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Topic: Appeal to consequences

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	Appeal to consequences - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Appeal to consequences, also known as argumentum ad consequentiam (Latin: argument to the consequences), is an argument that concludes a premise (typically a belief) to be either true or false based on whether the premise leads to desirable or undesirable consequences.
		This is based on an appeal to emotion and is considered to be a form of logical fallacy, since consequences do not address the truth value of the premise.
		Appeal to consequences, however, does not refer to arguments that address whether a premise is a "good" or "bad" (as opposed to true or false) based on the appeal of its consequence, which are not logical arguments but are, instead, ethical arguments.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Appeal_to_consequences (350 words)

	USCG Appeal Decision 2412 (Louviere)
		The Pennsylvania, 86 U.S 125 (1873); Appeal Decisions 2386 (LOUVIERE), 2358 (BUISSET) and 866 (MAPP).
		The consequence, such as a collision, though unnecessary to support a decision finding negligence, may be an aggravating factor, or the lack thereof may be a mitigating factor, and hence it may be proved whether or not it is alleged.
		Consequences of a negligent act, such as an allision with a fixed object, may also be alleged to establish a presumption.
	www.uscg.mil /hq/g%2Dcj/appeals%2Dhtml/D11732.htm (1722 words)

	Krnojelac Appeals Judgement Summary
		Thus, the Appeals Chamber considers that the only reasonable finding to be made on the basis of the relevant facts accepted by the Trial Chamber was that the beatings were inflicted on the non-Serb detainees for political or religious reasons and that, consequently, these unlawful acts were committed with the requisite discriminatory intent.
		The Appeals Chamber recalls that the Trial Chamber acknowledged that Krnojelac freely accepted the position in full knowledge of the fact that non-Serb civilians were being unlawfully detained at the KP Dom on the basis of their ethnicity.
		The Appeals Chamber concludes that the commission of this error means, as previously indicated, that the conduct of counsel for Krnojelac must not be taken into consideration in determining the sentence imposed on the basis of the new convictions on appeal.
	www.un.org /icty/krnojelac/appeal/judgement/krn-res030917e.htm (7105 words)

	classical rhetoric appeals
		The appeal to force is the invocation of a threat in an argument.
		The appeal to the consequences of a belief is the fallacious argument that the consequences of accepting a certain proposition is true or false have a bearing in determining the claim's truth.
		The appeal to an unnamed authority is a form of ad Verecundiam, where the claims made by a supposed expert on a particular subject cannot be tested as the authority is not indentified.
	www.rhetorica.ironyparty.org /fallaciesappeals.htm (821 words)

	APPEAL AND ERROR (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Where on appeal appellant goes into matters that are not in record, were not raised in cross-examination at trial, and were not specified in notice of appeal, he fails to meet burden of showing error in decision of trial court.
		Party to appeal, other than a party to a criminal or administrative agency proceeding who has been given leave to proceed in forma pauperis, must bear the cost of preparing such portion of the transcript as he wishes to include the record on appeal.
		Contention raised for the first time in oral argument on appeal, which was inconsistent with the contentions made by appellants at trial and in their brief on appeal, need not and should not be addressed by the appellate court.
	www.asbar.org /Digest/appanderror_dig.htm (5651 words)

	Erroneous methods of inference yielding convincing falsehoods
		This fallacy is the opposite of the appeal to authority.
		An appeal to consequences argues that a proposition must be true because otherwise a consequence will follow which is unacceptable for reasons outside the logic of the argument.
		An appeal to force is a special case of the appeal to consequences in which the speaker makes a threat, promising that other men or deities will bring unacceptable consequences upon the person of anyone who doesn't believe a proposition as a direct result of their unbelief.
	www.angelfire.com /ks2/fallacies/fallinf.htm (3240 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Appeal to Consequences
		Arguing that a proposition is true because belief in it has good consequences, or that it is false because belief in it has bad consequences is often an irrelevancy.
		Logical consequences should not be confused with causal consequences, and truth or falsity should not be confused with goodness or badness.
		Two of the seventeen reasons that Morris gives for belief in creationism are appeals to consequences: 13 is an appeal to the supposed good consequences—"salutary influence"—of believing in creationism, and 16 is an appeal to the supposedly bad consequences of belief in evolution.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /adconseq.html (612 words)

	Appeal Fallacies
		Appeal to Common Belief: If others believe it to be true, it must be true.
		Appeal to Common Practice: If others do it, it must be ok to do it too.
		Appeal to Tradition: It has always been done this way, so this way is right.
	changingminds.org /techniques/argument/fallacies/a_appeal.htm (165 words)

	Mission: Critical (Statistics)
		Of course, not everything with a long series of consequences is a fallacy; you must learn to differentiate between a chain argument and a fallacious appeal to indirect consequences.
		In appeal to fear, only one bad thing is threatened but, in appeal to indirect consequences, a whole series of bad things are going to happen.
		Appeal to fear always involves an emotional appeal, but appeal to indirect consequence may not.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/indirect.html (880 words)

