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	apiru - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Habiru or Apiru was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, from before 2000 BC to around 1200 BC) to a group of people living...
		There are several theories to the origin of the name 'Hebrew', but among the most likely is that it comes from Egyptian 'apiru'.
		'Apiru' was used as a designation for the class in the Egyptian society...
	encarta.msn.com /apiru.html (158 words)

	Apiru riku Apiru (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-14)
		Habiru or Hapiru was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, from before 2000 BC to around 1200 BC) to a group of people living in the areas of Northeastern Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent from the borders of Egypt in Canaan to Iran.
		An unspecified number of the apiru were captured and brought back to Egypt as slaves.
		Besides the similarity in the names, the description of the Apiru as nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes attacking cities in Canaan seemed to fit the Biblical account of the conquest of that land by Hebrews under Joshua except that the Habiru core was originally Hurrian not Hebrew.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Apiru/Apiru.html (1815 words)

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	[No title]
		Thus, some of the letters were taken to be firsthand reports of the invasion from the point of view of the inhabitants of Palestine.
		The word “Habiru” is a dialect spelling of the word “Apiru.” This term, in both the Amarna letters and other texts, describes a class of people that may be called “outlaws.” People of various nationalities could be labeled “Apiru.” A person was not born an Apiru.
		Rather, he could join the Apiru or, because of his actions, become an Apiru.
	www.christianimagelibrary.com /stock_image_ar.php?category_id=4&encyc_id=450&img_id=17106&action=encyclopedia (636 words)

	Syllabus for Bamidbar
		One of the most far-reaching implications of the Amarna letters was the mention of the ‘Apiru, predominantly described by the Egyptian vassals throughout the Levant as their enemies, the plunderers and conquerors of the cities under Egyptian protection.
		With ‘Apiru solidly on the side of an appellation, it would seem that there are but two choices regarding the equating of the ‘Apiru with the Hebrews: define Hebrew as an appellative or abandon the connection.
		This understanding of the Saul episode is based on the theory that both the appellative ‘Apiru and the gentilic Hebrew were concurrent in the vocabulary, and the assonance between the two was not lost to the historiographers of the time.
	www.ericlevy.com /Writings/Writings_AmarnaMain.htm (9854 words)

	A
		`APIRU - the designation used for a group of nomadic people who were present all over the Ancient Near East in the 2nd millennium B.C.E. Since the word `Apiru (sometimes "Habiru") is so similar to the word "Hebrew," some scholars at first believed the `Apiru were identical to the Hebrews.
		Now we know the `Apiru were not an ethnic group but a class of people who lived on the fringes of the dominant society.
		Often the `Apiru were enslaved, while at other times they were employed for menial labor or as common mercenaries.
	religion.ucumberlands.edu /hebrewbible/hbgloss/a.htm (1367 words)

	Ebon Musings: Let the Stones Speak
		Most intriguingly, a papyrus dating to the reign of Ramesses II states that a group of people called "Apiru" or "Hebiru", who seem to have been Semite in origin, were employed in "hauling stones to the great pylon" of one of the city's temples (Wente 1992a, p.
		The group known as the Apiru was first recognized in 1888, mentioned in a letter written in 1375 BCE by Abdi-Hepa, the king of Canaanite Jerusalem (Lemche 1992, p.
		With mentions of the Apiru both laboring in Egypt and attacking and harassing cities in Canaan, it was not long before this group was identified as the early Israelites - a conclusion seemingly bolstered by the alternative pronunciation of the term as "Hebiru", which of course is suggestively similar to "Hebrew".
	www.ebonmusings.org /atheism/otarch2.html (11041 words)

	[b-hebrew] 1446 BCE Exodus ? Apiru/Habiru = Hebrew ?
		The history of the word "apiru", insofar as I know, is thus: Insofar as I know, it is first seen in Egyptian texts from the 13th Dynasty (ca.
		There are mentioned the "Apiru Reshep", evidently a roster of slaves working on an Upper Egyptian estate, among their names being Menachem, Issachar, Asher and Shifra--names still used by Jews to this day.
		In a text from the 19th dynasty (and we see more mention of "apiru" from this era, too) there is a story called "The Taking of Joppa", which recounts the exploits of the famous general of Thutmose III (father of Amenhotep II), also called Thutmose.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2004-July/019983.html (712 words)

	Habiru Information
		The corresponding name in the consonant-only Egyptian script appears to be `PR.W, conventionally pronounced Apiru (W being the Egyptian plural suffix); {An example of how to see this word in Egy.
		The foreign serfs are described as "maryanu (soldiers), apiru, and people already settled in the temple estate".
		Many scholars still think that the Hapiru were a component of the later peoples who inhabited the kingdoms ruled by Saul, David, Solomon and their successors in Judah and Israel.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Habiru (2142 words)

	Habiru - Medbib.com, the modern encyclopedia
		Habiru or Apiru was the name given by various Sumerian, Egyptian, Akkadian, Hittite, Mitanni, and Ugaritic sources (dated, roughly, from before 2000 BC to around 1200 BC) to a group of people living in the areas of Northeastern Mesopotamia and the Fertile Crescent from the borders of Egypt in Canaan to Iran.
		The names Habiru and Apiru are used in Akkadian cuneiform texts.
		This is the last known reference to the Apiru in Egyptian documents.
	www.medbib.com /Habiru (2290 words)

	a29hab
		The Apiru are differentiated from the Bedouin; the Apiru are of a higher social class.
		If the Apiru were Hebrews many of those in bondage arrived there as captives; not all were descended from the original twelve tribes.
		Obviously, the Apiru were engaged in open warfare against residents of the land of Canaan, in a setting typical of the book of Joshua, and at a period when the Hebrew tribes were attempting to gain control of the land, as we know it from the Bible.
	www.world-destiny.org /a29hab.htm (7630 words)

