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Topic: Apoplast

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	Modification of Leaf Apoplastic pH in Relation to Stomatal Sensitivity to Root-Sourced Abscisic Acid Signals1 - ...
		The confocal microscope was used to determine the pH of the leaf apoplast and the pH of microvolumes of xylem sap.
		To assess leaf apoplastic pH in relation to nitrate and ammonium, detached C. communis leaves were fed with either 20 mM nitrate (E) or 20 ITIM ammonium (F), with the pH indicator SNARF fed together with the nitrate or ammonium solution.
		Hartung W, Radin JW (1989) Abscisic acid in the mesophyll apoplast and in the root xylem sap of water-stressed plants: the significance of pH gradients.
	www.redorbit.com /news/science/816545/modification_of_leaf_apoplastic_ph_in_relation_to_stomatal_sensitivity/index.html?source=r_science (7596 words)

	Apoplast - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is interrupted by the Casparian strip in roots, air spaces between plant cells and the cuticula of the plant.
		In the roots, ions diffuse into the apoplast of the epidermis before being taken up into the symplast by specific ion channels and being pulled by the plant's transpiration stream, which also occurs completely within the boundaries of the apoplast.
		Apoplast was previously defined as "everything but the symplast, consisting of cell walls and spaces between cells in which water and solutes can move freely".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apoplast (333 words)

	Antioxidant Systems and O2.-/H2O2 Production in the Apoplast of Pea Leaves. Its Relation with Salt-Induced Necrotic ...
		(DHA) reductase (DHAR), GR, and catalase in the apoplast from
		The percentage of activity in the apoplast (with respect to the total present in the whole leaf) is given between parentheses.
		preferentially translocates DHA from the apoplast to the cytosol
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/127/3/817 (7140 words)

	The apoplastic pH of the substomatal cavity of Vicia faba leaves and its regulation responding to different stress ...
		on the apoplastic pH of the substomatal cavity.
		interconnected with the apoplast of the mesophyll and substomatal
		Abscisic acid in the mesophyll apoplast and in the root xylem sap of water-stressed plants: the significance of pH gradients.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/366/73 (5271 words)

	Vitamin C Protects Stressed-Out Plants
		He has evidence that ozone tolerance in snap beans is associated with elevated vitamin C in the leaf apoplast.
		Questions remain about the protective importance of vitamin C stored in the apoplast before ozone exposure versus vitamin C that is pumped into the apoplast in response to ozone stress.
		But Burkey's most recent tests on snap beans suggest that the presence of vitamin C in the apoplast before ozone enters the leaf is critical.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/AR/archive/jan03/plant0103.htm (548 words)

	Water and Mineral Transport (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		in the nonliving parts of the root — called the apoplast — that is, in the spaces between the cells and in the cells walls themselves.
		However, the inner boundary of the cortex, the endodermis, is impervious to water because of a band of suberized matrix called the casparian strip.
		Therefore, to enter the stele, apoplastic water must enter the symplasm of the endodermal cells.
	home.comcast.net /~john.kimball1/BiologyPages/X/Xylem.html (1631 words)

	The role of the leaf apoplast in iron nutrition of plants. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The role of the leaf apoplast in iron nutrition of plants.
		These papers include two plenary lectures which address the role of plant nutrition in the sustainability of agro-ecosystems and the production of enough high quality food to feed the growing world population.
		Current knowledge and research emphasis in these areas of the subject is well illustrated by more than 500 oral and poster presentations and the reader is provided with a comprehensive view of the state of plant nutrition research worldwide.
	www.uni-hohenheim.de /i3v/00068900/23988041.htm (222 words)

	Vitamin C Protects Stressed-Out Plants / January 21, 2003 / News from the USDA Agricultural Research Service
		At the ARS Air Quality-Plant Growth and Development Research Unit in Raleigh, N.C., plant physiologist Kent Burkey is studying how plants transport vitamin C out of their leaf cells and into a complex of adjoining cell walls.
		Burkey has found that plants that are able to move greater quantities of vitamin C into the leaf apoplast have a better chance of detoxifying ozone.
		But while some plants make lots of vitamin C in their cells, they are not capable of pumping it into the apoplast where it can provide protection against ozone injury.
	www.ars.usda.gov /is/pr/2003/030121.htm (364 words)

	Effect of Manganese Toxicity on the Proteome of the Leaf Apoplast in Cowpea -- Fecht-Christoffers et al. 133 (4): 1935 ...
		The leaf apoplast is a compartment of storage and physiological
		and the oxidation of phenols in the leaf apoplast.
		Fecht-Christoffers MM, Maier P, Horst WJ (2003) Apoplastic peroxidase and ascorbate are involved in manganese toxicity and tolerance of Vigna unguiculata.
	www.plantphysiol.org /cgi/content/full/133/4/1935 (6129 words)

