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	Apomixis
		Apomixis is an asexual type of reproduction in which the plant embryos grow from egg cells without being fertilized by pollen—the male part of the plant.
		Its Tripsacum chromosome segment—carrying the apomixis genes—was transferred to an intact chromosome of corn.
		Under the terms of the agreement, in return for helping the ARS scientists clone the gene or genes responsible for apomixis in corn, the companies would be able to license those genes from USDA for use in hybrid corn lines.
	www.sprrs.usda.gov /apomixis.htm (1212 words)

	Breeding cassava for apomixis
		Thus, an advantage of introducing apomixis in the cultivated cassava is that it will assure preservation of superior clones in place of their extinction since new emerging stems through apomixis will be free from viral and bacteria germs.
		If apomixis was found or had been introduced into the excellent Brazilian clones like guaxupe and vassourinha, they would not have become extinct, and could have been preserved for a long time.
		Apomixis also benefits international centers that routinely export their germplasm, because the destination country needs only to raise one plant and further propagate it vegetatively, maintaining its superiority.
	www.funpecrp.com.br /gmr/year2005/vol4-4/gmr0137_full_text.htm (2298 words)

	GRAIN \| Seedling \| 2001 \| Apomixis: the plant breeder's
		In nature, apomixis is widespread but infr-equent: it occurs in around 10% of the 400 families of flowering plants, but only in 1% of the 40,000 species that make up those families.
		Apomixis and plant genomics would also combine to quickly deliver uniform crops better tailored to end-product uses, be it as food, fibre, pharmaceuticals, plastic or any raw material.
		Apomixis is likely to remain one of the most cherished dreams of plant breeders for many years to come.
	www.grain.org /seedling/?id=20 (3835 words)

	Apomixis: A Useful Contribution to Plant Breeding?
		None of the major global cash crops undergoes apomixis by nature, but it would be possible to induce apomixis by genetic engineering.
		Apomixis would make it much quicker for plant breeders to develop new varieties that for example are specially adapted to suit specific local environmental conditions.
		Therefore, a declaration was passed in 1998 at an international conference on apomixis research at the Rockefeller Foundation's Bellagio Conference and Study Center with the aim of promoting affordable access to this technology for all and pinpointing the potential negative side effects associated with commercial exploitation of apomixis.
	www.biotech-info.net /apomixis.html (521 words)

	Invasives Plant Pests Literature Collection: Hieracium aurantiacum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		In both cases the progeny inherited apomixis as a monogenic, dominant trait that could be transferred by both haploid and diploid male gametes.
		The developmental processes observed in the parental apomicts were not conserved in the examined plants and alterations occurred in the components of apomixis.
		Apospory, the mechanism of apomixis typically observed in this taxon, was observed in this plant.
	sain.nbii.gov /invasives/species34.shtml (2614 words)

	Looking for Crops That Clone Themselves
		Apomixis would greatly simplify development of hybrids, putting them within reach of developing countries, which most need the higher food output but which now generally cannot afford it.
		Indeed, apomixis is being championed by some in the developing world as the antidote to the controversial "terminator" technology, an experimental method of making plants infertile so that farmers have to buy new seeds every year.
		The cross-breeding approach is based on the assumption that apomixis is controlled by a single gene or a group of genes that are inherited together.
	www.biotech-info.net /looking_for_crops.html (1517 words)

	IPK - Apomixis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-13)
		From a theoretical standpoint, apomixis is considered an evolutionary-unstable form of reproduction since asexuality should lead to genetic uniformity and mutation accumulation.
		Apomixis (and parthenogenesis in animals) is nonetheless an extremely successful reproductive strategy in certain biogeographical contexts.
		In addition, apomixis is very frequently associated with polyploidy, hybridization and genomic instability, and thus we also study these phenomena and how they are correlated with apomictic phenotypes.
	www.ipk-gatersleben.de /en/02/04/05/index.html (1022 words)

	Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 37, p. 17-20.
		Apomixis and sexual reproduction are not mutually exclusive, and in facultative apomictics both mechanisms of reproduction occur in the same plant.
		Apomixis would encourage local hybrid breeding programmes, which, if the agronomic characteristics are selected in a participatory manner, could ensure hybrid seed supply appropriate to farmers’ needs.
		The potential value of apomixis for the development and production of hybrids has been recognized for many years and it can be expected that seed companies will try to develop it as part of their technology portfolios.
	www.biotech-monitor.nl /3706.htm (2897 words)

	Apomixis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although the evolutionary advantages of sexual reproduction are lost, apomixis does pass along traits fortuitous for individual evolutionary fitness.
		A unique example of male apomixis has recently been discovered in the Saharan Cypress, Cupressus dupreziana, where the seeds are derived entirely from the pollen with no genetic contribution from the female "parent" (Pichot, et al., 2000, 2001).
		In zoology parthenogenesis is the animal equivalent of apomixis.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apomixis (413 words)

