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Topic: Appeal to force

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	Appeal - LoveToKnow Watches
		These appeals are heard in the king's bench division, except in the case of appeals from judgments of a county court sitting in the exercise of admiralty jurisdiction, which are heard by two or more judges sitting in the probate, divorce and admiralty division.
		Appeals from the Liverpool court of passage and from the chancery courts of the duchies of Lancaster and Durham lie by statute direct to the court of appeal.
		Appeals from secondor third-class magistrates are dealt with by the district (first-class) magistrate (§ 407).
	www.1911encyclopedia.org /Appeal (7301 words)

	Argumentum ad baculum - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Argumentum ad baculum (Latin: argument to the cudgel or appeal to the stick), also known as appeal to force, is an argument where force, coercion, or the threat of force, is given as a justification for a conclusion.
		This form of argument is a logical fallacy, because the attack Q may not necessarily reveal anything about the truth value of the premise P. This fallacy has been identified since the Middle Ages by many philosophers.
		This is a special case of argumentum ad consequentiam, or "appeal to consequences".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Appeal_to_force (615 words)

	Logical Fallacy: Appeal to Force
		Appeal to Force is a technique of distraction which occurs when force, or the threat of force, is used to "win" a debate.
		Force, or the threat of it, is not an argument.
		To resort to force or threats when the burden of proof is on one is not to fail to reason well, but to fail to reason at all.
	www.fallacyfiles.org /adbacula.html (374 words)

	Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal homepage
		Within 14 days of receipt of a notice of appeal or an application for leave to appeal or an application for extension of time for appeal a respondent shall lodge with the Registrar a notice of address for service in accordance with Form 2.
		On the hearing of an appeal the dress for counsel shall be such as would be worn in the Court of Criminal Appeal or equivalent in the State or Territory where the hearing takes place.
		Upon receipt of a notice of appeal, application for leave to appeal or application for extension of time for appeal the Registrar shall forward to the appellant, free of charge, a copy of the Act, the Regulations and this Practice Direction.
	www.fedcourt.gov.au /aboutct/defenceappeals/practice_printerfriendly.html (1604 words)

	Right to Appeal
		The amount of the bond in some jurisdictions is left to the court to decide; in others, state statutes exist that require the amount to be as much as 150 percent of the original judgement.
		This legislation is designed to combat the recent advent of multi-million and —billion dollar verdicts against defendants, by requiring that the necessary appeal bond not exceed $1,000,000 if the defendant found liable seeks a stay of enforcement of the judgement.
		The intent of this legislation is to restore the right to appeal a verdict, to defendants who are finding themselves more and more financially unable to do so, while still providing assurance that the defendant’s funds will be available to satisfy the judgment after appeal.
	www.alec.org /2/2/talking-points/2.html (336 words)

	Appeal to Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The phrase "ad baculum" is a Latin phrase meaning "(appeal) to the stick." A baculum or baculus (both forms were used) was a walking-stick or cane.
		Appeal to Force is sometimes confused with Appeal to Fear.
		The distinction is this: Appeal to Force is a threat.
	www.cuyamaca.net /bruce.thompson/fallacies/force.asp (481 words)

	Fallacies of Relevance 1. Argumentum ad Baculum (appeal to force). The arguer appeals to
		The arguer appeals to force or the threat of force to compel acceptance of the conclusion.
		The arguer appeals to pity where the conclusion is a matter of reason and not one of sentiment.
		This is especially the appeal to authority outside the field of that authority's expertise.
	www.skepticfiles.org /atheist/argument.htm (419 words)

	Appeal to Force (Argumentum ad Baculum)
		An appeal to force is an attempt to persuade using threats.
		Appeals to force are thus a particularly cynical type of appeal to consequences, where the unpleasant consequences of disbelief are deliberately inflicted by the arguer.
		The argument therefore commits the appeal to force fallacy.
	www.logicalfallacies.info /appealtoforce.html (179 words)

