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Topic: Appeal to belief

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Logical fallacy

Appeal to consequences

Appeal to authority

Appeal to ridicule

Appeal to tradition

Ad hominem

Begging the question

Appeal to flattery

Wishful thinking

Conjunction fallacy

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	Argumentum ad populum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It's worth noting that the appeal to belief is similar in structure to certain other logical fallacies that involve a confusion between the justification of a belief and its widespread acceptance by a given group of people.
		In the appeal to belief, the group of people is the population at large.
		As with the appeal to tradition and the appeal to authority, there are a limited set of cases in which an appeal to belief may not be fallacious.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Appeal_to_the_majority (791 words)

	Appeal to belief -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The (A fallacy in logical argumentation) logical fallacy of appeal to belief also called the appeal to the majority, is an argument that asserts the truth or plausibility of a ((logic) a statement that affirms or denies something and is either true or false) proposition merely from the fact that it is widely believed.
		An appeal to the majority (also called argumentum ad populum) is the (A fallacy in logical argumentation) logical fallacy of believing that because something is popular, it is right.
		The appeal to the majority is a modification of the logical fallacy (additional info and facts about appeal to authority) appeal to authority, in that greater numbers are thought to give greater authority to a position or action.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/ap/appeal_to_belief.htm (593 words)

	Encyclopedia: Appeal to authority (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		An appeal to authority is a type of argument in logic also known as argument from authority, argumentum ad verecundiam (Latin: argument to respect) or ipse dixit (Latin: he himself said it, where an unsupported assertion depends on the asserter's credibility).
		Sometimes, an appeal to authority is a logical fallacy.
		The bandwagon fallacy, also known as appeal to the people, authority of the many, consensus gentium (from Latin consensus gentium), argument by consensus, appeal to the gallery, appeal to popularity or argumentum ad populum, is a fallacy where something is proven by stating that many or all people believe it...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Appeal-to-authority (1851 words)

	20th WCP: Respect, Coercion and Religious Belief
		Although John is free to believe that Mary's beliefs are wrongheaded, superficial, trivial, false, etc., John must recognize that Mary is capable of making use of the information available to her in order to construct some perceptive on the world, and thus should treat her accordingly.
		Note that reasonable belief is agent-relative: it is not uncommon that, in virtue of their differential access to information, training, respected authorities, etc., John will reasonably adhere to p and Mary to not p.
		In fact, if the issue is, Does the morally conscientious citizen exercise restraint with respect to religious belief?, then it seems clear to me that the answer is that she should exercise 'restraint' with respect to the vices contingently related to religious belief dogmatism, credulity, divisiveness, ideology but not with respect to religious belief itself.
	www.bu.edu /wcp/Papers/Soci/SociEber.htm (2882 words)

	Fallacy: Appeal to Consequences of a Belief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It is important to note that the consequences in question are the consequences that stem from the belief.
		A PRB is a reason to accept the belief because of some external factor (such as fear, a threat, or a benefit or harm that may stem from the belief) that is relevant to what a person values but is not relevant to the truth or falsity of the claim.
		This fallacy differs from the Appeal to Belief fallacy in that the Appeal to Belief involves taking a claim that most people believe that X is true to be evidence for X being true.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/features/fallacies/appeal-to-consequences.html (435 words)

	Belief
		Appeal to belief The ethics: Most Americans hold that the Vietnam War was morally indefensible.
		Belief is considered propositional in that it is an asser...
		Belief propagation Belief propagation is an iterative algorithm for computing marginals of functions on a graphical mode...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/belief.html (130 words)

	Appeal Fallacies
		Appeal to Common Belief: If others believe it to be true, it must be true.
		Appeal to Common Practice: If others do it, it must be ok to do it too.
		Appeal to Tradition: It has always been done this way, so this way is right.
	changingminds.org /techniques/argument/fallacies/a_appeal.htm (165 words)

	Internal Revenue Manual - 36.2.4 Closing Appeal Cases
		Appeal cases should be closed promptly after the necessary action is completed on the case.
		Adverse appeal cases in which no appeal was recommended should be closed after receipt of a letter from the Tax Division stating that the Solicitor General has determined an appeal will not be prosecuted.
		Appeal files, where there has been a favorable decision, may be closed after the appeal period has expired.
	www.irs.gov /irm/part36/ch02s04.html (892 words)

	Amos Storkey - Research - Belief Networks
		Belief networks, or Bayes Nets as they are sometimes known, have been used widely from medical diagnosis to image modelling, from genetics to speech recognition, from economics to space exploration.
		There is a significant philosophical gulf between this belief and the foundationalist beliefs of the empiricists which led to the development of frequentist statistics.
		In fact learning the conditional probability parameters of a belief network is another example of Bayesian inference, just inference at a higher level: we are inferring the value of the parameters using a whole set of data which are all understood to be potentially generated from a network with one set of parameters.
	www.anc.ed.ac.uk /~amos/belief.html (3548 words)