	DOI 10.1007/s00497-001-0107-3
		The 2nd International Apomixis Conference (APO2001) was organized by Lucia Colombo (University of Milan, Italy), Thomas Dresselhaus (University of Hamburg, Germany), Yves Savidan (Agropolis, Montpellier, France) and Rod Scott (University of Bath, UK), and focussed on the molecular analysis of apomictic and sexual reproduction.
		The validity of current apomixis classification schemes, especially at the developmental and molecular levels, was questioned and was further discussed by Yves Savidan (Agropolis, Montpellier, France) who summarized reports of several intermediate types and/or the simultaneous occurrence of different types of apomixis in the same plant.
		Apomixis was genetically dissected in the progeny of crosses between sexual diploids and apomictic triploids.
	www.apomixis.de /APO2001Report.html (4888 words)

	Penn State Agriculture Magazine
		Gates is studying apomixis, a process by which many species can produce offspring without the fertilization of the egg.
		If geneticists can learn how apomixis works, they may be able to harness the process and produce by seed an unlimited number of whatever plant species or cultivar they choose–all exactly alike down to the last cell.
		Gates is studying apomixis in Kentucky bluegrass, one of the most commonly used species in Pennsylvania's $1.5 billion-a-year turf industry.
	aginfo.psu.edu /psa/fw97/male.html (980 words)

	USURF / Press Releases
		The technology involves apomixis and was developed by John Carman, professor of plant genetics in the plants, soils and biometeorology department in the College of Agriculture at Utah State.
		Apomixis allows seeds to form asexually, without the male gender, producing generational clones.
		Apomixis could save seed producers hundreds of millions each year and increase yields by up to 35 percent – enough added yield in rice alone to feed an additional billion people throughout the world.
	www.usurf.org /news/press/10-05-apomictic-plants (606 words)

	Understanding Apomixis: Recent Advances and Remaining Conundrums -- Bicknell and Koltunow 16 (Supplement 1): S228 -- ...
		The maturation and survival of adventitious embryos is dependent on the endosperm derived from double fertilization in the reduced embryo sac.
		Apomixis is an attractive trait for the enhancement of crop
		for the inheritance of autonomous diplosporous apomixis in Taraxacum
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/suppl_1/S228 (6572 words)

	ATP Project Brief - 00-00-6364
		Apomixis technology will enable sustainable and cost-effective increases in productivity of major and minor food, feed, fiber and biomass crops, which will allow for the continued development of a sustainable bioenergy industry and enhance traditional agricultural production capabilities.
		Technical challenges associated with Gemini's innovations include manipulating this genetic complexity to induce apomixis in major crops and stabilizing (protecting) the genes, which cause apomixis, from genetic segregation.
		Apomixis is an enabling technology, proven by nature to increase productivity and efficiency, which will contribute to building a strong and enduring national economy.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/factsheet/atp2004/00-00-6364_factsheet.htm (521 words)

	USURF / Press Releases
		Carman has spent the past 25 years studying a phenomenon known as "apomixis" - the naturally occurring ability of some plant species to asexually reproduce by seeds - in essence, allowing a plant to "produce a genetic clone of itself," he says.
		The USU plant geneticist believes he has discovered how to induce low levels of apomixis in various food crops, thereby increasing their yields.
		Apomixis is an "uncommon trait, even though it occurs in common plants" such as dandelions and Kentucky blue grass, Carman says.
	www.usurf.org /news/press/apomixis/apomixis-sltrib (580 words)

	n2722
		Apomixis is a natural "cloning'' technology that will substantially reduce costs, increase yields of food, feed, and fiber crops (10% to 35%), and greatly reduce the time required (50% to 80%) to bring new agbiotech advances to market.
		Apomixis is a platform and enabling technology -- a biological "operating system'' -- that when developed will have major agribusiness and humanitarian applications worldwide.
		Apomixis may become the single most cost-effective plant mechanism for transferring biotech and productivity innovations to the developing world.
	www.seedquest.com /News/releases/usa/misc/n2722.htm (356 words)

	Background: What is Apomixis?
		Because of its economic potential, apomixis research is now receiveing increasing attention from both scientific and industrial sectors (Vielle-Calzada et al., 1996a).
		During sexual megagametophytic development (with the embryo sac as the megagametophyte and the egg cell as megagamete), a sub-epidermal cell of the nucellus tissue differentiates into a megaspore-mother cell which undergoes meiosis I and II to form four megaspores.
		Using novel breeding strategies, combined with novel genetic, molecular and cytological methods it is now possible to attempt to understand the genetic regulation of sexual and asexual ways of reproduction for utilizing apomixis in agriculture and crop improvement of the 21st century.
	www.apomixis.de /back.htm (1004 words)

	NESPAL - Biotechnology and Plant Breeding: Research Projects
		Apomixis is a reproductive process resulting in the propagation of seed-derived progeny that are genetically identical to the seed-bearing parent.
		We are attempting to clone genes responsible for the trait of apomixis from two naturally occurring apomicts in the grass family, Pennisetum squamulatum and Cenchrus ciliaris.
		Molecular genetic studies have been conducted on these hybrids allowing us to conclude that apomixis is inherited as a dominant trait with Mendelian segregation, but since recombination in this region of the genome is repressed, multiple genes may be necessary to confer the trait.
	nespal.cpes.peachnet.edu /biotech/apomixis.asp (342 words)