	Argumentum ad Baculum
		Abstract: The argument based upon the appeal to force or threats in order to bring about the acceptance of a conclusion is often fallacious.
		The ad baculum derives its strength from an appeal to human timidity or fear and is a fallacy when the appeal is not logically related to the claim being made.
		Non-fallacious examples of the ad baculum: the appeal is not irrelevant when the threat or the force is directly relevant to the conclusion or is, itself, the subject of the argument.
	philosophy.lander.edu /logic/force.html (532 words)

	Appeal Fallacies
		Appeal to Common Belief: If others believe it to be true, it must be true.
		Appeal to Common Practice: If others do it, it must be ok to do it too.
		Appeal to Tradition: It has always been done this way, so this way is right.
	changingminds.org /disciplines/argument/fallacies/a_appeal.htm (165 words)

	Mission: Critical (Fallacious Appeals)
		The problem is that fallacious appeals are not always as obvious as these last three, and it necessary for the critical thinker to determine, in each case, whether an appeal is appropriate or not.
		Claudelle's appeal to the generosity of her audience in an argument about immigration, for example, would be appropriate as long as she was discussing that generosity as a value related to the subject.
		However, an appeal to the generosity of the judges at a gymnastic meet is merely a play on their emotions (probably an appeal to their pity); anyway, the value of generosity has nothing to do with the evaluations the judges would render.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/appeal.html (494 words)

	The Summary Appeal Court (Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 2004
		The principal Rules govern the procedure of the summary appeal court established by section 83ZA of the Air Force Act 1955, as inserted by the Armed Forces Discipline Act 2000, to hear appeals from the Royal Air Force's system of summary discipline.
		Under section 83ZC(1) of the Air Force Act 1955, an air-force officer is qualified for membership of the court if he has held a commission for at least two years.
		Rule 6 amends rule 24 of the principal Rules so as to extend the circumstances in which an officer is ineligible to sit as a member of the court for the purposes of a particular appeal.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /si/si2004/20041951.htm (1340 words)

	Mission: Critical (Emotional Appeals)
		Fallacious appeals to emotions are effective because it's easier for most people not to think critically, but to rely on their gut reaction; and it's easier for the person making the appeal to excite his listeners' emotions than to construct a persuasive argument.
		One is the general appeal to loyalty, which operates on the notion that one should act in concert with (what is claimed to be) the group's best interests, regardless of the merits of the particular case being argued.
		A fallacious appeal to pity, also known as a sob story, is different from a simple (and perfectly legitimate) appeal to pity in one significant way: it is used to replace logic, rather than to support it.
	www.sjsu.edu /depts/itl/graphics/adhom/emotion.html (1792 words)

	Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal homepage
		The Chief of the Defence Force or a Service Chief may appoint an officer to be a superior summary authority: s 105(1).
		There is also an external appeal (against conviction only) from a court martial or DFM to the Defence Force Discipline Appeal Tribunal.
		A further appeal on a point of law lies from this Tribunal to the Federal Court of Australia and then, by special leave, to the High Court of Australia.
	www.defenceappeals.gov.au /papersheerey.html (1284 words)

	Erroneous methods of inference yielding convincing falsehoods
		This fallacy is the opposite of the appeal to authority.
		An appeal to consequences argues that a proposition must be true because otherwise a consequence will follow which is unacceptable for reasons outside the logic of the argument.
		An appeal to force is a special case of the appeal to consequences in which the speaker makes a threat, promising that other men or deities will bring unacceptable consequences upon the person of anyone who doesn't believe a proposition as a direct result of their unbelief.
	www.angelfire.com /ks2/fallacies/fallinf.htm (3240 words)

	washingtonpost.com: Energy Task Force Appeal Refused (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A federal appeals court in Washington yesterday rejected the Bush administration's effort to avoid releasing documents about Vice President Cheney's Energy Task Force, the fourth time a judicial panel has rebuffed efforts to keep the information from the public.
		By a 5 to 3 vote, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit refused the government's request that the full court hear its appeal.
		Judicial Watch, a conservative watchdog group, sued the task force in July 2001 to learn the identities of task force participants and how it operated, as well as Cheney's role in its meetings and mission.
	www.washingtonpost.com /ac2/wp-dyn/A62631-2003Sep11?language=printer (428 words)

