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Topic: Apollo Computers

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	Apollo Computers - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apollo Computer, Inc., founded 1980 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts by William Poduska (a founder of Prime Computer), developed and produced Apollo/Domain workstations in the 1980s.
		Apollo's networking was particularly elegant, among the first to allow demand paging over the network, and allowing a degree of network transparency and low sysadmin-to-machine ratio that is still unmatched.
		Apollo was acquired by Hewlett-Packard in 1989 for US $476 million, and gradually closed down over the period 1990-1997.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apollo_Computers (555 words)

	Apollo Guidance Computer - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Apollo Guidance Computer (AGC) was the first recognizably modern embedded system, used in real-time by astronaut pilots to collect and provide flight information, and to automatically control all of the navigational functions of the Apollo spacecraft.
		The computer's RAM was magnetic core memory (4K words) and ROM was implemented as core rope memory (32K words).
		These errors automatically aborted the computer's current task, but the frequency of radar data ensured that the abort signals were being sent at too great a rate for the CPU to cope [5].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer (4051 words)

	Footprints on the Moon - About the Apollo Computers
		The responsibility to build computers that were powerful enough to do the job but light enough to carry to the moon went to Stark Draper and his team at the MIT Instrumentation Lab.
		The computers that formed the basis of the Apollo Guidance and Navigation System (AGS) were at the bleeding edge of technology in the 1960s.
		As planned, the software rebooted and reinitialized the computer, and then restarted selected programs at a point in their execution flow near where they had been when the restart Apollo 11, each time a 1201 or 1202 alarm appeared, the computer rebooted, restarted the important stuff, like steering the descent engine and occurred.
	www.abc.net.au /science/moon/computer.htm (1415 words)

	Clavius: Technology - computers
		Computer companies of the 1950s and 1960s had to produce general purpose computers at a cost that would attract business and scientific customers.
		The Apollo guidance computer had the computer power equivalent only to today's kitchen appliances, far less than what would be required to go to the moon.
		In the real guidance computer the guidance program does none of that; the pilot flips a switch and the corresponding computer "bit" is set or cleared in the computer's memory by the switch electronics.
	www.clavius.org /techcomp.html (1780 words)

	NASA and ICs (Henry Spencer; Paul Dietz)
		The computer in the Polaris missile came a bit earlier (and the Apollo computer evolved from the Polaris computer to some extent, both being done by the same MIT group).
		Using digital computers for Apollo was a fairly bold step, and there was some debate about whether it was really a smart move.
		When the Apollo CSM design was rethought for Block II, a fair bit of Block I analog circuitry was scrapped in favor of adding more software in the computer.
	yarchive.net /space/politics/nasa_and_ICs.html (1670 words)

	Computers http
		At the top of the line of computers — all of which emerged significantly faster and more dependable than vacuum tube machines — sat the 7030, also known as the "Stretch." Nine of the computers, which featured a 64-bit word and other innovations, were sold to national laboratories and other scientific users.
		The first large-scale array computer, the ILLIAC IV achieved a computation speed of 200 million instructions per second, about 300 million operations per second, and 1 billion bits per second of I/O transfer via a unique combination of parallel architecture and the overlapping or "pipe-lining" structure of its 64 processing elements.
		Reduced instruction set computers grew out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computer´s instruction set does 80 percent of the work, including most base operations such as add, load from memory, and store in memory.
	www.tomax7.com /aplus/computers_timeline2.htm (3504 words)

	John R. "Jack" Garman, NASA MSC/JSC: Oral History Transcript
		The computer would display its numbers on a CRT, okay, and here’s some columns of numbers—just picture it, columns of numbers—and then a slide would come in over that and another camera would take a picture of the two together, and what we saw on the computer screens was the composite.
		Either the computer would put up a verb and a noun to tell you what it was displaying, or the astronaut would key in a verb and a noun to say what he or she—it was all "he" in Apollo—was trying to do.
		Apollo 14, we’re sitting there getting ready to—they turned on the lunar module for the first time, still attached to the command and service module, and the crew’s over there, starting to get ready to separate to go do the landing.
	klabs.org /history/bios/garman/garman_oral_history.htm (20194 words)

