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Topic: Aplysia californica

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	Serotonin Metabolites In Mollusks Suggest Pathways For Human Therapies
		Marine mollusks, such as the species Aplysia californica and Pleurobranchaea californica that were used in these experiments, are considered to be ideal model systems to study serotonin processing because they have simpler nervous systems than mammals.
		Aplysia californica live in warm, shallow water off the California coast in areas rich in vegetation where they feed on algae.
		Pleurobranchaea californica live in the cold, dark depths of the ocean floor, "and each one resembles a wet brown paper bag with the appetite and table manners of a hyena," said Rhanor Gillette, a professor in the department of molecular and integrative physiology at Illinois.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/09/040910080324.htm (1528 words)

	Aplysia californica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aplysia californica (also California sea hare or California sea slug) is a species of sea hare which belongs to the class Gastropoda in the phylum Mollusca.
		Aplysia californica has become a valuable laboratory animal, used in studies of the neurobiology of learning and memory.
		Despite its seemingly simple nervous system, however, Aplysia californica is capable of a variety of non-associative and associative learning tasks, including sensitization, habituation, classical, and operant conditioning.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Aplysia_californica.html (292 words)

	ADW: Aplysia californica: Information
		Aplysia californica are marine animals that inhabit coastal regions thick with vegetation.
		Aplysia californica are herbivorous and feed on a variety of algae and eelgrass.
		Aplysia californica are used extensively in studies of behavior, reproduction, and development in such fields as chemistry, biology, and psychology.
	animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu /accounts/aplysia/a._californica (778 words)

	What is Aplysia californica?
		Aplysia (genus Opisthobranchia) are hermaphrodites, meaning that both partners fertilize each others each with their sperm during mating.
		Despite its simplicity, it exhibits a variety of behaviors and the capability to learn both non-associatively (sensitisation, habituation) and associatively (classical, operant conditioning).
		It was Aplysia that enabled researchers to study the molecular events in the cell during learning.
	www.brembs.net /learning/aplysia/aplysia.html (202 words)

	Aplysia Resource Facility
		The NIH/University of Miami National Resource for Aplysia Facility at the Rosenstiel of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences provides high quality, laboratory cultured Aplysia for biomedical researchers throughout the world.
		In May 1995, the Resource became the "National Resource for Aplysia" under a grant (RR10294) from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH).
		The Aplysia Resource Facility's mariculture laboratory is housed in a two-story structure on Virginia Key, on Biscayne Bay, about 5 miles from downtown Miami.
	www.rsmas.miami.edu /groups/sea-hares (703 words)

	Differential classical conditioning of a defensive withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica -- Carew et al. 219 (4583): ...
		The defensive siphon and gill withdrawal reflex of Aplysia is a simple reflex mediated by a well-defined neural circuit.
		This reflex exhibits classical conditioning when a weak tactile stimulus to the siphon is used as a conditioned stimulus and a strong shock to the tail is used as an unconditioned stimulus.
		Effect of Interstimulus Interval on Pairing-Induced LTP of Aplysia Sensorimotor Synapses in Cell Culture.
	www.sciencemag.org /cgi/content/short/219/4583/397 (771 words)

	AXONAL TRANSPORT OF NEWLY SYNTHESIZED GLYCOPROTEINS IN A SINGLE IDENTIFIED NEURON OF APLYSIA CALIFORNICA -- Ambron et ...
		Mauelshagen, J., Parker, G. R., Carew, T. Dynamics of Induction and Expression of Long-Term Synaptic Facilitation in Aplysia.
		Aletta, J., Goldberg, D. Rapid and precise down regulation of fast axonal transport of transmitter in an identified neuron.
		Sherbany, A., Ambron, R., Schwartz, J. Membrane glycolipids: regional synthesis and axonal transport in a single identified neuron of Aplysia californica.
	www.jcb.org /cgi/content/abstract/61/3/665 (274 words)

