three (closest to the apical meristem) will face an increasing difficulty in branching.
		One of the ways plants control their shape is by apical dominance.
	www.kurtz-fernhout.com /PlantStudio/help/plantstudioMeristem_parameters.html (810 words)

	Presence of Offsets Reduces Hosta's Response To Benzyladenine
		However, because apical dominance is at least partially controlled by auxins produced in the shoot tip, the presence of multiple shoot apices may alter the response of hosta to BA application.
		A primary factor in the mechanism of apical dominance is a hormonal interaction between auxins and cytokinins.
		One possible explanation for the observed response in hosta is that plants with two or three initial offsets produced more auxin than those with zero or one offset,;thus, apical dominance was stronger and BA was less effective in promoting outgrowth of additional axillary or rhizomic buds.
	www.ag.auburn.edu /aaes/communications/publications/ornamentals99/greenhouse/hostabnine.html (712 words)

	Auxin Acts in Xylem-Associated or Medullary Cells to Mediate Apical Dominance -- Booker et al. 15 (2): 495 -- THE PLANT CELL
		Bangerth, F. Response of cytokinin concentration in the xylem exudate of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) plants to decapitation and auxin treatment and relationship to apical dominance.
		Hillman, J.R., Math, V.B., and Medlow, G.C. Apical dominance and the levels of indole acetic acid in Phaseolus lateral buds.
		Li, C.-J., Guevara, E., Herrera, J., and Bangerth, F. Effect of apex excision and replacement by 1-naphthylacetic acid on cytokinin concentration and apical dominance in pea plants.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/15/2/495 (7713 words)

	Part 1 Cultural Information - The Basics of Pruning
		The tendency for suppression of the lateral bud break is referred to as the apical dominance of the terminal bud.
		The result of a heading cut is the loss of apical dominance as mentioned above, with the removal of the inhibiting effect on the lateral buds.
		The primary processes being modified are apical dominance (see below) and the natural flowering and/or fruiting characteristics of the trees.
	www.cas.psu.edu /docs/CASDEPT/Hort/TFPG/part1/part13b.htm (1725 words)

	Plant Growth Regulators control apical dominance
		The apical dominance can be suppressed by products such as the Mandops PGRs and this allows the plant to produce (on average) a larger number of viable shoots and heads of grain with more grain sites and, therefore, a higher yield of grain.
		The gibberellins and auxins are produced in growing stems, and they inhibit the growth of tillers or lateral buds, ie they maintain apical dominance.
		A natural characteristic of all grasses (which includes cereal crops) is that of apical dominance.
	www.mandops.co.uk /p3.htm (288 words)

	apical dominance
		apical dominance The phenomenon where growth of lateral (axillary) buds in a plant is inhibited by the presence of the terminal (apical) bud on the branch.
		...growing tip, or meristem, produces hormones called auxins and gibberellins that prevent lateral buds from taking over, a phenomenon called apical dominance.
		Explained by the export of auxins from the apical bud.(From Glossary of Biotechnology for Food and Agriculture)
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/apical_dominance.html (65 words)

	Effects of herbivory and competition on plant architecture
		Apical dominance is generally considered an adaptation to competition for light, because rapidly growing, unbranched individuals are more likely to be successful in the competition for light compared to ones that allocate resources away from vertical growth to branches close to the ground (Irwin & Aarssen 1991, 1996, Bonser & Aarssen 1996).
		Injury of a plant by a herbivore usually leads to the loss of apical dominance, i.e.
		In grasses, the leaf meristem is situated at the base of the lamina, while the apical meristem in enwrapped by the leaves.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514259947/html/x74.html (473 words)

	Auxin
		Apical dominance seems to result from the downward transport of auxin produced in the apical meristem.
		Gardeners exploit this principle by pruning the terminal shoot of ornamental shrubs, etc. The release of apical dominance enables lateral branches to develop and the plant becomes bushier.
		The formation of new leaves in the apical meristem [View] is initiated by the accumulation of auxin.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/A/Auxin.html (1290 words)

	American Journal of Botany, 54, 2, February, 1967
		Trees with the decurrent or deliquescent branching habit are said to have weak apical dominance, whereas excurrent branching is associated with strong apical dominance.
		Conversely, in the excurrent forms, it seems that the initial expression of weak apical dominance enables the terminal leader to outgrow the currently elongating lateral branches so that it exerts complete control over their subsequent growth and development in later years.
		This is usually interpreted as an expression of weak apical dominance.
	www.botany.org /ajb/00029122_di001655.php (3096 words)

	AUXIN RESTORES APICAL DOMINANCE IN THE axr3 MUTANT OF
		Release of apical dominance was determined by periodically measuring the number of basal branches (secondary inflorescences) growing out from the base of the main shoot.
		Hence, because of general interest in the mechanisms of auxin action in Arabidopsis and in apical dominance it was considered of particular interest to determined whether apical dominance would be restored in this axr3 mutant by exogenous auxin treatments.
		However, NAA (to a greater extent) and IAA (to a lesser extent) did partially restore apical dominance in the axr3 mutant thus providing more evidence for its hypersensitivity to auxin and for a role for auxin in apical dominance.
	ohioline.osu.edu /~pmbb/pdfs/pmbb_symposium_abstracts_1999/cline.html (344 words)

	Theses from Uppsala University : 3604 - Life History Strategies in Linnaea borealis
		However, loss of apical dominance is dependent on the timing of grazing, if the apical meristem is removed early in the autumn the ramet can repair the loss until the next summer.
		Apical dominance exerts a significant effect on shoot population fitness and can be lost through rodent grazing.
		Linnaea borealis, apex removal, apical dominance, clonal plant, hand pollination, matrix modelling, plant foraging, resorption efficiency, resorption proficiency, resource heterogeneity, shoot dynamics
	publications.uu.se /theses/abstract.xsql?dbid=3604 (501 words)

	Garden Terms: Definition of apical dominance
		Apical dominance determines a plant's natural branching habit and its response to pruning.
		When the terminal bud is gone, its apical dominance is eliminated and the growth of the plant is altered as other buds begin to grow.
		Terminal buds control apical dominance on buds that grow farther back on the limb.
	davesgarden.com /terms/go/1100 (171 words)

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