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Topic: Aplysia

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Aplysia californica

Aplysia gill and siphon withdrawal reflex

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	Aplysia parvula
		Aplysia parvula is considered to be uncommon on Okinawa, although I've only collected seven individuals as of early September, 2000, I've photographed several others and have certainly seen, but neither photographed nor collected, an additional dozen or so.
		Baba (1949) was the first to report on the occurrence of the species in Japan and describes it as being "Common almost everywhere on the Pacific coasts of Japan." The species is considered to be both circumtropical and circumtemperate in distribution.
		This is the smallest of the Aplysia species, with its maximum size probably less than 60mm.
	rfbolland.com /okislugs/aplyparv.html (247 words)

	YouTube - Aplysia biting
		When hungry, Aplysia (marine slugs: "sea hare") bite in an effort to find food (e.g.
		Aplysia biting behavior can be conditioned classically and operantly (see http://brembs.net/learning/aplysia).
		aplysia slug marine snail science learning memory Aplysia biology invertebrate
	www.youtube.com /watch?v=Tskd6mvzomc (325 words)

	What is Aplysia californica? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aplysia (genus Opisthobranchia) are hermaphrodites, meaning that both partners fertilize each others each with their sperm during mating.
		Despite its simplicity, it exhibits a variety of behaviors and the capability to learn both non-associatively (sensitisation, habituation) and associatively (classical, operant conditioning).
		It was Aplysia that enabled researchers to study the molecular events in the cell during learning.
	www.brembs.net /learning/aplysia/aplysia.html (202 words)

	Frontiers in Zoology \| Full text \| Functional neuroanatomy of the rhinophore of Aplysia punctata
		The rhinophore is considered as the olfactory organ in Aplysia [15] and was suggested to be important for the detection of pheromones [16,17]; different peptide-pheromones were identified in the genus Aplysia [4,18,19].
		Aplysia was shown to posses a rhinophore ganglion but in contrast to Achatina the eye is at the base and not at the top of the rhinophore, and photoreceptors are located in the rhinophore epithelium [21-24].
		The anatomy of the rhinophore of Aplysia was previously investigated only with respect to the location of sensory cells [13] and as part of a phylogenetic study of seahares [34].
	www.frontiersinzoology.com /content/3/1/6 (5190 words)

	Eric R. Kandel (Site not responding. Last check: )
		In Aplysia we found that one component of the synapse-specific marking signals requires local protein synthesis at the activated synapse.
		Local protein synthesis serves two functions in Aplysia: (1) it marks the activated synapse that confers synapse specificity, and (2) it stabilizes the synaptic growth associated with long-term facilitation.
		Aplysia CPEB protein is up-regulated locally in activated synapses; it is needed not for the initiation but for the stable maintenance of long-term facilitation.
	www.hhmi.org /research/investigators/kandel.html (1515 words)

	Toward a Molecular Biology of Learning-Related Synaptic Growth In Aplysia
		A useful model system for delineating the molecular and structural mechanisms that underlie memory storage is the gill-withdrawal reflex of Aplysia where the persistence of learning-induced growth of new sensory neuron synaptic connections parallels both the behavioral duration of the memory and the enhancement of synaptic strength.
		Results in Aplysia indicate that these mature synaptic contacts can be selectively destabilized in an activity-dependent fashion during learning and memory and suggest that learning-related synaptic growth in the adult brain may reutilize some of the same cellular and molecular mechanisms important for de novo synapse formation during development.
		Studies in Aplysia have further demonstrated that the earliest stages of long-term memory formation are associated with modulation of an immunoglobulin-related cell adhesion molecule homologous to NCAM.
	www.cellscience.com /reviews6/Learning-related_synaptic_growth.html (12365 words)

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		If you touch an Aplysia lightly on the tail, the animal will contract its tail away from the direction of the touch, because the animal perceives this touch as a possible threat to its safety.
		We can tell that the Aplysia has remembered being pinched, because if you then touch the same animal lightly on the tail, the Aplysia will contract its tail more strongly than if you had never pinched the animal.
		In fact, the Aplysia will remember that it has been pinched, and will respond with a vigorous tail withdrawal to a light touch for up to several days.
	www.sahs.uth.tmc.edu /brainsurf/aplysia1.html (444 words)

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