	Tight clustering and hemizygosity of apomixis-linked molecular markers in Pennisetum squamulatum implies genetic ...
		Apomixis is a naturally occurring mode of reproduction that results in embryo formation without the involvement of meiosis
		When apomixis is dominant, the inheritance of the trait can only be studied by using the apomict as the male parent.
		(41) concluded that gametes homozygous for the apomixis allele
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/95/9/5127 (4397 words)

	How to Avoid Sex: The Genetic Control of Gametophytic Apomixis -- Grossniklaus et al. 13 (7): 1491 -- THE PLANT CELL
		Non-mendelian transmission of apomixis in maize-Tripsacum hybrids caused by a transmission ratio distortion.
		Petrov, D.F., Belousova, N.I., and Fokina, E.S. Inheritance of apomixis and its elements in corn-Tripsacum hybrids.
		Pupilli, F., Labombarda, P., Caceres, M.E., Quarin, Q.L., and Arcioni, S. The chromosome segment related to apomixis in Paspalum simplex is homoeologous to the telomeric region of the long arm of rice chromosome 12.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/13/7/1491 (2913 words)

	THE USE OF APOMIXIS IN CLONING HORTICULTURAL PLANTS: CURRENT APPLICATIONS AND MOLECULAR PROSPECTS
		Apomixis is genetically controlled and it is likely that many of the genes controlling sexual development are also responsible for the induction of apomixis.
		Apomixis occurs in apple, citrus, mango, mangosteen, Beta species, in turf and forage grasses and berries but is largely absent in other commercial crops.
		Hieracium, a model system for apomixis in dicotyledonous plants is being studied at the genetic and molecular levels to understand the molecular factors that enable high rates of viable apomictic seed set in functional apomictic plants.
	www.actahort.org /books/560/560_64.htm (316 words)

	[pbs] Crinum self-fertility
		Although I've never studied this area closely, apomixis is common among many berry-bearing trees and shrubs, such as mountain ashes (Sorbus) and Cotoneaster, as well as grasses.
		In apomixis, the ovums set of chromosomes does not split and holds an identical set to the parent.
		The > >concepts are clear enough, I think: apomixis is seed production without > >fertilization -presumably involving unreduced gametes which preserve > >the diploid ploidy level for basically diploid species; > >self-compatibility on the other hand is the ability of a clone to > >produce pollen which fertilizes the ovules of the same clone.
	lists.ibiblio.org /pipermail/pbs/2004-June/018218.html (749 words)

	Dr. Charlie Spillane Lab, Research, Asexual reproduction (apomixis)
		In plants, apomixis is the term used to describe the process of asexual reproduction via plant seeds.
		Apomictic plants form seeds without fertilization of the egg cell by the male gamete, generating progeny which are genetic clones of the maternal parent.
		The benefits of apomixis are highlighted in the Bellagio Apomixis Declaration.
	www.ucc.ie /spillane/respages/asexual.html (212 words)

	Biotechnology and Development Monitor, No. 19, p. 14-16.
		Apomixis is the phenomenon by which certain plants produce 'seed without sex'.
		When apomixis is developed to meet stringent criteria the impact on agriculture could be sweeping and profound.
		For instance, some members of the hybrid seed industry will view apomixis as a threat to their ability to be compensated for their research investments, which currently relies on the necessity for annual purchase of hybrid seed.
	www.biotech-monitor.nl /1906.htm (2599 words)

	Apomixis and the Coming Genetic Revolution
		But there are critics who point to two drawbacks of these genetically modified species: they are likely to be expensive for farmer in the developing world and there is the risk, however small it may be, that the modified species might accidentally transfer genes to wild species.
		In apomixis, the chromosomes in the female cell never get cut in half -- the seed is an exactly clone of the plant.
		Since there is no fertilization involved, there is almost no risk of accidental transfer of genes, and since the seeds are an exact copy of the parent plant, there is no need for farmers in the developed world to buy expensive new seed every year.
	www.overpopulation.com /articles/2000/000047.html (316 words)

	Abstracts on Hybrid Swarms
		Apomixis and hybridization together contribute to taxonomic complexity in Amelanchier.
		Apomixis is aposporous, facultative, and pseudogamous in the genus, and apomicts are generally polyploid, pollen fertile, and pollinated by generalists.
		The roles of apomixis and hybridization in diversification within Amelanchier are examined in light of new data about breeding system of an apomictic, hybrid microspecies, informally named A. ''erecta'' and its formation of a hybrid swarm with another Amelanchier apomict, A. laevis.
	www.largocanyon.org /science/species/hybridsw.htm (3035 words)

	Research - Apomixis
		We are interested in both sexual reproduction and apomixis, a form of asexual reproduction through seeds.
		We are particularly interested in the engineering of apomixis, a form of asexual reproduction through seeds.
		The introduction of apomixis into crops will have revolutionary implications for plant breeding and agriculture, whose social and economic benefits promise to exceed those of the green revolution if fair access to the technology can be guaranteed.
	www.unizh.ch /botinst/Devo_Website/research/research_4.html (245 words)

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