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[No title] Appeal of district court’s denial of defendant’s motion to suppress evidence supporting conviction for illegal reentry to United States after prior deportation in violation of 8 U.S.C. : Where defendant voluntarily spoke with police officer on porch of girlfriend’s house, officer’s direction to defendant to produce identification did not transform encounter into detention or seizure. Appeal of conviction for being felon in possession of explosives in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 842(i)(1). Appeal of sentence by deported alien for illegal reentry in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1326(a) and (b)(2). www.blogstudio.com /directappeal   (1505 words)

APPEAL While her case was pending on appeal, the Sixth Circuit held in another case that a when a general verdict was returned in a conspiracy involving multiple drugs, the defendant should be sentenced only as if he had distributed only the drug carrying the lower penalty. Appellate counsel was ineffective in capital case for failing to assert on appeal that the trial court erred in instructing the jury in sentencing that it was not permitted to consider mitigating evidence related to a prior murder conviction used in aggravation. During the direct appeal, the court of appeals found that the court erred in admitting inadmissible hearsay from the alleged sexual assault victim's friend bolstering the victim's credibility but found the error harmless relying on a case holding that a state statute placed the burden of proving harm on the defendant. www.capdefnet.org /hat/contents/constitutional_issues/ineffective_assist/appeal28.htm   (10487 words)

Probability   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) One might nominate probability theory because it provided for the first time a trustworthy tool for deciding how to apportion belief to multiple sources of evidence, allowing us to supplement the insufficient role played by logic alone in identifying and eliminating biases in our own reasoning processes. Probability theory had fundamental epistemological implications, whose importance is underappreciated in our time because those implications are now so seamlessly integrated into the foundations of our modern worldview. Without probability theory, humankind was unable even to conceive of the explanations for many (probably most) of the phenomena we have now explained. www.ualberta.ca /~chrisw/Probability.html   (447 words)

A Short History of Probability   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) Because of the inherent appeal of games of chance, probability theory soon became popular, and the subject developed rapidly during the 18th century. One of the difficulties in developing a mathematical theory of probability has been to arrive at a definition of probability that is precise enough for use in mathematics, yet comprehensive enough to be applicable to a wide range of phenomena. The matter was finally resolved in the 20th century by treating probability theory on an axiomatic basis. www.cc.gatech.edu /classes/cs6751_97_winter/Topics/stat-meas/probHist.html   (555 words)

Wikinfo | Appeal Most commonly, this means formally filing a notice of appeal with a lower court, indicating one's intention to take the matter to the next higher court with jurisdiction over the matter, and then actually filing the appeal with the higher court. In an appeal from a decision in a judicial proceeding, both appellant and respondent are bound to base their arguments wholly on the proceedings and body of evidence as they were presented in the lower proceeding. In order for the appeal to succeed, the appellant must prove that the lower court committed reversible error that is, an impermissible action by the court acted to cause a result that was unjust, and which would not have resulted had the court acted properly. www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Appeal   (510 words)

Appeal to probability - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It assumes that because something could happen, it is inevitable that it will happen. While not considered a "true" fallacy by some (because it is rarely used by itself), the appeal to probability is a common trend in many arguments, enough for many to consider it a fallacy of itself. The logical idea behind this fallacy is that, since the probability is very high, it is best to ACT as if it is true. www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Appeal_to_probability   (321 words)

Probabilistic Arguments Are Irrelevant   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) I suspect the kind of appeal you mean to criticise here is the kind discussed in Relevance Of Occam's Razor (do correct me if wrong). As someone who works with the application of probability I feel that it is used to justify all sorts of things (from speeding cameras to getting funding for defense projects) in a somewhat magical pull the wool over your eye kind of way. probability is one of many tools that maybe can be used to compliment each other. clublet.com /why?page=ProbabilisticArgumentsAreIrrelevant   (1109 words)

Logical fallacy - Open Encyclopedia   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) Both may actually be true, but the argument is still invalid because the conclusion does not follow from the premises using the inference principles of the argument. Indeed, fallacies very often lay in unstated assumptions or implied premises in arguments that are not always obvious at first glance. In this case, the expert witness must be recognized as such and all parties must agree that the testimony is appropriate to the circumstances. open-encyclopedia.com /Logical_fallacy   (1868 words)

Interpretations of Probability The ratio of this number to that of all the cases possible is the measure of this probability, which is thus simply a fraction whose numerator is the number of favorable cases and whose denominator is the number of all the cases possible. Probability is thought of as a physical propensity, or disposition, or tendency of a given type of physical situation to yield an outcome of a certain kind, or to yield a long run relative frequency of such an outcome. The laws of probability then are claimed to be constraints on these estimates: putative necessary conditions for minimizing her ‘losses’ in a broad sense, be they monetary, or measured by distances from the assignments of these experts. plato.stanford.edu /entries/probability-interpret   (15179 words)