	Appeal to Poverty (Argumentum ad Lazarum)
		The appeal to poverty fallacy is committed when it is assumed that a position is correct because it is held by the poor.
		The opposite of the appeal to poverty is the appeal to wealth.
		This argument is an appeal to poverty because it takes the association between a position and poverty as evidence of the goodness of that position.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /appealtopoverty.html (176 words)

	Encyclopedia: Appeal to consequences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Argumentum ad baculum (Latin: argument to the cudgel or appeal to the stick), also known as appeal to horse, is said by some to be a logical fallacy.
		An appeal to fear (also called argumentum ad metum or argumentum in terrorem) is a logical fallacy in which a person attempts to create support for their idea by playing on existing fears and prejudices.
		An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem (Latin, literally argument to the man), is 1) a logical fallacy that involves replying to an argument or assertion by addressing the person presenting the argument or assertion rather than the argument itself; 2) an argument pointing out an inconsistency...
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Appeal-to-consequences (350 words)

	Mission: Critical (Fallacious Appeals)
		Claudelle's appeal to the generosity of her audience in an argument about immigration, for example, would be appropriate as long as she was discussing that generosity as a value related to the subject.
		However, an appeal to the generosity of the judges at a gymnastic meet is merely a play on their emotions (probably an appeal to their pity); anyway, the value of generosity has nothing to do with the evaluations the judges would render.
		Appeal to Spite, or Appeal to Hatred, Appeal to Indignation
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/appeal.html (494 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Appeal to Force
		Appeal to Force is a technique of distraction which occurs when force, or the threat of force, is used to "win" a debate.
		Of course, this is what is wrong with the Appeal to Force, since it involves abandoning rational persuasion.
		People are often intimidated into pretending to believe things they don't, or at least into keeping quiet about their disbelief, but this is not coming to believe something because of the fear of force.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /adbacula.html (366 words)

	Mission: Critical (Statistics)
		The issue in a fallacious appeal to indirect consequences, therefore, is how certain and unavoidably negative these effects are.
		Though the consequence is negative, Jay's argument is not fallacious, and Maya should make her decision here on the relative importance to her of smoking and stinking.
		In appeal to fear, the consequences is always negative but, in appeal to indirect consequences, it may be positive.
	www2.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/indirect.html (880 words)

	appeal
		An appeal is the act or fact of challenging a judicially cognizable and binding decision to a higher judicial authority.
		In an appeal from a decision in a judicial proceeding, both appellant and respondent are bound to base their arguments wholly on the proceedings and body of evidence as they were presented in the lower proceeding.
		In order for the appeal to succeed, the appellant must prove that the lower court committed reversible error that is, an impermissible action by the court acted to cause a result that was unjust, and which would not have resulted had the court acted properly.
	www.fact-library.com /appeal.html (478 words)

	QC Charles Gray's Submission to the Court of Appeal, Singapore April 1998 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The consequences for JBJ of his appeal being dismissed and the PM’s appeal being allowed would indeed be calamitous.
		Finally, in regard to the role of the CA in relation to an appeal on meaning, JBJ submits that the CA is in no worse position than the Trial Judge to decide meaning since no evidence is relevant or admissible (at least in relation to the natural and ordinary meaning).
		The innuendo meanings contended for by the PM at para 63(a) of his Case in Appeal 205 is equally hopeless because it cannot be said that JBJ endorsed any allegation that the PM was guilty of criminal defamation and criminal conspiracy.
	www.sfdonline.org /Link%20Pages/Link%20Folders/Jeya/Graysub.htm (6604 words)

	Disciplinary Consequences (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The school’s aim is to provide in a positive, success-oriented manner consequences that will direct the student toward meeting the expectations of the school community.
		Consequences for failing to meet the expected standards of behavior are assigned by the teacher.
		Appeal of dismissal may be made to the Headmaster only.
	www.dunhamschool.org /gen_info/handbook/disciplinary_consequences.html (1185 words)

	Stephen Downes : Fallacies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		In general, show that B might be a consequence of something other than A. For example, the fish deaths might be caused by pesticide run-off, and not the mill.
		In particular, an appeal to authority is inappropriate if: (i) the person is not qualified to have an expert opinion on the subject, (ii) experts in the field disagree on this issue, (iii) the authority was making a joke, drunk, or otherwise not being serious.
		This is a type of appeal to authority because when an authority is not named it is impossible to confirm that the authority is an expert.
	www.dssrg.curtin.edu.au /doc/argument.html (4650 words)

	News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The Court of Appeal (comprising Lord Woolf and Lords Justices Ward and Laws) has spelt out clearly the likely consequences for parties who are seen to have acted unreasonably by failing to deploy ADR in trying to settle a case.
		Lord Justice Ward felt, unhappily, that the Appeal Court could not itself make a substitute finding, and was compelled to order a re-trial by a different judge, as the first trial judge had since died.
		The appeal was allowed with the costs of the appeal payable by the defendants.
	www.cedr.co.uk /index.php?location=/news/archive/20010125.htm (625 words)