	El origen de los hebreos
		La posibilidad de que algunos apiru fuesen mencionados anteponiendo a su nombre dicha palabra, no quiere decir que el apiru fuese considerado por los egipcios como un pueblo o país concreto, solamente es una referencia al origen no egipcio del sujeto en cuestión o al de sus antepasados[8].
		Otra mención egipcia a los apiru encontrada hasta ahora es señalada por Nicolas Grimal en su libro "History of Ancient Egypt": "In Egypt, [the Apiru] appear during the reign of Thutmose III as wine-makers in the Theban tombs of the Second Prophet of Amun Puyemre (TT39) and the herald Intef (TT155)".
		Esto apoya nuevamente el concepto de apiru defendido en este artículo pero lo más importante es que se trata de la primera mención a un grupo numeroso y nos da una fecha muy cercana a la de la expulsión de los hiksos de Egipto en la que ya aparece fuera de este país el apelativo.
	www.egiptomania.com /historia/origen_hebreos.htm (4077 words)

	Hebrew language
		Hebrew is categorized as a part of the Canaanite group of the Semitic languages, to which also the ancient languages, Phoenician and Moabite, belonged.
		'Apiru' was used as a designation for the class in the Egyptian society which hired themselves out for specific services.
		Today's Hebrew is a spoken language that is based upon the written Hebrew taken from old Hebrew texts.
	www.i-cias.com /e.o/hebrew.htm (501 words)

	[No title]
		‘Apiru ÄÂÅÉÐÔÖÒ ßÚÀÒÏÄÁÛÉ ÌÏáÓÄÍÉÄÁÖËÉ ÓßÏÒÄÃ ÉÓÄÈÉ ÓÀáÄËÉÀ, ÒÏÌÄËÉÝ ÏÒÉÅÄ ÌáÒÉÅ ÌÏÉÈáÏÅÓ ÛÄÓßÀÅËÀÓ (ÀÒÉÓ ÈÖ ÀÒÀ ÉÂÉ ÄÈÍÏÍÉÌÉ ÃÀ ÈÖ ÊÉ ÀÒÉÓ, ÒÏÌÄË ÄÒÈÀÍ ÀÍ áÀËáÈÀÍ ÛÄÉÞËÄÁÀ ÌÉÓÉ ÂÀÉÂÉÅÄÁÀ).
		ÃÉÃÉ ÃÀ ÌÝÉÒÄ ‘Apiru ßÀÒßÄÒÀÆÄ ÄÒÈÌÀÍÄÈÉÓ ÂÅÄÒÃÉÈÀÀ ÂÀÍËÀÂÄÁÖËÉ, ÓÀÅÀÒÀÖÃÏÃ, ÉÓÉÍÉ ÌÀÒÈËÀÝ ÄÒÈÌÀÍÄÈÉÓ ÀáËÏÓ ÓÀáËÏÁÃÍÄÍ.
		ÀØÄÃÀÍ ÂÀÌÏÌÃÉÍÀÒÄ, ‘Apiru (ÏÒÉÅÄ) ÖÍÃÀ ÅÄÞÄÁÏÈ ÓÉÒÉÀ-ÐÀËÄÓÔÉÍÉÓ ÔÄÒÉÔÏÒÉÀÆÄ.
	www.nplg.gov.ge /ic/journals/orient/15.htm (1409 words)

	MYTOWN
		W: The term 'apiru is transmuted by some scholars into habiru.
		Most of our sources about the 'apiru are in the Akkadian language, and the Akkadians didn't have that sound, so they transliterated it with a "hah" sign.
		W: You told me in some of our correspondence that you don't think the theory of habiru as the original Hebrews is going to get anywhere, and yet now you seem to be saying it was the origin.
	www.mytown.ca /ev.php?URL_ID=118446&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201 (1993 words)

	Hebrewhabiruslaves
		It is the successful employment of the `Apiru's covenant or league system that, may in part, have driven Egypt out of Canaan, setting free the `Apiru (or their Iron I descendants), allowing them to attain their goal of winning back their patrimony, ALL THE LAND OF CANAAN.
		Perhaps these notions recollect the `Apiru in the Amarna era ? That is, the `Apiru "despised" the ONE GOD, because he is a weakingly god, NOT a "warrior god," to be feared.
		Consequently, the term 'Apiru ceased to be a politicolegal term and became an 'ethnic' designation...The 'Apiru whom the new state created by its intolerability had to be desinated by some other term...The Bible is the best illustration of the one 'Apiru ethic whic has always been thrown out when the political state took over." (pp.135-138.
	www.bibleorigins.net /Hebrewhabiruslaves.html (8139 words)

	[b-hebrew] 1450 BCE Exodus ? 'Apiru = Hebrews ?
		He notes with alarm the growing power of the 'Apiru, and eventually informs Pharaoh that all the land of Canaan is lost to the 'Apiru, ONLY his city, Jerusalem is still loyal and has not gone over to the rebels.
		The Egyptian-Appointed mayor of Shechem, caled Labayu, is busy defending himself in letters to Pharaoh, countering claims from other mayors that he is an Apiru, "a rebel" to Egyptian authority, aiding and abetting the 'Apiru seizure of nearby cities loyal to Pharaoh.
		Labayu also learns that Pharaoh considers his son to be a possible Apiru, consorting with those disloyal to Egypt.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/b-hebrew/2004-July/019974.html (766 words)

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