Logical fallacy   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) Others involve psychological ploys such as use of power relationships between proposer and interlocutor, appeals to patriotism and morality, appeals to ego etc., to establish necessary intermediate (explicit or implicit) premises for an argument. An appeal to authority is always a logical fallacy though it can be an appropriate form of rational argument if, for example, it is an appeal to expert testimony. Appeal to tradition (also called argumentum ad antiquitatem or appeal to common practice) hallencyclopedia.com /Logical_fallacy   (2111 words)

Philosophy 180 Sample Exam 2 The second form Pollock considers is subjective probability as actual degree of belief; under this interpretation, the simple rule assigns epistemic justification in relation to the firmness with which one holds a belief. When the higher-order probability of our inference is evaluated with the probabilities of our premises, we run into the same problem as with modus ponens, in that deductive inference from multi-premise arguments are not probabilistically invalid. Regardless of how probability is construed in the process of acquiring beliefs, the externalist theory must appeal to external facts to which we have no direct access. www.csus.edu /indiv/m/mayesgr/phl180sampexam3.htm   (3080 words)

Probability Subjectivive Interpretations: "A statement of probablity does not reflect anything `rational or positive or metaphysical' in the world; it is merely a psychological device which we use when we are in ignorance of the full facts of the situation." (O'Hear, p. the probability of an event having a property will depend on the relative frequency of the property's occurence among the class to which the event is assigned. Probability is a property of the generating conditions of events, i.e., their propensity for causing the probable target event www.wutsamada.com /alma/phlsci/ohear7.htm   (2746 words)

Encyclopedia: Logical fallacy By extension, an argument can have a logical fallacy even if the argument is not a deductive one; for instance an inductive argument that incorrectly applies principles of probability or causality can be said to commit a logical fallacy. While an appeal to authority is always a logical fallacy, it can be an appropriate rational argument if, for example, it is an appeal to expert testimony—a type of inductive argument. By definition, logical fallacies are invalid, but they can often be written or rewritten so that they follow a valid argument form ; and in that case, the challenge is to discover the false premise, which makes the argument unsound. www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Logical-fallacy/Appeal-to-authority   (659 words)

Dr. Martin's Third Statement I replied that probability estimates are meaningful only given certain assumptions and that these assumptions cannot be made in the case of the Universe. Since appeals to such events such as miracles and Christ's resurrection have been ruled out of bounds for the purpose of this debate by Dr. Fernandes, he resorts to his "cumulative case" to support his theistic interpretation of design. Appealing to these criteria defines what moral good is and provides the criteria for adjudicating ethical disagreements: if there is disagreement over some ethical issue, one looks to see if there is agreement over the facts, whether there is hidden bias, consistency with analogous principles, and so on. www.infidels.org /library/modern/michael_martin/fernandes-martin/martin3.html   (5225 words)

Oikeuslaitos - Appeal The appeal is to the District Court within a period of three weeks of the measure. The appeal must be filed in writing and delivered to the office of the bailiff. The proceedings can be initiated by way of an enforcement dispute referral issued by the bailiff or the court, or by a party on his or her own motion and without a referral. www.oikeus.fi /19891.htm   (280 words)

Criminal Appeal II (Opinions)   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) The Court of Appeal applied a totality of the circumstances test to conclude the record was inadequate to show the plea was knowing and voluntary. Reversing the appellate division of the superior court, the Court of Appeal held that warrantless entry into the home for a DUI arrest is not permitted, even if evidence may be destroyed or concealed by the passage of time. The Court of Appeal, recognizing that "the delegation of repetitive legal tasks to paralegals has become a necessary fixture " and rejecting a per se rule that mistakes of law are never inexcusable under Rule 4, found excusable neglect in this case. www.crimopinion.com   (2721 words)

ALIEN PYRAMID BUILDERS: A CRITICISM OF THE DESIGN ARGUMENT FOR GOD’S EXISTENCE FROM PROBABILITY The problem with this, though, is that we cannot establish what “probability X” might be; there are an infinite number of possible supernatural hypotheses, some might involve ultra-precise life-sustaining activities of a divine being, but others won’t. The probability argument presents a big “what if”, but perhaps we should just be happy that things unfolded as they did, and leave it at that. The design argument from probability in the opening of this essay is modeled after Robin Collins’s version in "The Fine-tuning Design Argument: A Scientific Argument for the Existence of God," In Reason for the Hope Within. www.utm.edu /staff/jfieser/vita/research/alien.htm   (967 words)

CBC Sports: Gymnastics Canada withdraws Shewfelt appeal The organization dropped its appeal to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) on Thursday after consulting members of the Canadian Olympic Committee and an independent expert on CAS matters. However, the Canadian contingent ended the appeal after it became clear that based on previous decisions, CAS would not overturn field-of-play decisions made by judges, referees, umpires or other officials. With this in mind, Gymnastics Canada assessed the probability of having the Shewfelt decision reversed as slim. www.cbc.ca /story/sports/national/2004/11/04/Sports/shewfelt-appeal041104.html?email   (297 words)

