Apical meristem - Factbites

Apical meristem - Factbites
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Topic: Apical meristem

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	Apical meristem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The root apical meristem is covered by the root cap, which protects the apical meristem from the rocks, dirt and other pathogens.
		Apical meristems are found in two locations: the root and the stem.
		Apical meristems are very small, compared to the cylinder-shaped lateral meristems.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apical_meristem (340 words)

	Meristem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most general form of meristem is the apical meristem (also called terminal meristem), found in buds at the tips of shoots, and at the root tip, and responsible for shoot and root growth, respectively.
		Such new plants can be grown from shoot cuttings that contain an apical meristem.
		At the tip (apex) of the root the apical meristem is covered and protected by a root cap of differentiated cells.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Meristem (515 words)

	Plant Physiology Online: Plant Meristems: An Historical Overview
		Caspar Wolff first observed the shoot apical meristem of flowering plants in 1759 and recognized that it was the center of organ and cell formation in the shoot.
		In angiosperms the shoot apical meristem was described as consisting of one to several superficial layers that covered a central core.
		When entire apical meristems or subsets of meristem cells were excised from the plant and grown in sterile culture they produced shoots.
	www.plantphys.net /article.php?ch=e&id=169 (2245 words)

	Principles of Developmental Biology
		The initiation of lateral organs from the root apical meristem is different from the initiation of organs from the shoot apical meristem.
		The growth of axillary meristems is normally suppressed by the shoot apical meristem.
		However, if the shoot apical meristem is removed, by pruning for example, then the axillary meristems will grow into new flowering shoots and branches [fig.
	www.wwnorton.com /college/biology/devbio/chaptersummary/ch9.htm (1259 words)

	Department of Plant Biology - Kathy Barton
		Plant growth is reiterative with new shoot apical meristems, or axillary buds, made on the body of the plant.
		The main shoot apical meristem is made during embryogenesis, between the cotyledons (or seed leaves).
		Axillary meristems (buds) develop in the axil of the leaf (the junction where the leaf meets the stem) on the adaxial (top) side of the leaf base.
	carnegiedpb.stanford.edu /research/research_barton.php (1299 words)

	ch07.ppt
		The apical meristem generates leaves during the vegetative phase but undergoes a transition to a floral meristem in one of two ways: 1) Determinate transition: the inflorescence meristem becomes the terminal flower.
		In the heart-stage, the apical region gives rise to the shoot meristem and cotyledons, the central region gives rise to hypocotyl (the embryonic stem) and the basal region gives the root.
		Apical cells without basal cell wall develop (for a while) as thallus cells but if the basal cell wall is still attached, cells that would normally become thallus adopt the rhizoid fate.
	www.oup.co.uk /powerpoint/bt/wolpert2/ch07.ppt (1250 words)

	Plant Tissues
		Meristems that produce growth in length of a plant or branch is called an apical meristem.
		The primordia for these tissues is highly localized in the apical meristem.
		Apical meristem differentiates into protoderm; procambium; and ground meristem.
	www.park.edu /bhoffman/courses/bi225/recaps/tissues.htm (870 words)

	Cabbage
		This is the actual shoot apical meristem in which cell division of the stem is located.
		Shoot apical meristems are regions not only of new cell production, they are also the location where stems make new leaves.
		These new cells are formed in regions called apical meristems.
	www.wsu.edu:8080 /~wsherb/edpages/delicious/cabbage.html (286 words)

	PlantStudio Help: Meristem parameters
		Second, the meristem may lower the branching index it uses based on its proximity to an apical meristem.
		In apical dominance the apical meristem at the end of the plant stem dominates the other meristems by sending out a substance that inhibits them from branching.
		(This is why garden books tell you to "top" plants you want to grow branches -- you are removing the apical meristem.) PlantStudio simulates apical dominance by reducing the probability of branching in meristems close to the stem apex.
	www.kurtz-fernhout.com /PlantStudio/help/plantstudioMeristem_parameters.html (810 words)

	Lec 4
		Note that the apical meristem is protected down amongst all the new leaves.
		Meristems are often named by their location in the body of the plant.
		Apical and lateral buds cease activity usually in response to environmental clues such as photoperiod, rainfall, and temperature.
	www.hrt.msu.edu /course/HRT100/lec4.htm (594 words)

	Plant Development - leaf development
		Other types of apical meristems: Monoplex, Simplex, and Duplex:
		Meristems are described as having three distinct zones based on the rates of cell division and on cytoplasmic density of the cells.
		So it is not the case that the tree has a certain number of cells in the meristem that will remain in the meristem and function as the meristem for the entire life of the plant.
	www.uky.edu /Ag/Horticulture/downie/PlantPhysiol622/Lectures/notes11.html (2621 words)