	Neuromechanics of Coordination during Swallowing in Aplysia californica -- Ye et al. 26 (5): 1470 -- Journal of ...
		Neuromechanics of Coordination during Swallowing in Aplysia californica -- Ye et al.
		Neuromechanics of Coordination during Swallowing in Aplysia californica
		Neuromechanics of Multifunctionality during Rejection in Aplysia californica.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/abstract/26/5/1470 (568 words)

	Cold Water Images, Photography by Kawika Chetron - California sea hare, Aplysia californica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Cold Water Images, Photography by Kawika Chetron - California sea hare, Aplysia californica
		California sea hare (Aplysia californica) and purple gorgonians (Eugorgia rubens) with zoanthid anemones (Parazoanthus lucificum?
		Even when aided by a picture, sea hares can be difficult to describe to someone who has never seen one.
	www.coldwaterimages.com /california_sea_hare.html (69 words)

	www.metamorphnet.org - Aplysia Neuroendocrinology
		Aplysia californica as a model system to identify the physioilogical role of TH signaling in the molluscan nervous system, and then to expand this approach to two other divergent metazoan phyla, the cnidarians and the echinoderms.
		The proposed project is novel and highly integrative in that it combines physiology of cellular function with behavior and nervous system development, ultimately leading to novel insights into the evolution of nervous systems with emphasis on their neuro-endocrine components.
		Not only is Aplysia an excellent model organism for studying nervous system function on a cell biological level (Kandel, 1976, 1979, 2001) but it also offers an excellent system to study nervous system development (Ref).
	www.metamorphnet.org /pb/wp_e8f29fe8.html (488 words)

	Brain Awareness Week March - 1997 (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Aplysia eat a wide variety of seaweed which vary depending on the species and their location.
		Aplysia californica, the species we use in our laboratory, are fed sushi nori.
		When Aplysia californica are at home in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California, they have been observed to eat both red and green sea weed.
	www.sahs.uth.tmc.edu /brainsurf/quiz/2b.html (97 words)

	Neuro Montreal - Memories of Aplysia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Sossin experiments on creatures somewhat larger than bacteria, but which are tiny nonetheless: Aplysia californica, a slug-like marine mollusc, has become a favorite animal in behavior experiments.
		Scientists studying Aplysia have already learned a good deal about its neuronal behavior: for one thing, its neuronal system is plastic - it changes and adopts over time.
		Scientists postulated that Aplysia's behavior changes because the connection between the sensory and motor neurons - the synaptic point at which an electrical impulse stimulates a chemical discharge - becomes stronger.
	mni.mcgill.ca /nm/1997f/en/aplysia.htm (1154 words)

	Complete DNA sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the sea-slug, Aplysia californica: conservation of the gene order i
		We have sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genome of the sea slug, Aplysia californica, an important model organism in experimental biology and a representative of Anaspidea (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda).
		The mitochondrial genome of Aplysia is in the small end of the observed sizes of animal mitochondrial genomes (14,117 bp, NCBI Accession No. NC_005827).
		The Aplysia genome was compared to all other published molluscan mitochondrial genomes and phylogenetic analyses were carried out using a concatenated protein alignment.
	www.galenicom.com /medline/article/16230032/jo:1055-7903 (345 words)

	Aplysia californica pop fixtures Aplysia californica (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Netster.com makes it fast and easy to find aplysia californica information.
		Shop and compare great deals on aplysia californica and millions of other related products at MonsterMarketplace.
		The California sea slug (Aplysia californica), also called the California sea hare, is a species of sea hare which belongs to the class Gastropoda in the phylum Mollusca.
	www.find-ask.com /Encyclopedia/Aplysia_californica/Aplysia_californica.html (482 words)

	Packaging of chemicals in the defensive secretory glands of the sea hare Aplysia californica -- Johnson et al. 209 (1): ...
		The tissues were tested from adult Aplysia californica, with the addition of albumen gland complex from juvenile animals.
		This SDS-PAGE of Aplysia californica ink and vesicles shows that the 60 kDa protein escapin is present in ink and the amber vesicles of the ink gland but not in the red-purple vesicles.
		Tissue is 100 µm thick vibrating microtome sections of ink gland of Aplysia californica.
	jeb.biologists.org /cgi/content/figsonly/209/1/78 (626 words)

