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Topic: Apis mellifera mellifera

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	BIBBA Bee Improvement and Bee breeding Association - honey bee conservation
		The lifestyle of Apis cerana is similar to that of the Western Honeybees, and like Apis mellifera it is used in apiculture with modern moveable comb hives.
		Two dozen geographic races of the Western Honeybee, Apis mellifera, have been recognised, adapted to a range of environments from the cold Continental climate of Eastern Europe, through the moist temperate climate of the Atlantic seaboard, the warmth of the Mediterranean, and the heat of the tropics and semi-deserts.
		The Caucasian bee is noteworthy for the length of its proboscis, being the longest of all the mellifera races.
	www.angus.co.uk /bibba/bibborig.html (7103 words)

	The Honeybee Family
		Apis florea (the little honeybee) and Apis dorsata (the giant honeybee) are both indigenous to India.
		Apis mellifera is the Western honeybee - the honeybee of this country.
		The expectation was that the honey-getting vigour of Apis mellifera scutellata allied to the gentle behaviour of Apis mellifera mellifera would improve honey yields.
	www.bbka.org.uk /articles/honeybee_family.php (3372 words)

	[No title]
		Apis mellifera L. and Trigona spinipes (F.) were the commonest visitors and behave as pollen thieves.
		Apis mellifera (Apidae) was the most frequent visitor to the flowers of this species.
		In the open strawberry field, among the foragers on flowers, the number of Apis cerana was 4.5 fold that of Apis mellifera, indicating that A. cerana is the major pollinator on strawberries in the Tahu area of Miaoli County.
	www.canis.uiuc.edu /~schatz/databases/apis-mellifera.txt (11218 words)

	Honey Bee Pictures - Apis Mellifera - Cirrus Digital Imaging
		Pollination, honey, beeswax, royal jelly, and propolis are some of the products provided to mankind by the honey bee.
		Apis mellifera, the most commonly domesticated species, is native to Europe, Asia and Africa.
		The sub-species Apis mellifera mellifera were brought to the Americas with the first colonists to Virginia in 1622, and numerous other occasions later.
	www.cirrusimage.com /bees_honey.htm (947 words)

	Laessoe bee
		The Danish Government goes on to explain that the subspecies Apis mellifera mellifera (Læ³¸ brown bee) is disappearing and can be preserved only on the island of Læ³¸, so that the measure adopted is necessary to prevent the disappearance of the species and is proportionate to the aim pursued.
		On the question of the existence of a disappearing subspecies Apis mellifera mellifera (Læ³¸ brown bee), the Commission considers that this is an evidential matter which is therefore one for the national court to determine.
		The Italian Government states that there are several subspecies of Apis mellifera mellifera, identifiable as strains and within the latter as ecotypes, representing the result of a natural process of adaptation to environmental conditions and various territories.
	apimo.dk /laesoebee.htm (2510 words)

	Apis mellifera mellifera social work Apis mellifera mellifera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The European dark bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) was domesticated in modern times, and taken to North America in colonial times.
		Apis mellifera mellifera is no longer a significant commercial subspecies of honeybee, but there are a number of dedicated hobbyist beekeepers that keep these bees in Europe and other parts of the world.
		There are reports by beekeepers that, after the arrival of the Varroa mite on the american continent in 1987, some feral bee colonies survived.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Apis_mellifera_mellifera/Apis_mellifera_mellifera.html (356 words)

	Bees for Development :: Effect of Apis mellifera on indigenous plant and animal species in Japan
		In 1876 a European race of the honeybee Apis mellifera was first imported to Japan, along with European beekeeping technology, and now almost all beekeepers in Japan have Apis mellifera.
		Apis mellifera's negative effect on indigenous life is negligible in comparison with the loss of trees, environmental pollution and use of agricultural chemicals in Japan.
		Apis mellifera has not adapted itself to life in the wild.
	www.beesfordevelopment.org /info/info/enviro/effect-of-apis-mellifera-.shtml (483 words)

	Earlham -- Biological Diversity -- Apis Mellifera: The Common Honeybee
		Though Apis mellifera is currently not listed under any endangered species lists, it is important to note that their native species numbers are declining.
		The wild populations, and even some managed populations, of Apis mellifera are on the decline due to the same issues that native insect pollinators face (Ecological Society of America, date unknown).
		Apis millifera are directly affected by the poison of pesticides and indirectly affected by the use of herbicides, which kill off wildflowers and other flowering plants, which are used in foraging (Ecological Society of America, date unknown).
	www.earlham.edu /~harrico/apismellifera.htm (1214 words)

