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Topic: Apis mellifera ligustica

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Italian bee

Western honeybee

Carniolan honeybee

Africanized bee

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	Bees and social insects
		Apis dorsata workers are bout 17-19 mm (nearly 1 inch) long, and nest in the open, they make a single comb, usually on a tree branch and is 6-10 ft across (2-3 meters) and usually 10-60 ft (3-20 meters) from the ground.
		Apis florea is more reddish and the first abdomen is always red in an old worker (younger workers are paler in color, as is the case in the giant honey bees), while A.
		Apis cenara is of similar size to Apis mellifera or slightly smaller (sometimes much smaller — I have seen ones in Thailand only a bit larger than the florea), and is cavity nesting.
	www.cyberbee.net /biology/ch1 (1052 words)

	Bees
		Apis cerana, or the Asiatic Honeybee or the Eastern Honeybee, are small honeybees of southern and southeastern Asia, such as China, India, Japan, Malaysia, Nepal, Bangladesh and Papua New Guinea.
		The Carniolan honeybee (Apis mellifera carnica) is a subspecies of Western honeybee.
		Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a sub-species of the Western honeybee (Apis mellifera).
	www.shortopedia.com /B/E/Bees (1176 words)

	BIBBA Bee Improvement and Bee breeding Association - honey bee conservation
		The lifestyle of Apis cerana is similar to that of the Western Honeybees, and like Apis mellifera it is used in apiculture with modern moveable comb hives.
		Two dozen geographic races of the Western Honeybee, Apis mellifera, have been recognised, adapted to a range of environments from the cold Continental climate of Eastern Europe, through the moist temperate climate of the Atlantic seaboard, the warmth of the Mediterranean, and the heat of the tropics and semi-deserts.
		The Caucasian bee is noteworthy for the length of its proboscis, being the longest of all the mellifera races.
	www.angus.co.uk /bibba/bibborig.html (7103 words)

	Beekeepedia - Races of Honey Bees (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Apis mellifera ligustica: Originally from the Italian peninsula, this is by far the most popular honey bee.
		Apis mellifera hybrid: The Buckfast hybrid bee was a honey bee developed by “Brother Adam.” The Buckfast bee is popular among beekeepers and is available from bee breeders in several parts of the world.
		Apis mellifera mellifera: Originally from northern Europe, this was the first honey bee brought to the New World.
	www.christopherpetree.com /docs/beekeepedia:basics:races (515 words)

	Apiservices - Articulo - Características y propiedades de la Apitoxína de Apis mellifera como potencial terapéutico ...
		Apis mellifera ligustica Spinola, 1806 o abeja italiana: Tamaño algo menor que la mellifera, con un abdomen fino y lenguas relativamente largas (6.3 a 6.6mm).
		Apis mellifera scutellata, l804 o africanizada: La raza más reciente en llegar a Colombia, se caracteriza por tener glosa corta (5.9 a 6.24 mm), con bandas amarillas en sus 4 tergitos anteriores.
		Apis mellifera en condiciones de trópico, solo atacan cuando son provocadas o cuando se encuentran frente a estímulos físicos bien generados por sonidos extraños, colores y olores.
	www.beekeeping.com /articulos/salamanca/apitoxina.htm (1448 words)

	The Honeybee Family
		Apis florea (the little honeybee) and Apis dorsata (the giant honeybee) are both indigenous to India.
		Apis cerana (the Eastern honeybee) is kept in hives - being smaller than the Western honeybee, the hives are a smaller version of the Langstroth design.
		Apis mellifera is the Western honeybee - the honeybee of this country.
	www.bbka.org.uk /articles/honeybee_family.php (3372 words)

	[No title]
		Apis mellifera L. and Trigona spinipes (F.) were the commonest visitors and behave as pollen thieves.
		Apis mellifera (Apidae) was the most frequent visitor to the flowers of this species.
		In the open strawberry field, among the foragers on flowers, the number of Apis cerana was 4.5 fold that of Apis mellifera, indicating that A. cerana is the major pollinator on strawberries in the Tahu area of Miaoli County.
	www.canis.uiuc.edu /~schatz/databases/apis-mellifera.txt (11218 words)