	David Mandel's Comments on Prime Computers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The computer industry is an extremely unstable business where a slight technical or marketing advantage can leverage a small company to stardom overnight.
		Still it is sad, because Prime Computer and it's sister company, Apollo Computer, had excellent operating systems which fit many users needs better than Unix or any OS from MicroSoft.
		Apollo Computer went on to become a major computer company.
	www.davidmandel.com /personal/prime.html (1406 words)

	NASM Space Artifacts: Apollo Display Keyboard (DSKY)
		Although computers did much of the "flying" automatically, astronaut interaction was essential to the success of all Apollo missions.
		The Apollo Guidance Computers, one installed on the Command and another on the Lunar Module, were designed by the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory (now known as the Charles Stark Draper Laboratory) based on its experience with supplying the guidance computer for the Polaris missile.
		Therefore it was necessary to design an interface to the computers that the astronauts could use effectively during all phases of the mission.
	www.nasm.si.edu /research/dsh/artifacts/GC-ApolloDSKY.htm (641 words)

	Apollo 11 and Other Screw-Ups
		The computer processed an algorithm to compute the exact time for ignition and the attitude the LM should be in at that time.
		This prompted Tillman to examine telemetry data from Apollo 11 and 12, where he noticed throttle oscillations during the final landing phases that were on the order of 25% peak to peak.
		Be that as it may, both Apollo 11 and Apollo 12 flew with 0.2 seconds of compensation for a 0.3 second throttle delay.
	www.doneyles.com /LM/Tales.html (8763 words)

	Virtual AGC Home Page
		The AGC was the principal onboard computer for NASA's Apollo missions, including all of the lunar landings.
		The result is a computer model of the AGC which is itself capable of executing the original Apollo software on (for example) a desktop PC.
		Prior to the descent of Apollo 14's LM to the lunar surface, a short in the LM control panel caused the abort switch to be triggered intermittently.
	www.ibiblio.org /apollo (5105 words)

	Ch7-2
		Additionally, several Packard Bell computers connected to a common memory automatically checked out parts of the Saturn I. Use of a common memory as a computer interconnection device reappeared in several later systems and is critical to the success of the Shuttle's Launch Processing System.
		Computers in the mobile launchers could be used for checkout in the Assembly Building as well as at the pads, a foreshadowing of the later Launch Processing System.
		In regard to consolidating all functions in one computer, IBM thought that the difficulties of integrating the two RCA computers, the DDP-224 display computer, and the telemetry reduction computers were excessive.
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/computers/Ch7-2.html (3746 words)

	Apollo Guidance Computer and Other Computer History
		The Apollo guidance, control and navigation system was designed by Draper Laboratory (nee the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory) during the mid to late '60's, but was the legacy of a series of earlier studies of Mars photographic reconnaissance missions which had been sponsored by the Air Force Ballistic Missile Division.
		The AGC is the flight computer for the Apollo moon landings, with one unit in the command module and one in the LEM.
		The computer represents a signifant achievement in meeting the requirement for a data processor which is small, light, rugged, and low in power consumption, while possessing at the same time the qualities of speed, large modular storage capacity, and high reliability.
	www.klabs.org /richcontent/Misc_Content/AGC_And_History/AGC_History.htm (10721 words)

	Computer History Museum - Timeline (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Adam Osborne completed the first portable computer, the Osborne I, which weighed 24 pounds and cost $1,795.
		Apollo Computer unveiled the first work station, its DN100, offering more power than some minicomputers at a fraction of the price.
		Apollo Computer and Sun Microsystems, another early entrant in the work station market, optimized their machines to run the computer-intensive graphics programs common in engineering.
	www.computerhistory.org /timeline/timeline.php?timeline_year=1981 (221 words)

	Re: Where can I find information on the computers used by the Apollo missions?
		First, the primary navigation and guidance computer for the Apollo missions was called the AGC = Apollo Guidance Computer and, as the questioner states, was located physically in the Command Module (CM) and in the Lunar Excursion Module (LEM).
		There were many other computers elsewhere (as in the Saturn booster) intended for secondary backup navigation and guidance in the event of failure of the AGC's.
		A second computer word is created by threading the same 16 wires in a different pattern, depending on the desired content of the word, either through or around a second core.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/aug99/935551364.Cs.r.html (960 words)

	Apollo Computers. Service that is out of this world! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Apollo Computers also handles all aspects of website design, development and hosting.
		Apollo Computers designs, implements and supports all types of Local Area Networks, Wireless Networks, as well as Enterprise level Wide Area Networks.
		Computer Networking is one of many services we offer.
	www.apollocomp.com (210 words)