	Growth from apical meristems
		The apical meristem is a group of cells that retain the ability to continue divisions, forming new cells continuously as the plant grows.
		A plant grows new tissue from an apical meristem.
		The cambium makes large cells early in the year, and smaller ones later in the summer, and this cycling of large and small cells is responsible for the appearance of growth rings in the wood, usually 1 "ring" per year.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /plantanswers/misc/apicalgrowth.html (336 words)

	Botany online: Cells and Tissues - What is viewed in a microscope? - Meristems
		They are actively growing meristems that differ clearly from apical meristems and are located between more or less differentiated tissues usually at the base of each internode.
		At regular intervalls, the apical cell divides in an anticlinal manner, too, resulting in two apical cells and a subsequent forking of the thallus.
		The situation is similar in root meristems, although their anatomy is different.
	www.biologie.uni-hamburg.de /b-online/e04/04c.htm (1962 words)

	Anatomy
		There may be one or two pairs of leaf primordia close to the apical meristem on your slide.
		Name and describe the 3 types of meristem tissues that result from the first divisions of the apical meristem.
		Herbaceous Dicots: On most herbaceous Dicot plants that have the capacity to grow and branch continuously (indeterminate growth), there is a terminal bud containing an apical meristem at the tip of each shoot.
	arnica.csustan.edu /carosella/Boty1052/leafanatomy.htm (1304 words)

	Apical meristem
		On either side of the apical meristem are two larger leaves that extend up out of the top of the micrograph.
		Coleus is a favorite plant for teaching about apical meristems and leaf production because it has decussate phyllotaxy (that is, each node has two opposite leaf primordia, the next node down also has two, but which are arranged at 90 degrees from the two above).
		We can see two young leaf primordia (the "horns" on the apical meristem), then two older ones, and finally two even older leaves that have the two axillary buds.
	www.sbs.utexas.edu /mauseth/weblab/webchap6apmer/6.1-1.htm (250 words)

	Biologie Cellulaire : Equipes
		Apical meristems located at the tip of the branches (in buds for instance) or at the extremity of the root produce respectively the aerial part and the entire root system.
		In particular we are now modelling the meristem behaviour at the cellular level in relation to auxin transport in collaboration with INRA Montpellier.
		This is based on the ethanol switch that we used previously to dissect the functions of UFO during flower development (Laufs et al., 2003).
	www-ijpb.versailles.inra.fr /en/bc/equipes/Meristeme (1061 words)

	LAB1(2005-fall).doc
		The root apical meristem also differs from the shoot apical meristem in that it does not produce lateral organs directly, facilitating cell lineage analysis; i.e., longitudinal files of clonally-related cells are apparent that can be used to trace the origin of root tissues to specific groups of cells in the apical meristem.
		Three transitional meristems, termed the protoderm, procambium, and ground meristem; are generally apparent directly proximal to the apical meristem in the region of cell growth.
		Apical meristems are groups of undifferentiated plant cells, located at the tip a root or shoot tip.
	users.ipfw.edu /boselam/Biol219-web/LAB1(2005-fall).doc (4409 words)

	Inside a root A
		At the centre of the apical meristem is a
		Behind the apical meristem of the root is an area known as the region of elongation, which is about 4-10mm in length.
		These cells are thus easily distinguished from the cells of the apical meristem by the fact that they are elongated with large water filled vacuoles, whereas the apical meristem cells are small and densely filled with cytoplasm.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /ecotree/root/rootA.htm (1995 words)

	Flower - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In essence, a flower structure forms on a modified shoot or axis with an apical meristem that does not grow continuously (growth is determinate).
		A flower is regarded as a modified stem (Eames, 1961) with shortened internodes and bearing, at its nodes, structures that may be highly modified leaves.
		The stem is called a pedicel, the end of which is the torus or receptacle.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Flower (1699 words)

	apical - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		apical meristem, picture, how stems grow, picture of apical meristem
		Stems usually are above ground, grow upward, and bear leaves, which are attached in a regular pattern at nodes along the stem.
		Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /apical.html (62 words)

	Flowering
		Flowering involves the conversion of the apical meristem into a floral meristem, from which all the parts of the flower will be produced.
		The leaves produce a chemical signal — called florigen — that is transmitted to the apical meristems to start their conversion into floral meristems.
		Vegetative growth of the above-ground part of the plant — the shoot — occurs at the apical meristem.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/F/Flowering.html (1086 words)