	Fallacy: Appeal to Popularity
		This fallacy is vaguely similar to such fallacies as Appeal to Belief and Appeal to Common Practice.
		In the case of an Appeal to Belief, the appeal is to the fact that most people believe a claim.
		This fallacy is closely related to the Appeal to Emotion fallacy, as discussed in the entry for that fallacy.
	www.nizkor.org /features/fallacies/appeal-to-popularity.html (578 words)

	Planning ahead: The Enduring Appeal of Prophecy Belief
		Although he never falls into the trap of claiming that prophecy belief actually brought about one or another specific policy, he insists that it established a climate of opinion that made the development of nuclear weapons, for example, or automatic support for Israel seem eminently sensible.
		Prophecy belief seemed eminently logical because it was neither arcane nor mysterious but rooted in an authoritative document and confirmed again and again by the daily newspaper.
		High among the intellectual attractions of prophecy belief was one that true partisans rarely owned up to, at least among outsiders: it was a lot of fun.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=183 (3971 words)

	Appeal to Consequences (Argumentum ad Consequentiam)
		An appeal to consequences is an attempt to motivate belief with an appeal either to the good consequences of believing or the bad consequences of disbelieving.
		Belief that the world is the way that it is best for us for it to be, absent other evidence, is therefore just as likely to be false as true.
		In the case of the first argument, the positive consequences of belief in Santa are cited as evidence that Santa exists.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /appealtoconsequences.html (216 words)

	Mission: Critical (Fallacious Appeals)
		The problem is that fallacious appeals are not always as obvious as these last three, and it necessary for the critical thinker to determine, in each case, whether an appeal is appropriate or not.
		Claudelle's appeal to the generosity of her audience in an argument about immigration, for example, would be appropriate as long as she was discussing that generosity as a value related to the subject.
		However, an appeal to the generosity of the judges at a gymnastic meet is merely a play on their emotions (probably an appeal to their pity); anyway, the value of generosity has nothing to do with the evaluations the judges would render.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/appeal.html (494 words)

	Lecture Notes, Lehrer's Theory of Knowledge, Chapter 7, Externalism and the Truth Connection (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The type of cases he appeals to are ones involving defects such as brain lesions which happen to cause a person to have reliably true beliefs.
		So his belief that his secretary is in the office does not track the truth through situations in which her twin is present.
		Lehrer's belief that his secretary is in her office does not track the truth because of the existence of this sister.
	hume.ucdavis.edu /phi102/tkch8.htm (6591 words)

	Fallacy: Appeal to Belief (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Appeal to Belief is a fallacy that has this general pattern:
		In such cases, for the claim "x is obscene" to be true is for most people in that community to believe that x is obscene.
		In such cases it is still prudent to question the justification of the individual beliefs.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/features/fallacies/appeal-to-belief.html (321 words)

	Belief Systems and Social Perception Structures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Belief - 'mental acceptance of a proposition, statement, or fact, as true, on the ground of apparent authority, which does not have to be based on actual fact.
		A related problem with the Christian process of belief formation is the tendency to disregard all evidence which is contrary to the desired belief.
		My belief is that it is a poor device to that end--that when it is examined objectively it testifies to his lack of sense quite as much as to his high striving.
	www.trufax.org /general/beliefsystems.html (10910 words)

	On the Epistemic Entrenchment of Different Types of Knowledge Expressed as Conditionals in Belief Revision Tasks ...
		Abstract: Some belief revision theories appeal to the notion of epistemic entrenchment as a guide to choosing among alternative ways of removing inconsistency that new information may cause with existing beliefs.
		While belief revision theorists may not be interested in natural language uses of conditionals per se, the appeal to epistemic entrenchment because certain kinds of knowledge (e.g., physical laws) are expressed in conditional form opens the door to a more careful consideration of whether the...
		3 Belief revision is a microworld (context) - Foo, Rao - 1988
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /43892.html (458 words)

	76 Wn.2d 247, THE STATE OF WASHINGTON, Respondent, V. WALTER WADE, JR., Appellant
		Where the only issue raised in an appeal has been recently deternined by the Supreme Court adversely to the appellant's contention, there is no arguable issue, and the appeal is frivolous.
		The prosecuting attorney has moved to dismiss the appeal upon the grounds of frivolity, and for affirmance of the judgment and sentence.
		Defendant's counsel has requested permission to withdraw, for it is his belief that the appeal is frivolous.
	www.mrsc.org /mc/courts/supreme/076wn2d/076wn2d0247.htm (342 words)

	Yelin Reviews Gaus
		It's her belief in the efficacy of an action, a belief held for good reason, that determines the rationality of the action.
		The first is the Weak Principle of Epistemic Rationality ("WER"): An agent's belief, B, is irrational if (i) she is aware of a statement C that is incompatible with B and (ii) she is aware of very strong evidence that C has a higher credibility value than B.
		This implies that the truth or falsity of a belief which is to serve as the basis for political justification isn't relevant to justification.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Philosophy/bears/959yeli.html (1381 words)