	Technical Scuba Diving Gear: Dive Computers, Apollo Underwater Scooters, Equipment for Nitrox Diving
		Divers who are looking to do deep diving or cave diving must frequently learn technical diving skills and rely on technical dive equipment.
		Due to this potentially fatal hazard, divers using nitrox must adhere to special dive tables listing the maximum safe amount of time that a diver can stay underwater at a certain depth.
		It is expensive, has a limited availability, and its thermal conductivity is six times greater than nitrogen, making the diver susceptible to hypothermia.
	www.hollywoodivers.com /tech_gear.html (699 words)

	Apollo Workstations
		The newer Apollo's (DN3500's, 4500's and 10000) run Domain/OS, the new release of Apollo's OS, which is more like normal UNIX.
		The one on the left works as a gateway between ethernet and Apollo Token Ring, apollo's proprietary network running at 12 MBps.
		Click here to view all comments for the Apollo Workstations and to leave your own.
	www.obsoletecomputermuseum.org /apollo (275 words)

	Apollo Computers - computer service and repair - Bowling Green, Kentucky - Home
		Since 1988, our well-trained technicians have been helping individuals and businesses repair their computers and business equipment to meet their home or office needs.
		The organization of your personal or company computer is crucial in maintaining peak performance of your system.
		Our CERTIFIED technicians install and maintain your business computer systems, and our friendly technical-support specialists assist you any time of the day with your questions and concerns.
	www.apollocomputers-ky.com (220 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The computer has IBM AT compatible expansion slots for adding useful things such as: IBM Token Ring, Ethernet, Serial ports, 2nd hard disk controller, etc) Max memory is 32 Meg.
		The computer is a little over 1 year old and is actually still a current model.
		The use of COBOL cripples the mind; President, Iowa Student Computer Assn
	www.umich.edu /~archive/apollo/csa-archive/0062/6287 (103 words)

	Apollo Computers - computer service and repair - Bowling Green, Kentucky - Our Services
		Apollo Computers - computer service and repair - Bowling Green, Kentucky - Our Services
		Whether you are looking for a custom made computer or a custom made laptop, we have the affordable services that you seek.
		Whether you're looking for a single CPU or units for your whole office, we have what you need in stock.
	www.apollocomputers-ky.com /363163.html (202 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Differences among implementations impact the program's ability to use graphical features that are based on 3D polygons, the user's ability to manipulate the graphical displays, and the user's ability to obtain alternate forms of output.
		The Apollo implementation of PLOT3D uses some of the capabilities of Apollo's 3-dimensional graphics hardware, but does not take advantage of the shading and hidden line/surface removal capabilities of the Apollo DN10000.
		The version 3.6b+ Apollo implementations of PLOT3D (ARC-12789) and PLOT3D/TURB3D (ARC-12785) were developed for use on Apollo computers running UNIX System V with BSD 4.3 extensions and the graphics library GMR3D Version 2.0.
	www.nttc.edu /cosmic/abstracts/arc-12789.html (757 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		That's because what you have is NOT an Apollo computer.
		The 700 series was the last attempt by HP to turn Domain-lovers onto HP-UX (their version of UNIX) by slapping the HP/Apollo logo onto a computer which could only run HP-UX.
		The 400 series are the last true Apollo workstations, and they perform about as well as a 486-PC running LINUX.
	www.umich.edu /~archive/apollo/csa-archive/0229/22921 (349 words)

	APOLLO (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		All computers have these things running around in them, so if you own a computer you shouldn't go complaining to me about it!
		I started playing with electronics from a very early age and very quickly got involved with computers at the ground floor (typing 6502 machine hex codes into a machine language monitor to write programs).
		It pretty much took off from their, eventually leading into a shareware C compiler called DICE that I wrote for the Amiga and from there into UNIX (BSD in college, then Linux, then FreeBSD).
	apollo.backplane.com (449 words)

	Part1
		The Gemini Digital Computer: First Machine in Orbit.
		- Computers On Board The Apollo Spacecraft -
		Evolution of the hardware: Old technology versus new block I and Block I designs
	www.hq.nasa.gov /office/pao/History/computers/Part1.html (49 words)

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