	Plant Physiology Online: Sugars in the Phloem
		For example, sucrose can be hydrolyzed into glucose and fructose in the apoplast by invertase, and glucose and/or fructose would then enter the sink cells.
		Stolons are underground lateral shoots that grow from the main stem of the potato plant, characterized by elongated internodes and hooked apical tips, that form tubers at their apices in response to environmental signals.
		In the developing tuber, apoplastic loading and invertase activity was observed in a small apical region, which was the apical area of the stolon progressively engulfed by the swelling subapical regions during tuberization.
	4e.plantphys.net /article.php?ch=t&id=143 (446 words)

	EFFECT OF PLUM POX VIRUS INFECTION ON THE ANTIOXIDANT CAPACITY OF LEAF APOPLAST FROM APRICOT PLANTS
		In the apoplastic space from apricot plants, the presence of both p-hydroxy mercury benzoic acid (pHMB)-sensitive and pHMB-insensitive APX, SOD, peroxidase, NADH-POX and PPO was observed.
		These results suggest that, in the apoplastic space, the resistant plants had a higher capability to eliminate AOS than the susceptible cultivar.
		In both cases, PPO was induced in infected plants, although the increase was much higher in the susceptible plants than in the resistant ones.
	www.actahort.org /books/717/717_23.htm (199 words)

	Literature - Apoplast
		Dietz, K.-J. Functions and responses of the leaf apoplast under stress.
		Pfanz, H., Dietz, K.-J., Weinerth, I., Oppmann, B. (1990) Detoxification of sulfur dioxide by apoplastic peroxidases In: Sulfur nutrition and sulfur assimilation in higher plants.
		Mimura, T., Dietz, K.-J., Shimmen, T. (1992) Regulation of apoplastic ion concentration in barley leaves, In: Plant Cell Walls as Biopolymers with Physiological Functions.
	www.uni-bielefeld.de /(de)/biologie/Bio4/LitE.html (411 words)

	BiologyMad A-Level Biology
		The Apoplast pathway consists of the cell walls between cells (90%).
		However the apoplast pathway stops at the endodermis because of the waterproof casparian strip, which seals the cell walls.
		As in the roots, it uses the symplast pathway through the living cytoplasm and the apoplast pathway through the non-living cell walls.
	www.biologymad.com /PlantTransport/PlantTransport.htm (2342 words)

	The fungal sheath of ectomycorrhizal pine roots: an apoplastic barrier for the entry of calcium, magnesium, and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Abbreviations: E/S, outer tangential cell wall of the epidermis of non-mycorrhizal roots or apoplast within the fungal sheath; C/In, cortical apoplast of non-mycorrhizal roots or interfacial apoplast of mycorrhizal roots; En, outer tangential cell wall of the endodermis; St, stelar apoplast.
		Abbreviations: C, cortical apoplast; E, outer tangential cell wall of the epidermis; En, outer tangential cell wall of the endodermis; In, interfacial apoplast of mycorrhizal roots; S, apoplast within the fungal sheath; St, stelar apoplast.
		Abbreviations with arrows indicate the different apoplastic regions, where the measurements were taken: outer epidermal tangential cell wall (E) or cortical apoplast (C) of non-mycorrhizal roots, outer tangential cell wall of the endodermis (En), stelar apoplast (St), interfacial apoplast (In) or apoplast within the sheath of mycorrhizal roots (S), scale bar: 50 µm.
	jxb.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/53/374/1659 (5413 words)

	pH Regulation in Anoxic Plants -- FELLE 96 (4): 519 -- Annals of Botany
		in the volumes and capacities of the apoplast and of the vacuole.
		Felle HH, Hanstein S, Steinmeyer R, Hedrich, R. Dynamics of ionic activities in the apoplast of the sub-stomatal cavity of intact Vicia faba leaves during stomatal closure evoked by ABA and darkness.
		The influence of atmospheric pH on the apoplastic pH of green leaves: a noninvasive approach with pH-sensitive microelectrodes.
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/96/4/519 (8186 words)

	Transport in Plants
		However, since the water is flowing through the apoplast, there is no way to prevent the passive transport of these toxins, until the water hits the endodermis.
		Cells of the endodermis possess cell walls that are ringed by the Casparian Strip, a waxy layer (composed of suberin).
		Once water passes under the Casparian Strip in the endodermal cells, it is free to enter the apoplast again on its way to the xylem.
	www.uic.edu /classes/bios/bios100/lectf03am/lect20.htm (1769 words)