	Groupthink - Biocrawler definition:Groupthink - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Thus the social capital of the group is preserved, as all members have plausible deniability that they raised a dissenting point.
		Institutional mechanisms such as an inspector general system can also play a role in preventing groupthink as all participants have the option of appealing to an individual outside the decision-making group who has the authority to stop non-constructive or harmful trends.
		An alternative to groupthink is a formal consensus decision-making process, which works best in a group whose aims are cooperative rather than competitive, where trust is able to build up, and where participants are willing to learn and apply facilitation skills.
	www.biocrawler.com /biowiki/Groupthink (740 words)

	Common Pseudoreasoning Errors (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Before we leave pseudoarguments that attempt to prove a point by referring to people's beliefs, it is worth noticing that a common pseudoreasoning technique is to induce others to accept a claim by "reporting" that people with whom they identify accept the claim.
		Very closely related to appeal to belief is common practice pseudoreasoning, the justification or defense of an action on the grounds that it is a common practice--i.e., that everybody does it, that most people do it, or that most people in a particular category do it.
		Also related to appeal to belief is what some call peer pressure and others called the bandwagon.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~sontag/Reference/pseudoreason.html (3810 words)

	NCCP \| How Belief in a Just World Influences Views of Public Policy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Belief in a Just World—the psychological concept used to describe the belief that people get what they deserve and deserve what they get—influences opinions about how much assistance should be provided to women who have difficulty making ends meet.
		The results suggest that the belief system is challenged for people with a strong Belief in a Just World when they are presented with women who make efforts to improve their situation but still can’t get ahead.
		For organizations such as the National Center for Children in Poverty, whose mission is to promote strategies to prevent child poverty and improve the lives of low-income children and their families, the need to appeal to both belief systems is crucial.
	www.nccp.org /pub_pat03b.html (458 words)

	Appeal to Common Belief
		Disciplines > Argument > Fallacies > Appeal to Common Belief
		The more other people believe something, the more likely we will be to accept that it is true (especially if we tend towards fl and white thinking).
		Appeal to Common Practice, Availability Heuristic, Beliefs, Normative Social Influence
	changingminds.org /disciplines/argument/fallacies/common_belief.htm (152 words)

	Chapter12 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		An argument makes such an appeal when an authority is cited to support the truth of a statement.
		Appeal to popular opinion (or belief): an argument that appeals to an opinion allegedly shared by many people.
		Appeal to ignorance: an argument that concludes that a proposition P is false from the premise that the not-P has not been verified.
	www.msu.edu /user/mckeonm/PHL130/Chapter12.html (1080 words)

	Mission: Critical (Appeal to Common Belief)
		Surveys of common beliefs and popular opinions are a legitimate way to support some evaluative statements, but they can never be used to argue the accuracy of most statements of verification.
		Such fallacies are also called appeals to opinion, to belief, and to popular belief.
		Therefore, this claim cannot be a fallacious appeal to common belief.
	www2.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/belief.html (666 words)

	appeal.. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Its hard to believe that such a radical belief system would appeal to anyone, but maybe the emphasis on nationalism draws people to it.
		Also, the emphasis on Military power can be appealing today because of the need for protective capabilities in the military.
		It can look very appealing to the people who are either desparate or looking for leadership.
	www.hcc.hawaii.edu:8000 /cgi-bin/HyperNews/get/forums/extremestodayb/1.html?embed=-1 (104 words)

	fallacies
		They key to spotting a fallacy of relevance is to distinguish genuine evidence from emotional appeal.
		Attempting to convince by appealing to the natural desire we all have to be included, or liked, or recognized.
		Other related types: Appeal to Vanity; Appeal to Snobbery ("Of course you should cheat; all the cool people are doing it").
	www.olemiss.edu /courses/logic/fallacies.htm (574 words)

	025 Pa. Code § 1021.53. Amendments to appeal; nunc pro tunc appeals. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		(a) An appeal may be amended as of right within 20 days after the filing thereof.
		An appellant was denied an appeal nunc pro tunc following his failure to file a timely appeal, where he chose to direct his correspondence to the Department of Environmental Protection rather than filing an appeal with the Board.
		While the rule in subsection (a) provides for a right to amend the appeal within 20 days of filing the appeal, that provision relates only to an amendment to add additional grounds for appeal or objections to the Department of Environmental Resources’ action.
	www.pacode.com /secure/data/025/chapter1021/s1021.53.html (512 words)

	Untitled Document (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem (Latin, literally "argument to the man"), is a logical fallacy that involves replying to an argument or assertion by addressing the person presenting the argument or assertion rather than the argument itself.
		The appeal to novelty (also called argumentum ad novitam) is a logical fallacy in which someone claims that his or her idea or proposal is correct or superior because it is new and modern.
		The Appeal to Probability is a logical fallacy, often used in conjunction with other fallacies.
	www.ilstu.edu /~laoster/logoscribsheet.htm (846 words)

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