	EJPAU 2004. CHORBIÑSKI P. THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFECTION OF APIS MELLIFERA LARVAE BY ASCOSPHAERA APIS
		The fungus Ascosphaera apis (Plectomycetes, Ascosphaeraceae) (Maassen ex Claussen), is the causative agent of chalkbrood disease in honey bees (Apis mellifera L.).
		Ascosphaera apis (Maassen ex Claussen) Olive and Spiltoir is an etiologic factor causing encystic mycosis (ascosphaeriosis) in honey bee larvae Apis mellifera L. The infection of honey bee larvae proceeds per os, during feeding with a mixture of pollen honey.
		Though, the A. apis does not produce chitinase, but the A1 strain used for the experiment is characterized with high N-acetyl-βglycosaminidase, the enzyme which is related to breaking of protective insect body barriers, and which replaces the action of chitinase [1,2,4].
	www.ejpau.media.pl /series/volume7/issue2/veterinary/art-03.html (1603 words)

	BeeSource.com \| POV \| AHB \| Genetic Analysis of Commercial Honey Bees
		mellifera haplotypes in the commercial population is indicative of restricted gene flow between feral and commercial populations.
		A population estimate of MDH allozyme frequencies for the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae).
		Enzyme polymorphisms in Apis mellifera mellifera from Norway.
	www.beesource.com /pov/ahb/jee1995.htm (2847 words)

	SAHPA-Glosary
		The Western honeybee (Apis mellifera) is a species of honeybee comprised of several subspecies or races.
		Apis mellifera was first classified by Carolus Linnaeus in 1758.
		Beekeeping (or apiculture, from Latin apis, a bee) is the practice of intentional maintenance of honeybee hives by humans.
	www.sahpa.com /glosary.html (1991 words)

	:: INAPICOLTURA :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Apis mellifera ligustica is the main Italian honeybee race.
		However, previous research showed the existence of hybridization zones with Apis mellifera mellifera or Apis mellifera carnica, respectively in the western and eastern Alpine area.
		T he aim of the present study was to investigate the composition of a honeybee population from Veneto and measure its intergradation with Apis mellifera carnica samples coming from Slovenia and Austria.
	www.inapicoltura.org /online/apoidea/apoidea7/apoidea72e.htm (135 words)

	Italian bee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apis mellifera ligustica is the Italian bee which is a sub-species of the Western honey bee (Apis mellifera).
		The Italian honey bee originates from the continental part of Italy, South of the Alps, and North of Sicily.
		There is no clear evidence that ligustica are any more resistant to acarine mites than the Northern dark bee.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Italian_bee (519 words)

	Western honey bee - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apis mellifera ruttneri, classified by Sheppard, Arias, Grech and Meixner in 1997- is a sub-species originating in the Maltese islands.
		Apis mellifera lamarckii, classified by Cockerell, 1906 - (Lamarck's honey bee) of the Nile valley of Egypt and Sudan.
		Apis mellifera anatolica, classified by Maa, 1953 - This race is typified by colonies in the central region of Anatolia in Turkey and Iraq (Range extends as far West as Armenia).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Western_honeybee (5353 words)

	Queen bees
		The Carniolan bee of Slovenia and Austria is the nearest relative of the Italian, but it is darker, the characteristic yellow rings of Ligustica being replaced by dark bands.
		Caucasia is autochthonous (the original sub-species) to the mountain range and southern valleys of the Caucasus, and to the eastern end of the Black Sea coast in Anatolia The Caucasian bee is noteworthy for the length of its proboscis, being the longest of all the mellifera races.
		Ligustica makes very big colonies and it is one of the most favourite bee for commercial honey producers.
	mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk /BICKERSTAFFES/page2.html (849 words)

	Apis mellifera ligustica - Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre
		La variación genética de las poblaciones de Italia continental Apis mellifera ligustica, y de Apis mellifera sicula de la abeja de Sicilia fue investigada genéticamente, mediante marcas en el ADN mitocondrial.
		Ligustica también parece ser menos tolerante a Nosema que Apis mellifera mellifera.
		Forrajea a distancia menores que Apis mellifera carnica o Apis mellifera mellifera, y puede ser menos eficaz en los flujos de néctar más pobres.
	es.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apis_mellifera_ligustica (700 words)