	CNN.com - NZ Air Force lobby loses appeal - February 25, 2002
		The case was thrown out by the High Court at the end of last year, but campaigners decided to take the case on to appeal.
		However the appeal court ruled that the extent to which the air force was armed was a matter of policy for the government to decide and did not fall within the court's jurisdiction.
		The decision does not mean the complete abolition of the RNZAF as the force will still maintain several patrol, surveillance and transportation aircraft that will be used to support the operations of the other two services.
	archives.cnn.com /2002/WORLD/asiapcf/auspac/02/25/nz.airforce/index.html (515 words)

	Air Force Magazine
		Soon after coalition forces seized the field from Taliban forces in 2001, Bagram was described by a visiting aviator as “the scariest place on the planet.” It was filled with bearded special operations forces troops, unexploded ordnance, and two hangars full of abandoned former Soviet equipment.
		Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy pilots could all be part of the blended squadron deployed and employed anywhere and everywhere—at least as long as their maintainers were not too far out of reach.
		She is president of IRIS Independent Research in Washington, D.C., and has worked for Rand, the Secretary of the Air Force, and the Chief of Staff of the Air Force.
	www.afa.org /magazine/march2005/0305fighter.asp (3169 words)

	The Summary Appeal Court (Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 2005
		These Rules may be cited as the Summary Appeal Court (Air Force) (Amendment) Rules 2005 and shall come into force on 2nd February 2006.
		The Armed Forces Proceedings (Costs) Regulations 2005 made under sections 26 to 28 of the 2001 Act empower the summary appeal courts to make the applicable costs orders in proceedings for offences under the services Acts.
		These Rules amend the Summary Appeal Court (Air Force) Rules 2000 to enable the jurisdiction conferred on summary appeal courts by virtue of sections 26 to 28 of the Armed Forces Act 2001 to be exercised by a judge advocate sitting alone.
	www.opsi.gov.uk /si/si2005/20053488.htm (657 words)

	Appeal to pity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An appeal to pity (also called argumentum ad misericordiam) is a logical fallacy in which someone tries to win support for their argument or idea by exploiting their opponent's feelings of pity or guilt.
		The appeal to pity is a specific kind of appeal to emotion.
		It took me six years to write and I don't know what I'd do if you rejected it."
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Appeal_to_pity (212 words)

	Appeal to Fear (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The distinction is this: Appeal to Fear is only a warning.
		The fallacy of Appeal to Fear imitates rational risk analysis, but exploits natural fear, and the inherent inaccuracy of guessing, to inflate our estimate of the costs and/or our estimate of the risks.
		A Fallacy of Irrelevance (a deductive fallacy of soundness with a falsehood in the major premiss) in the Emotional Appeals family.
	www.cuyamaca.net /bruce.thompson/Fallacies/fear.asp (387 words)

	A List Of Fallacious Arguments
		This is a variation of the Genetic Fallacy, but has the psychological appeal of seniority and tradition (or innovation).
		A variation is to appeal to unnamed authorities.
		Appeal to Authority, but the Authority is outside his area of expertise.
	www.don-lindsay-archive.org /skeptic/arguments.html (6778 words)

	Top Official Repeats Appeal for Expanded Force in Afghanistan - Global Policy Forum - Security Council
		The council has declined repeated requests by UN and Afghan officials to expand the authorization of the international force, which numbers about 5,000.
		That force will come under the command of NATO in August, but there has been no signal of any expansion.
		He said military forces have begun shifting their focus to civil-assistance and reconstruction projects.
	www.globalpolicy.org /security/issues/afghan/2003/0507expanded.htm (949 words)