Appeals From the Orders Of Acquittal - Appeal And Revision--Criminal - Rules And Orders Of The Lahore High Court , ...   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) Appeal to be filed in certain cases.-- Sessions Judge and District Magistrates should bear in mind the following order of the Provincial Government regarding appeals against acquittals under section 417 of the Criminal Procedure Code. (4) where there is no distinct probability that the appeal will result in an order of re-trial. In such cases an appeal by the Provincial Government or by an aggrieved person under section 417 of the Code is required to give the High Court jurisdiction, if it is desired to alter the conviction. www.lhc.gov.pk /rulesorder/vol_3/v3ch25-e.htm   (523 words)

Southern Appeal A young man with a bright economic future is probably less likely to take his own life in a suicide attack. He was joined by anchorwoman Robin Roberts -- who makes probably a half-zillion dollars a year -- who chuckled a bit herself and introduced a film segment about the Smedlap family of Middleburg, USA, who buy a lot of milk. As you probably know, it's Augustine's defense of Christianity after Rome was sacked by Alaric's Goths in 410. southernappeal.blogspot.com /2004_05_30_southernappeal_archive.html   (8430 words)

Appeal to probability - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography Appeal to probability - Encyclopedia, History, Geography and Biography This page was last modified 01:28, 4 May 2005. This encyclopedia, history, geography and biography article about Appeal to probability contains research on www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Appeal_to_probability   (222 words)

Paley's Natural Theology Though it be now no longer probable that the individual watch which our observer had found was made immediately by the hand of an artificer, yet this alteration does not in anywise affect the inference that an artificer had been originally employed and concerned in the production. The question, therefore, is of very wide extent; and among other answers which may be given to it, beside reasons of which probably we are ignorant, one answer is this: it is only by the display of contrivance that the existence, the agency, the wisdom of the Deity could be testified to his rational creatures. Paley probably has in mind those statues, sometimes encountered in European gardens, which are constructed so as to move when someone walking down a path steps on the right stone. www-personal.umich.edu /%7Eemcurley/paley.htm   (5550 words)

Amazon.ca: Scientific Reasoning: Books   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) In this clearly reasoned defense of Bayes's Theorem -- that probability can be used to reasonably justify scientific theories -- Colin Howson and Peter Urbach examine the way in which scientists appeal to probability arguments, and demonstrate that the classical approach to statistical inference is full of flaws. Much of this book will strike students of classical probability theory and philosophy of science as very counter-intuitive at first, but it is so well argued and so clear that I think most readers will begin to warm up to the Bayesian view at least to some degree by the time they finish the book. If you've ever wondered exactly what the Bayesian approach to probability is, and what it is supposed to offer science, or you've ever been dissatisfied with the traditional answers to the problem of induction, this book will be your welcome friend for a number of evenings. www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/081269578X   (867 words)

Probability   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) To formalize this sort of argument, we're going to appeal to probability theory. Intuitively, we say an event has probability p, if, given identitical circumstances, the event occurs 1000p out of 1000 times. For example, if there is a 1% chance of thunderstorms today, then only one day like this out of 100 ends up with thunderstorms. www.cs.duke.edu /courses/cps130/fall99/lectures/lect06/node11.html   (57 words)

Appeal Letters In the abdomen, this consists of the probability of relieving the clinical signs and symptoms associated with the abdominal pannus, diminished abdominal wall integrity, including back pain, recurrent intertriginous dermatitis, poor hygiene and pressure of hernias. She had her previous initial panniculectomy, but she has lost more weight since that period of time and continues to have a pulling down on her abdomen and waist from this extra tissue, as well as laxity of the area of the thighs. This letter is an appeal of a denial for an abdominoplasty I received. mygastricbypass.com /appeals.htm   (9147 words)

Untitled Document   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) An ad hominem argument, also known as argumentum ad hominem (Latin, literally "argument to the man"), is a logical fallacy that involves replying to an argument or assertion by addressing the person presenting the argument or assertion rather than the argument itself. The logical fallacy of appeal to belief is committed when an argument infers the truth (or plausibility) of a proposition merely from the fact that it is widely believed. The appeal to novelty (also called argumentum ad novitam) is a logical fallacy in which someone claims that his or her idea or proposal is correct or superior because it is new and modern. www.ilstu.edu /~laoster/logoscribsheet.htm   (846 words)

American Antitrust Institute - Activities   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) We believe that there are several areas where it may be possible for private plaintiffs to collect damages from MS, assuming that Judge Jackson's decision is upheld on appeal. The probability of plaintiff success in providing damages, however, may be inversely related to the seriousness of MS's alleged illegal acts. Even with proof that there may have been a rival OS, it could still be a formidable task to show that entry would have caused MS to lower its price. www.antitrustinstitute.org /recent/117.cfm   (1143 words)

Amazon.com: Scientific Reasoning: The Bayesian Approach: Books: Colin Howson,Peter Urbach   (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-12) Probability and the Art of Judgment (Cambridge Studies in Probability, Induction and Decision Theory) by Richard Jeffrey In this clearly reasoned defense of Bayes's Theorem — that probability can be used to reasonably justify scientific theories — Colin Howson and Peter Urbach examine the way in which scientists appeal to probability arguments, and demonstrate that the classical approach to statistical inference is full of flaws. Probability Theory : The Logic of Science by E. www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0812692357?v=glance   (1664 words)

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