	BIENENRASSEN - APIS MELLIFERA - SEITE 11 UEBERSICHT - DR. FRIEDGARD SCHAPER - IMKERLICHE BEDEUTUNG VERSCHIEDENER RASSEN ...
		APIS MELLIFERA MELLIFERA - Dunkle Biene, Braune Biene, Nord-Biene
		APIS MELLIFERA MELLIFERA - Rückgang der Dunklen Biene
		APIS MELLIFERA CARNICA - Verbreitung der Carnica heute
	www.bienen-netz.de /Rassen/seite11.htm (204 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Semiparametric approach to characterize unique gene expression trajectories across time
		The integration of the gene annotations supported by the genome and reliable grouping of genes using a semiparametric approach was used to gain further understanding of the genes associated with neurobiological functions and behavior in honey bees.
		After processing and analyzing the intensities from the ligustica (L) and mellifera (M) data sets, the P-values corresponding to the linear, quadratic and cubic orthogonal trends across age were obtained for 6,848 and 7,027 cDNAs in each data set respectively.
		The L data set included the measurements from ligustica bees raised in a ligustica colony and the M data set included the measurements from ligustica nurse bees raised in a mellifera colony.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2164/7/233 (7237 words)

	[No title]
		Among the successes would be introduction of the Italian bee (Apis mellifera ligustica) which materially improved commercial bee stocks, and is in general use today throughout the country.
		The former is the German or dark bee, while the latter is the Iberian bee, native of the Spanish peninsula.
		The African mtDNA was from the Egyptian honey bee, Apis mellifera lamarckii, not Apis mellifera scutellata, considered to be the ancestor of the AHB.
	apis.ifas.ufl.edu /apis94/APJUL94.HTM (1774 words)

	JIS: Tschinkel 2.12.2002
		Apis mellifera honeybees have numerous parasites and pathogens.
		Bowen-Walker PL, Martin SJ, Gunn A. The transmission of deformed wing virus between honeybees (Apis mellifera L.) by the ectoparasitic mite Varroa jacobsoni Oud.
		Kanbar G, Engels W. Ultrastructure and bacterial infection of wounds in honeybee (Apis mellifera) pupae punctured by Varroa mites.
	www.insectscience.org /5.7 (3008 words)

	[No title]
		Workers of Apis mellifera and Trigona spinipes, and females of Xylocopa frontalis and Neocorynura sp.
		The sex ratio of A. mellifera was (314.4 +- 289.9): 1-(329.4 +- 305.8): 1, and that of A. cerana cerana was (334.2 +- 235.5): 1-(413.1 +- 377.2): 1.
		A fragment of the subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase gene and the intergenic region between the tRNAleu and the subunit II of the cytochrome oxidase gene was amplified by PCR and digested with the endonucleases HincII and Dral respectively.
	www.canis.uiuc.edu /~schatz/databases/apis-mellifera.biosis-1998.txt (9649 words)

	Inaugural Article: Genomic dissection of behavioral maturation in the honey bee -- Whitfield et al. 103 (44): 16068 ...
		For colony 1 (Apis mellifera mellifera host colony), a final census was taken at day 28; the plot is the proportion of bees from the total census (killed bees plus remaining bees at final census).
		For colony 2 (Apis mellifera ligustica host colony), the plot is the proportion of bees introduced to the colony.
		Because no subspecies-specific differences in survival were observed in colony 1 or in a previous study (1), the use of introduction numbers should provide unbiased results.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/0606909103/DC1 (1018 words)

	Apicoltura AAAB Arnie Attrezzi Apistici Miele Natura - Esperti melissopalinologia
		Le api di razza ligustica sono particolarmente attive, docili e con una spiccata attitudine all'allevamento della covata, grazie anche all'elevata prolificità dell'ape regina.
		Negli ultimi decenni la massiccia importazione nell'isola di api di razza ligustica, più adatte a un'apicoltura di tipo intensivo, ha compromesso l'integrità genetica delle popolazioni locali, tanto che oggi sono in atto iniziative per il recupero e la salvaguardia della sicula in purezza.
		Lo studio dei diversi adattamenti delle popolazioni di api ai disparati ambienti reperibili nel nostro territorio consentirà di rilevare eventuali differenze utili a porre in luce ecotipi da valutare e, se opportuno, diffondere in ambienti adatti.
	thor.prohosting.com /~aaab/albo.htm (2811 words)

	Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food & Forestry: Africanized Honey Bees FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		A. The Africanized Honeybee is a hybrid of a strain of honeybees from Africa, Apis mellifera scutellata, and basicaly any other honeybee that it can mate with and produce viable off-spring.
		In the United States this could be Apis mellifera ligustica (Italian honeybee), Apis mellifera carnica (Carniolian honeybee), Apis mellifera caucasica (Caucasian honeybee), and Apis mellifera mellifera (Dark honeybee).
		In the United States this could be Aphis mellifera ligustica (Italian honeybee), Aphis mellifera carnica (Carniolian honeybee), Aphis mellifera caucasica (Caucasian honeybee), and Aphis mellifera mellifera (Dark honeybee).
	www.state.ok.us /~okag/cps-beesfaq.htm (2206 words)

	Apiservices - Beekeeping - My Varroa-free Apis Mellifera Honeybee Experiment in the Philippines
		In other words, I “dreamed” to see an Apis mellifera strain flourish (survive and live well) on its own without the manipulative help of a beekeeper and despite the presence of mites and disease agents, just like the common Apis cerana.
		The objective is to have her observe and study the Elgons in small cell size combs for their ability to survive Varroa mite infestation enough to survive in the wild.
		Otherwise stated, to see an Apis mellifera strain flourish (survive and live well) on its own without manipulative help of a beekeeper and despite the presence of mites and disease agents, just like the endemic Apis cerana.
	www.beekeeping.com /articles/us/mellifera_philippines.htm (2728 words)

	Die Italienische Biene, Apis mellifera ligustica, Italienerbiene
		Die heutige Ligustica-Zucht findet hauptsächlich in Italien in der Gegend um Bologna, in den USA, in Skandinavien, in Australien und in Israel statt und stützt sich auf die besten Stämme des leuchtend orangefarbenen Typus aus Bologna.
		Die Ligustica ist etwas kleiner als die Carnica, ansonsten im Flügelgeäder und in der Behaarung (Filzbinden) den Balkanbienen sehr ähnlich.
		Die Königinnen der Ligustica sind einheitlich orange gefärbt ohne jegliche dunkle Zeichnungen auf dem Hinterleib.
	www.nordbiene.de /ligustic.htm (371 words)

	Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins - Venom production by Africanized honeybees (Apis mellifera) and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		This study used 15 beehives: five with Africanized queens sisters (Apis mellifera), five with Italian queens sisters (Apis mellifera ligustica), and five with Carniolan queens sisters (Apis mellifera carnica).
		The honeybee Apis mellifera L. is a eusocial insect, showing behavioral patterns of social interaction between colony members.
		Fifteen beehives were used: five with Africanized queens sisters (Apis mellifera), five with Italian queens sisters (Apis mellifera ligustica), and five with Carniolan queens sisters (Apis mellifera carnica).
	www.scielo.br /scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0104-79302001000200005&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en (943 words)

	:: INAPICOLTURA :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		- Study of the biodiversity of bee populations, with a view to preserving the biological and ethological characteristics of the subspecies Apis mellifera ligustica.
		These activities are supported by an instrumental insemination laboratory (located in the operating unit in Reggio Emilia), where lines of particular genetic interest are preserved for the purpose of setting up specific selection schemes and providing beekeepers with an insemination service for the queen bees they produce.
		On a local level, the Institute promoted the creation of a register of Apis mellifera ligustica queen bee breeders for the region of Emilia Romagna (Regional Regulation no. 29 of 15/11/91) and today coordinates the related management and technical activities.
	www.inapicoltura.org /online/english/genetic.htm (284 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Germ cell development in the Honeybee (Apis mellifera); Vasaand Nanosexpression
		Studies of specification of germ-cells in insect embryos has indicated that in many taxa the germ cells form early in development, and their formation is associated with pole plasm, germ plasm or an organelle called the oosome.
		Apis vasa and nanos RNAs are present in early honeybee embryos, but the RNAs clear rapidly, without any cells expressing these germ cell markers past stage 2.
		Amvasa RNA is present at early stages of Apis embryogenesis, with a uniform distribution at stage 1 (Staging as per [35]) (Figure 3A and 3B).
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-213X/6/6 (6106 words)

	Beginner's File
		Several races and hybrids of the honey bee, Apis mellifera, are available from queen producers.
		Apis mellifera caucasica evolved in the Caucas mountains near the Black Sea.
		Apis mellifera carnica evolved in Austria and Yugoslavia, and most of Europe.
	apis.ifas.ufl.edu /beginner.htm (6083 words)

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