	Aquarium Invertebrates
		In addition to gaining nutrition from its macroalgal food, these slugs also ingest a wide variety of defensive compounds in their seaweed prey, which they concentrate into a purplish dye that can be ejected when the slug is threatened by predators.
		Aplysia are simultaneous hermaphrodites that mate repeatedly in the field acting as both males and females (Angeloni et al.
		Fortunately Aplysia tend to metamorphose in response to a wide range of macroalgae (particularly reds, see Pawlik 1988) and compared to their nudibranch cousins, they are relatively easy to breed and grow in captivity.
	www.advancedaquarist.com /issues/oct2004/invert.htm (4945 words)

	Welcome to the Kirk Lab
		Montgomery, M., Messner, M. and Kirk, M. (2002) Arterial cells and CNS sheath cells from Aplysia californica produce factors that enhance neurite outgrowth in co-cultured neurons.
		Church, P.J., Cohen, K.P., Scott, M.L., and Kirk, M.D. (1991) Peptidergic motoneurons in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia californica: Immunocytochemical, morphological, and physiological characterizations.
		Plummer, M.R. and Kirk, M.D. (1990) Premotor neurons B51 and B52 in the buccal ganglia of Aplysia californica: Synaptic connections, effects on ongoing rhythms, and peptide modulation.
	www.biosci.missouri.edu /kirk/publications/publications.html (1068 words)

	life-killer.de
		The marine mollusk, the sea slug Aplysia californica turned out to be an useful model system whose cellular mechanisms are surveyed by several forms of learning based on its section of the nervous system and the important control system.
		The aim of (sim) Aplysia is to rebuild the synaptic function of the sea slug and to create an electro-mechanical sculpture with intentical and similar structure of a real lifeform.
		This electro-mechanical mollusk sculpture is identical to the Aplysia withdrawal reflex and has her functionality.
	www.hgb-leipzig.de /~hilko/life-killer/starter/projekte.php?c=aplysia&l=e (487 words)

	BC Online: 9E - Memory and Learning in Aplysis
		Aplysia are capable of demonstrating both sensitization and habituation.
		Detailed studies of implicit memory in Aplysia and Drosophila and preliminary studies of explicit memory in mice suggest that the requirement for protein synthesis that characterizes long-term memory is reflected on the cellular level by changes in the strength of synaptic connections.
		Recent studies in Aplysia have revealed a surprising finding: long-lasting forms of synaptic plasticity related to simple implicit storage require not only the activation of positive regulatory mechanisms that favor memory storage but also the removal of inhibitory constraints that oppose memory storage.
	employees.csbsju.edu /hjakubowski/classes/ch331/signaltrans/aplysia.htm (4396 words)

	Behavioral Characterization of Attractin, a Water-Borne Peptide Pheromone in the Genus Aplysia -- Painter et al. 205 ...
		(A) Schematic diagram of the precursor to the attractin pheromone from the albumen gland of Aplysia californica.
		The number of Aplysia brasiliana individuals attracted to a non-laying conspecific (Nonlayer) was increased by placing 1 pmol of either native attractin (Nonlayer Native Att) or recombinant attractin (Nonlayer Recomb Att) in the adjacent seawater.
		Relative contributions of the egg layer and egg cordon to pheromonal attraction and the induction of mating and egg-laying behavior in Aplysia.
	www.biolbull.org /cgi/content/full/205/1/16 (4916 words)