	BeeSource.com \| POV \| AHB \| Genetic Analysis of Commercial Honey Bees
		mellifera haplotypes in the commercial population is indicative of restricted gene flow between feral and commercial populations.
		A population estimate of MDH allozyme frequencies for the honey bee, Apis mellifera L. (Hymenoptera: Apidae).
		Enzyme polymorphisms in Apis mellifera mellifera from Norway.
	www.beesource.com /pov/ahb/jee1995.htm (2847 words)

	[No title]
		The propagation and renewal of A. mellifera in Autumn were quicker than those of A. cerana cerana, while the effect of overcoming Summer was inferior to that of Apis cerana cerana.
		The sex ratio of A. mellifera was (314.4 +- 289.9): 1-(329.4 +- 305.8): 1, and that of A. cerana cerana was (334.2 +- 235.5): 1-(413.1 +- 377.2): 1.
		A fragment of the subunit I of the cytochrome oxidase gene and the intergenic region between the tRNAleu and the subunit II of the cytochrome oxidase gene was amplified by PCR and digested with the endonucleases HincII and Dral respectively.
	www.canis.uiuc.edu /~schatz/databases/apis-mellifera.biosis-1998.txt (9649 words)

	Apis Mellifera - Treatment for Eczema, Psoriasis and Dermatitis
		Read the story of apiarist Robert Davidson and how he discovered the secret of the Apis Mellifera honey bee.
		Apis Mellifera is a natural, steriod free skin care cream ideal for use on children and infants.
		Some personal accounts of the effectiveness of Apis Mellifera from sufferers of eczema, psoriasis and dermatitis.
	www.beecream.com (130 words)

	BIBBA history and development
		Apis mellifera mellifera (the Dark European Honeybee) was very much alive and kicking in spite of Brother Adam’s pronouncement of its demise as long ago as 1920.
		He was a lone voice among the leading beekeepers at first, but many came to recognise that the hybridisation caused by imports was a great barrier to improving bees, as one cannot breed true from hybrids.
		Apis mellifera mellifera bees and his condemnation of hybrids, as a direct challenge to those of Brother Adam, whose life time work had been to produce a hybrid bee, known as the Buckfast bee.
	www.angus.co.uk /bibba/bibba_history.html (833 words)

	BIENENRASSEN - APIS MELLIFERA - SEITE 11 UEBERSICHT - DR. FRIEDGARD SCHAPER - IMKERLICHE BEDEUTUNG VERSCHIEDENER RASSEN ...
		APIS MELLIFERA MELLIFERA - Dunkle Biene, Braune Biene, Nord-Biene
		APIS MELLIFERA MELLIFERA - Verbreitung durch den Menschen
		APIS MELLIFERA MELLIFERA - Rückgang der Dunklen Biene
	www.bienen-netz.de /Rassen/seite11.htm (204 words)

	Bees for Development :: Identification of honeybees from Cape Verde
		The western honeybee, Apis mellifera is divided into nearly 25 subspecies (races) adapted to different parts of the original distribution area, which is Africa, Asia Minor and most of Europe (Ruttner, 1988).
		A comparison of the P region in the bees from Cape Verde and in African Apis mellifera intermissa (De La Rúa et al, 1998) differs so much that it is clear that the Cape Verde bee does not belong to Apis mellifera intermissa.
		The figure is an evolutionary tree which describes the relationships of several studied honeybees from Africa, the Asian honeybee, Apis cerana and representatives from the two European groups of subspecies, Apis mellifera mellifera and Apis mellifera ligustica.
	www.beesfordevelopment.org /info/info/species/identification-of-honey-b.shtml (714 words)

	Planet Ark - Gallic Bees Threatened by Placid Foreigners (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Apis Mellifera Mellifera, the native subspecies also known as the dark bee, is losing out to central and eastern European breeds because beekeepers find them easier to handle and less likely to sting.
		The rival Apis Mellifera Carnica and Apis Mellifera Caucasica bees are known for their calm temperaments.
		Garnery, who builds sanctuaries for Apis Mellifera Mellifera, understands why beekeepers are switching allegiance.
	www.planetark.org /avantgo/dailynewsstory.cfm?newsid=38619 (419 words)