	USATODAY.com - Suit vs. Cheney task force dismissed, appeal considered (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		WASHINGTON — Attorneys for the General Accounting Office say they are considering whether to appeal a federal court judge's decision Monday that denied Congress details about how the Bush administration's energy policy was created.
		The GAO, an investigative agency of Congress, had sued seeking details of meetings that Vice President Cheney's energy task force held with industry leaders and their Washington lobbyists as the Bush administration's energy policy was assembled in the spring of 2001.
		The suit sought to learn which industry representatives had been consulted and what their input had been as well as the cost of developing the plan.
	www.usatoday.com /news/washington/2002-12-09-cheney-energy2_x.htm (707 words)

	UN: Top Official Repeats Appeal For Expanded Force In Afghanistan
		The chief UN representative in Afghanistan, Lakhdar Brahimi, has warned that the country's peace process is increasingly threatened by poor security conditions.
		Brahimi said that in most of the country, security remains unstable and insufficient to safeguard the peace process launched at a UN-sponsored conference held in Bonn, Germany, in December 2001.
		He appealed to the Security Council to consider authorizing an expansion of the International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) beyond the Kabul region.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/library/news/2003/05/mil-030507-rfel-172749.htm (869 words)

	Air Force rejects pilot's appeal - Pittsburgh Tribune-Review
		BARKSDALE AIR FORCE BASE, La. -- A U.S. fighter pilot who mistakenly bombed Canadian soldiers in Afghanistan in 2002, killing four and injuring eight, has lost an appeal of his reprimand, officials announced Monday.
		In his appeal, Schmidt said the reprimand was issued as a "desire to mount a public relations campaign rather than actually attempt to see justice done."
		The case will be forwarded to Gen. Hal Homberg, commander of the Air Force combat command, for a final decision, the Air Force said.
	www.pittsburghlive.com /x/tribune-review/terrorism/s_204178.html (240 words)

	Defendant Convicted of Resisting Arrest Cannot Sue For Excessive Force, Court of Appeal Rules
		A defendant convicted of resisting a police officer cannot sue for violation of civil rights, battery, or related torts based on claims the officer used excessive force, the Fourth District Court of Appeal ruled yesterday.
		The justice rejected the contention that Thompson’s use of the pepper spray was unrelated to the resistance of which he was convicted.
		The conviction, McConnell said, shifted the burden to Susag to “to provide evidence of excessive force that would not necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction” and he didn’t do it.
	www.metnews.com /articles/susa010902.htm (431 words)

	Individual Liberty: Strikes and Force (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		But when force comes, it sometimes leads incidentally to the teaching of other lessons than that of its own uselessness and becomes thereby to that extent useful.
		The appeal to force at Homestead affords a signal example of such incidental beneficence; for it has forced the capitalistic papers of the country, and notably the New York
		When the capitalists shall be forced to show their true colors, the laborers will then know against whom they are fighting.
	flag.blackened.net /daver/anarchism/tucker/tucker36.html (1074 words)

	US Air Force denies appeal in Afghan friendly fire incident (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The US Air Force on Tuesday upheld the punishment handed out to the US fighter pilot at the center of a friendly fire incident in Afghanistan that left four Canadian soldiers dead, denying his final appeal.
		Lawyers for Schmidt later appealed the punishment, but Air Force General Hal Hornburg, the four-star chief of the Air Combat Command, denied Schmidt's appeal in a decision that came down Tuesday.
		"It is in the Air Force's interest to keep the responsibility as far away from the careerist (Air Force) generals who were involved in creating the non-doctrinal command and control system that directly led to the accident."
	www.spacewar.com /2004/040804012604.ko7rtb2g.html (220 words)

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