	93450.031113&ELEMENT_SET=DECL
		The cells of the shoot apical meristem summit serve as stem cells that divide to continuously displace daughter cells to the surrounding regions, where they are incorporated into differentiated leaf or flower primordia.
		In shoot apical meristems this enlargement can lead to fasciation, where the meristem grows large, causing the stem to become straplike, and leaves and flowers to be produced in great profusion.
		The meristems are thus capable of regulating their size during development by balancing cell proliferation with the incorporation of cells into new primordia.
	www.wipo.int /cgi-pct/guest/getbykey5?KEY=03/93450.031113&ELEMENT_SET=DECL (9537 words)

	INRA : Fonctionnement du méristème apical
		All aerial parts of the plant are generated by small groups of actively dividing cells called shoot apical meristems.
		The cells are subsequently displaced to the periphery of the meristem where their descendants are recruited to form leaf primordia.
		A detailed knowledge of meristem structure is essential for a better understanding of meristem function.
	www-biocel.versailles.inra.fr /Anglais/13Apical.html (422 words)

	Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
		The apical domain is postulated to give rise to the SAM and most of the cotyledons, the central domain forms part of the cotyledons, the hypocotyl and the root meristem initials, and the basal domain produces the quiescent centre of the RAM and central root cap initials.
		The small apical cell gives rise to the embryo proper with the exception of a part of the root meristem, and the basal cell yields the suspensor and the other root meristem components.
		The middle ground meristem and the innermost procambium, the vascular tissue precursor, become distinguishable as a result of longitudinal divisions in the interior of the embryo.
	www.els.net /els/public/article/article_main.asp?id=928A87A1-1EDD-4F02-9D48-4EF40BDF3856 (4456 words)

	The Shoot Apical Meristem - Cambridge University Press
		Partitioning the apex: the size of the apical meristem and the primordia; 9.
		The shoot apex, although tiny and enclosed in the apical bud, forms the whole of the shoot system of plants as well as having a key role in producing leaves and flowers, so an appreciation of how it functions is essential to an understanding of plant growth.
		The subcellular and biochemical structure of the meristem; 6.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/print.asp?isbn=0521404576&print=y (280 words)

	ARS Publication request: Shoot Apical Meristem Maintenance: the Art of a Dynamic Balance
		Using Arabidopsis as a model, we discuss the organization of the shoot meristem, the genetic pathways that allow cells in the meristem to communicate with one another during development, and the genes that turn off meristem activity during flower formation.
		We emphasize the genetic and molecular mechanisms that control the activities of actively dividing shoot meristem cells that produce the leaf and flower architecture of the plant.
		For correct growth, the plant must maintain a constant flow of cells through the meristem, where the input of dividing pluripotent stem cells offsets the output of differentiating cells.
	www.ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=168290&pf=1 (263 words)

	Meristem information
		In the apical bud of a shoot lies an area of cells which are able to divide giving rise to new cells - the apical meristem.
		New cells are formed in the apical meristem (dividing tissue) at the tip of the shoot.
		The growth in the young shoot is not only due to an increase in the number of cells (which takes place in the apical meristem) but also due to the increase in size of the newly formed cells.
	www.botany.uwc.ac.za /ecotree/trunk/meristemB.htm (827 words)

	Budless Tomato Transplants
		Loss of apical meristem activity is imminent when the newest emerging leaf appears sickle shaped and has a deep purple coloration.
		Without a functioning apical meristem, these lateral meristems would assume the role of redirecting floral initiation and subsequent vertical growth.
		The loss of apical meristem function in tomato transplants has been present in Florida for many years (Figure 1).
	edis.ifas.ufl.edu /BODY_CV271 (1202 words)

	The REVOLUTA gene is necessary for apical meristem development and for limiting cell divisions in the leaves and stems of Arabidopsis thaliana -- Talbert et al. 121 (9): 2723 -- Development
		The REVOLUTA gene is necessary for apical meristem development and for limiting cell divisions in the leaves and stems of Arabidopsis thaliana -- Talbert et al.
		The REVOLUTA gene is necessary for apical meristem development and for limiting cell divisions in the leaves and stems of Arabidopsis thaliana
		meristems including apical meristems, leaf meristems and cambium layers.
	dev.biologists.org /cgi/content/abstract/121/9/2723 (1497 words)

	Mutations in Two Independent Genes Lead to Suppression of the Shoot Apical Meristem in Maize -- Pilu et al. 128 (2): 502 -- PLANT PHYSIOLOGY
		Barton MK, Poethig RS (1993) Formation of shoot apical meristem in Arabidopsis thaliana: an analysis of development in the wild type and in the shoot meristemless mutant.
		Souer E, Vanhouwelingen A, Kloos D, Mol J, Koes R (1996) The NO APICAL MERISTEM gene of petunia is required for pattern formation in embryos and flowers and is expressed at meristem and primordia boundaries.
		at its apical pole the shoot meristem composed of small cells
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/128/2/502 (4768 words)

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In the News (Mon 28 May 12)