	High and Low Temperature Stresses (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Ice formation begins in the apoplast, which leads to water loss from the cell – Chemical potential of ice is more negative than water, so water moves toward the apoplast.
		Water moves to the apoplast dehydrating the cytoplasm – this contributes to an increase in the size of the ice crystal in the apoplast.
		The cell wall limits ice crystal penetration from the apoplast to the symplast that prevents the beginning of nucleation.
	www.hort.purdue.edu /hort/courses/HORT301/MikesLectures/HiLowTemStress.html (1168 words)

	JARQ -April 2005 - (Vol. 39 No. 2 ) / Publications / JIRCAS Japan International Research Center for Agricultural ...
		Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) endogenous levels were determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, diffusible levels were determined by fluorometric detection and polar transport activity was determined by radioactive IAA in tomato plants.
		IAA concentration in the apoplast (AP) solution was higher than those in the symplast (SP) solution in both upper and lower parts of stems.
		The polar transport of IAA from a shoot apex to a root serves as a correlative signal involved in physiological phenomena.
	ss.jircas.affrc.go.jp /english/publication/jarq/39-2/39-2-01.html (2478 words)

	Structure of Roots
		The endodermis is cylinder of cells with suberised walls surrounding the stele and is thought to be a barrier to solute transport in the apoplast (cell wall space) (Clarkson and Robards 1975).
		The endodermis likely has an important role in regulating exchange processes in mycorrhizal associations as these fungi do not cross into the stele, so are confined to root spaces where the availability of resources is regulated by the endodermis.
		The exodermis is thought to reduce root permeability (to apoplastic flow) and increase resistance to pathogenic organisms, water loss, etc.
	www.ffp.csiro.au /research/mycorrhiza/root.html (4137 words)

	Vitamin C protects stressed-out plants: Ozone tolerance in snap beans is associated with elevated vitamin C in the leaf ...
		Vitamin C protects stressed-out plants: Ozone tolerance in snap beans is associated with elevated vitamin C in the leaf apoplast
		This outer cellular space is called the apoplast--an interconnected liquid layer surrounding the cells.
		"We've found that plants that are able to move greater quantifies of vitamin C into the leaf apoplast have a better chance of detoxifying ozone," says Burkey.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3741/is_1_51/ai_97118551 (623 words)

	Apoplastic Synthesis of Nitric Oxide by Plant Tissues -- Bethke et al. 16 (2): 332 -- THE PLANT CELL
		Apoplastic Synthesis of Nitric Oxide by Plant Tissues -- Bethke et al.
		Apoplastic Synthesis of Nitric Oxide by Plant Tissues
		in the apoplast of Hordeum vulgare cv Himalaya (barley) aleurone layers.
	www.plantcell.org /cgi/content/full/16/2/332 (6088 words)

	Glucose Localization in Maize Ovaries When Kernel Number Decreases at Low Water Potential and Sucrose is Fed to the ...
		• Conclusions The apoplast hydrolysis of sucrose unloaded
		Because sections are alive, activity is in the apoplast outside of the plasma membrane of the cells.
		Because of the invertase activity in the pedicel apoplast, a
	aob.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/94/1/75 (6499 words)

	Biology Books - Higher Level
		These channels connect the cytoplasm of all the cortex cells into one continuous fluid called the symplast.
		The fluid outside the cells also forms one continuous fluid called the apoplast.
		Hence water can move in the root from cell to cell through the plasmodesmata (the symplastic path) or through spaces between the cells and this is the apoplastic path.
	www.biology-books.com /higher/higher.html (4210 words)

	Lecture 20
		Endodermis is barrier for apoplastic water and minerals
		hence the last step is to leave the symplast of the endodermis to enter the apoplast of the xylem
		minerals are transferred out of the symplast of the endodermis and living parenchyma of the stele by both diffusion and active transport creating a hypertonic solution in the apoplast which pulls the water into the apoplast by osmosis
	www.ucs.mun.ca /~iemerson/lectures1002/lecfram20.html (260 words)

	Molecular Technologies
		This principle can be exploited widely either to increase phloem transportability of hydrophobic substances and/or to reactivate inert, biochemical activity compounds to development of novel, second-generation hydrolytic enzymes with improved characteristics (e.g.
		secretability into the apoplast of plant tissues, improved higher thermal and chemical stability to expand on existing histochemical assay conditions, variants in substrate specificity and processability).
		A different approach consists in the development of transport mechanisms based on substrate-specific permeases, to trap the substrates in the cell.
	www.cambia.org /daisy/cambia/579 (660 words)

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