	HLS : Breyer rebuts ‘originalists’ in Tanner Lecture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		For another thing, to consider consequences is not to consider simply whether the consequences of a proposed decision are good or bad, in a particular judge’s opinion.
		Rather, to emphasize consequences is to emphasize consequences related to the particular textual provision at issue.
		A decision that directly addresses consequences, purposes and values is no more subjective and has the added value of exposing underlying judicial motivations, specifying the points of doubt for all to read.
	www.law.harvard.edu /news/2005/01/20_breyer.php (1205 words)

	Micro-serfs win on appeal in temp workers case - May 13, 1999
		Appeals court raises number of temp workers who are eligible for benefits
		But the Ninth U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals in San Francisco ruled that damages should be paid to any Microsoft temporary or contract worker who worked 20 hours per week or more for at least five months in any year since the end of 1986.
		While the case before the appeals court sought only stock options, David Stobaugh, an attorney for the plaintiffs, said the logic of the ruling means that many so-called "permatemp" workers common throughout the technology industry should be eligible for other benefits as well.
	money.cnn.com /1999/05/13/technology/microsoft (783 words)

	Student Examples of Fallacies
		Jeanne explains: This is an appeal to indirect consequences and an appeal to prejudice.
		And I am uncomfortable with the idea that this is an example of appeal to indirect consequences, too, because the claim is only that exceeding the limit "increases the chance," which seems both probable and direct.
		David comments: Of course, part of the fallacy of appeal to common practice is the sweeping generalization that "everybody else does it." In the case of running a red light, certainly not everyone does it.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/7fall00/active/fal-sp00.html (2892 words)

	Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad Baculum)
		An appeal to force is an attempt to persuade using threats.
		Appeals to force are thus a particularly cynical type of appeal to consequences, where the unpleasant consequences of disbelief are deliberately inflicted by the arguer.
		This argument, if it can properly be called an argument, makes no attempt to provide evidence for its conclusion; whether or not your legs will be broken for disbelieving a proposition has no bearing on whether that proposition is true.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /appealtoforce.html (168 words)

	Mission: Critical (Appeal to Common Practice) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Appeal to common practice is typically used to justify an action, and it is unlikely that trying a new restaurant requires that kind of justification.
		This is a clear example of a fallacious appeal to common practice: the action here is illegal, but is justified on that basis of its frequency.
		In a fallacious appeal to common practice, the (alleged) fact that everyone is doing it is used as a justification for doing something of a questionable nature at best.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/practic.html (1094 words)

	Fallacy: Appeal to Pity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		An Appeal to Pity is a fallacy in which a person substitutes a claim intended to create pity for evidence in an argument.
		This fallacy differs from the Appeal to the Consequences of a Belief (ACB).
		In the Appeal to Pity, it is the feelings of pity or sympathy that are substituted for evidence.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/features/fallacies/appeal-to-pity.html (366 words)

	Singapore: Jeyaretnam appeal: QC's notes of argument
		1.2 The significance for JBJ of the outcome of the present appeal The consequences for JBJ of his appeal being dismissed and the PM's appeal being allowed would indeed be calamitous.
		Despite the composition of the PC in that case, the PM in paras 53-54 of his Case in Appeal 205 airily dismisses the authority as obiter and illogical.
		The hypothesis in para 65 of the PM's Case in Appeal 205 is absurd.
	www.singapore-window.org /jeyapp.htm (6308 words)

	CBLDF - Press Releases: Supreme Court Denies Castillo Appeal
		This is in a store directly across from an elementary school and it is put in a medium, in a forum, to directly appeal to kids.
		In 2002 the Appeals court rendered a 2-1 split decision upholding the conviction.
		In the Castillo case, in spite of the odds, CBLDF appealed to the Supreme Court on the chance that they would reverse what appeared to be an unjust and unconstitutional decision in the Texas courts.
	www.cbldf.org /pr/archives/000146.shtml (900 words)

	Appeal to Consequences (Argumentum ad Consequentiam)
		An appeal to consequences is an attempt to motivate belief with an appeal either to the good consequences of believing or the bad consequences of disbelieving.
		Both of these arguments are fallacious because they provide no evidence for their conclusions; all they do is appeal to the consequences of belief in Santa.
		In the case of the second argument, the negative consequences of disbelief in Santa are cited as evidence that Santa exists.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /appealtoconsequences.html (216 words)

	Fallacies - Test (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Although the reporter has not used the passive voice here, the passage has a similar effect because it suppresses the logical subject of "fear." As a consequence, the reader does not know for whom the invitation would raise fears, only that one Assembly Chairman believes the company would be in a position to dictate rates.
		Second, the assumption that Anchorage may suffer consequences similar to those of voters in Florida and elsewhere is actually denied later in the article.
		The appeal to pity is perhaps best seen in the extreme but popular (at least among logicians) story of the young man who was charged with the horrible murder of his parents.
	www.rhetor.com /compete/fallacies.htm (7272 words)

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