	Inaugural Article: Genomic dissection of behavioral maturation in the honey bee -- Whitfield et al. 103 (44): 16068 ...
		For colony 1 (Apis mellifera mellifera host colony), a final census was taken at day 28; the plot is the proportion of bees from the total census (killed bees plus remaining bees at final census).
		For colony 2 (Apis mellifera ligustica host colony), the plot is the proportion of bees introduced to the colony.
		Because no subspecies-specific differences in survival were observed in colony 1 or in a previous study (1), the use of introduction numbers should provide unbiased results.
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/0606909103/DC1 (1018 words)

	Die Dunklen Bienen (Apis mellifera mellifera ...)
		nach Westen über Nordafrika nach Europa (Iberische Halbinsel) Intermissa, Iberica, mellifera.
		Neuere DNA-Analysen ergaben gegenüber bisherigen Annahmen, dass die Unterschiede zwischen den Apis mellifera mellifera Ökotypen wesentlich größer sind als zwischen lingustica und carnica.
		Das Vorurteil der Stechlust bekam die Mellifera wahrscheinlich durch den misslungenen Zuchtversuch der deutschen Nigra“ und in jüngerer Zeit durch die Einschleppung zu Demonstrationszwecken der aggressiven Taigabiene Silvarum aus Litauen, die dort in Bieneninstituten als Genreserve gehalten wird.
	www.g-e-h.de /geh-raku/bienen/bien.htm (856 words)

	APIS lifescience - Honey bee
		The domestic European honey bee (Apis mellifera, family Apidae) is one of 20.000 species belonging to the superfamily of the bees (Apoidea).
		She was probably first distributed in Anterior Asia where she became commercially exploited by humans and in the course of the time was spread over the whole earth.
		The genus Apis mellifera forms persistent states, which consist of a queen, about 30,000 to 70,000 worker bees and up to 1,000 drones.
	www.apis-lifescience.de /eapis.htm (186 words)

	celex-txt - 61997J0067 -
		Measures to preserve an indigenous animal population with distinct characteristics contribute to the maintenance of biodiversity through ensuring the survival of the population concerned; their aim is thus to protect the life of those animals.
		31 On the question of the existence of a disappearing subspecies Apis mellifera mellifera (Læsø brown bee), the Commission considers that this is an evidential matter which is therefore one for the national court to determine.
		32 The Italian Government states that there are several subspecies of Apis mellifera mellifera, identifiable as strains and within the latter as ecotypes, representing the result of a natural process of adaptation to environmental conditions and various territories.
	europa.eu.int /smartapi/cgi/sga_doc?smartapi!celexplus!prod!CELEXnumdoc&lg=en&numdoc=61997J0067 (2542 words)

	Apis-UK November 2006
		The rival Apis mellifera carnica bees (Carniolans) are known for their calm temperaments and beekeepers like them simply because of their ease of handling.
		As you will have read, scientists have also recently published the genetic blueprint of the western honeybee Apis mellifera which is the fourth insect to have its genome sequenced, after the fruit fly, mosquito and silk moth.
		To test bees’ optical odometers, Srinivasan’s group sent Apis mellifera lingustica Spinola specimens on a search for snacks inside a narrow tunnel, which was 6.4 meters long, 20 centimetres high, and only 11 centimetres wide-roughly 21 feet by 8 inches by 4.3 inches.
	www.beedata.com /apis-uk/newsletters06/apis-uk1106.htm (6726 words)

	Oklahoma Department of Agriculture, Food & Forestry: Africanized Honey Bees FAQ (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		A. The Africanized Honeybee is a hybrid of a strain of honeybees from Africa, Apis mellifera scutellata, and basicaly any other honeybee that it can mate with and produce viable off-spring.
		In the United States this could be Apis mellifera ligustica (Italian honeybee), Apis mellifera carnica (Carniolian honeybee), Apis mellifera caucasica (Caucasian honeybee), and Apis mellifera mellifera (Dark honeybee).
		In the United States this could be Aphis mellifera ligustica (Italian honeybee), Aphis mellifera carnica (Carniolian honeybee), Aphis mellifera caucasica (Caucasian honeybee), and Aphis mellifera mellifera (Dark honeybee).
	www.state.ok.us /~okag/cps-beesfaq.htm (2206 words)