	Dr. Klaudiusz Weiss (Site not responding. Last check: )
		We use a multidisciplinary approach that combines behavioral, morphological, electrophysiological, cell biological and molecular-biological techniques to explain the neural basis of those forms of behavioral plasticity that are due to changes in the motivational state of animals.
		Our laboratory has been using the feeding behavior of Aplysia to determine the cellular mechanisms that are responsible for those forms of behavioral plasticity that result from changes in the level of hunger and arousal of the animal.
		Peptide cotransmitter release from motorneuron B16 in aplysia californica: costorage, corelease, and functional implications.
	fulcrum.physbio.mssm.edu /~seaslug/weiss.html (933 words)

	Habituation (Site not responding. Last check: )
		For example, a sudden noise usually frightens us; but the second time the noise is heard, the startle reflex will be reduced; and the third time, the startle is not likely to be evoked despite having the same stimulus present.
		Possible presynaptic mechanism underlying STH in Aplysia is believed to be due to (1) decrease in probability of release; (2) the depletion of vesicles available for release; and (3) silencing of active release sites in the sensory neuron.
		Ezzeddine, Y., and Glanzman D. Prolonged habituation of the Gill-Withdrawal reflex in Aplysia depends on protein synthesis, protein phosphatise activity, and post-synaptic glutamate receptors.
	www.zoo.utoronto.ca /zoo344s/2006Group6/habituation.html (754 words)

	Presynaptic target of Ca2+ action on neuropeptide and acetylcholine release in Aplysia californica -- Ohnuma et al. 535 ...
		Depolarizations of 5 ms evoke single APs in Aplysia neurons, where typical AP duration is ~5-10 ms and refractory period is ~20 ms (unpublished observations).
		Within the first 50 nm of the plasma membrane bounding an active zone, the region in which vesicles are considered 'docked', clear vesicles account for 12 %, dense core vesicles for 30 %, and compound vesicles for 58 % of the total number of vesicles.
		The ability of Aplysia buccal ganglion cell B2 to form cholinergic or peptidergic synapses with different target neurons allowed us to compare the Ca dependence of transmitter release at fast and slow synapses formed by the same presynaptic neuron.
	jp.physoc.org /cgi/content/full/535/3/647 (10118 words)

	Inflammation Causes a Long-Term Hyperexcitability in the Nociceptive Sensory Neurons of Aplysia -- Farr et al. 6 (3): ...
		Inflammation Causes a Long-Term Hyperexcitability in the Nociceptive Sensory Neurons of Aplysia
		Induction of a cellular defense reaction is accompanied by an increase in sensory neuron excitability in Aplysia.
		Involvement of protein kinase C in serotonin-induced spike broadening and synaptic facilitation in sensorimotor connections of Aplysia.
	www.learnmem.org /cgi/content/full/6/3/331 (3981 words)

	CRISP - Computer Retrieval of Information on Scientific Projects, Abstract Display
		The PI is highly trained in electrophysiological techniques for investigating learning-related neuronal plasticity, as well as in behavioral techniques for investigating simple forms of invertebrate learning and memory.
		Recent data from the laboratory of the PI indicates that the endogenous monoamine, serotonin (5-HT), modulates the intracellular trafficking of AMPA-type glutamate receptors in motor neurons of the marine snail Aplysia californica.
		To elucidate the potential cellular mechanisms of 5-HT-induced modulation of AMPA-type receptor trafficking in Aplysia, the PI wishes to acquire research skills in cellular and molecular biology.
	crisp.cit.nih.gov /crisp/CRISP_LIB.getdoc?textkey=7000303&p_grant_num=5K02MH067062-04&p_query=&ticket=25409226&p_audit_session_id=165850619&p_keywords= (268 words)

	A cytochemical study of the bag cell organs of Aplysia californica -- Smock and Arch 25 (12): 1345 -- Journal of ...
		A cytochemical study of the bag cell organs of Aplysia californica -- Smock and Arch 25 (12): 1345 -- Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry
		Articles by Smock, T. Articles by Arch, S. A cytochemical study of the bag cell organs of Aplysia californica
		Egg-laying hormone in Aplysia californica is synthesized and secreted by
	www.jhc.org /cgi/content/abstract/25/12/1345 (122 words)

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