	AgNews -- Africanized Honey Bees: Frequently Asked Questions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		The Africanized Honey Bee is a hybrid of a strain of honey bees from Africa, Apis mellifera scutellata, and basicaly any other honey bee that it can mate with and produce viable off-spring.
		In the United States this could be Apis mellifera ligustica (Italian honey bee), Apis mellifera carnica (Carniolian honey bee), Apis mellifera caucasica (Caucasian honey bee), and Apis mellifera mellifera (Dark honey bee).
		In the United States this could be Aphis mellifera ligustica (Italian honey bee), Aphis mellifera carnica (Carniolian honey bee), Aphis mellifera caucasica (Caucasian honey bee), and Aphis mellifera mellifera (Dark honey bee).
	agnews.tamu.edu /bees/faq.htm (2299 words)

	Irish Genetic Resources Conservation Trust (IGRCT)
		The honeybee, Apis mellifera, is a widespread species, native to Africa, Europe and the Middle East.
		In Germany, for example, the native subspecies Apis mellifera mellifera (the Dark European Bee) was almost completely replaced by a vigorous campaign to propigate A.
		In this respect, feral colonies of bees and local strains of bees are very important as they will contribute significantly to the genetic pool of the species and the more variety that can be maintained the better the security for the survival of the species.
	www.tcd.ie /Botany/GHI/irishorgs.html (3788 words)

	Urban IPM: Insects: Bees, Hornets, and Wasps: Honey Bees and Africanized Bees
		The European strain of honey bee, Apis mellifera mellifera, is familiar to all.
		They are a bit smaller but it takes much dissection work and a sophisticated computer program dealing with measurements of different structures and ratios of these measurements to tell the difference accurately.
		(Apis mellifera scutellata) however are a concern for beekeepers and entomologists alike
	ag.arizona.edu /urbanipm/insects/bees/honeybees.html (2560 words)

	The Racial Types of Honeybees
		This is not a scientific study, but is a collection of useful information that can be used for guidance and should not be relied upon as absolute fact.
		Apis nuluensis the latter 3 species recently split off from A. cerana.
		Apis laboriosa (fl giant bees, recognised as a distinct species around 1986).
	www.dave-cushman.net /bee/race.html (391 words)

	beekeeping in San Luis Obispo
		Here in San Luis Obispo, there were probably small numbers of the Spanish bee, Apis mellifera Iberica early in the 1700's, but the more important introduction was of the European Black bee, Apis mellifera mellifera in the 1850's.
		The value of the bee's pollination is estimated by the government to be in the neighborhood of 15 billion dollars per year in the US, and that doesn't even count the increase of backyard fruit, the increase of flowers, etc.., so it is a good idea to avoid killing bees unnecessarily.
		It is, though just a matter of time before the African Killer bee, Apis mellifera Scutelata, comes to San Luis County, if they are not already here, which I suspect (I am writing 2-5-2003).
	webpages.charter.net /tvaughan/beeinfo.html (657 words)

	[No title]
		Through the use of morphometry they have identified as many as 6 pure strains of Apis mellifera mellifera in various parts of the country.
		Then by sending samples for DNA testing to Universities in Europe mainly Copenhagen, it has been established that there are a number of different strains, or ecotypes of native bees, within the Republic of Ireland.
		Irish beekeepers in general are of the opinion that the most suitable bee for the Irish climate is the dark European Honeybee (Apis mellifera Mellifera).
	members.aol.com /geoffone/Mar2004/Mar2004.html (1159 words)

	[No title]
		mellifera is the bee most suited to the British climate, it still exists in a pure state, and can be distinguished from 'mongrel' bees and other races.
		Data on the frequencies of enzyme electromorphs and results of mitochondrial DNA restriction mapping can be used to confirm, or dispute, the indications from morphometric analysis.
		This has been done, for instance, for the 'pure' population of Apis mellifera ligustica in the honey bee sanctuary of Kangaroo Island in South Australia (Oldroyd et al., Journal of Apicultural Research 31: 141-148 (1992)).
	www.ibiblio.org /pub/academic/agriculture/sustainable_agriculture/wildlife/bees/organizations/BIBBA (991 words)

	Midnite Bee-Beekeeper's: Reports (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		Varroajacobsoni Oudemans is an external parasitic mite of honey bees.
		Equal numbers of colonies of Apis mellifera mellifera, A. mellifera carnica and A.
		Ritter, W. Varroa disease of the honeybee Apis mellifera.
	www.mainebee.com /reports/fieldtest.php (2949 words)

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