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	IPM-UCONN-Apple Scab
		Apple scab is the most serious disease affecting apples in Connecticut.
		Apple scab is incited by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, which overwinters in apple leaves on the ground.
		All of the fungicides used for apple scab control are active as protectants and some are eradicants.
	www.hort.uconn.edu /ipm/homegrnd/htms/19apscab.htm (914 words)

	Apple Scab Management in British Columbia
		Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis is a serious disease of apple in British Columbia.
		Apple scab ascospores (primary spores) are formed inside asci (sacs), which in turn are formed inside pseudothecia on dead, overwintered leaves on the ground.
		Apple scab resistance to Senator (thiophanate-methyl, formerly known as Easout) is widespread in British Columbia.
	www.agf.gov.bc.ca /cropprot/tfipm/applescb.htm (4505 words)

	Apple Scab
		Scab is one of the most common and serious diseases of apple and flowering crabapple in Kansas.
		Scab first appears in early spring as roughly circular, velvety, olive-green spots on both the upper and lower surfaces of leaves.
		Recently, several new apple cultivars have been released with excellent resistance to scab and some other diseases, and should be considered before planting to reduce the number of pesticide applications.
	www.oznet.ksu.edu /dp_hfrr/extensn/problems/applescb.htm (582 words)

	Stateline Yard & Garden--Once Again Time for Apple Scab Control
		Apple scab has been a serious disease problem on crabapples and apples the past few seasons as cool, wet spring weather is ideal for this disease to develop.
		If your crabapple or apple did not get this disease the past few seasons, either you have a resistant cultivar or were spraying the tree with a fungicide to prevent scab.
		Apple scab appears as olive green to fl spots or lesions on leaves.
	www.urbanext.uiuc.edu /stateline/980409.html (348 words)

	Apple Scab
		Apple scab is a fungal disease most common in areas of relatively high rainfall and relative humidity.
		However, scab outbreaks such as those that occurred in the early 1980's indicate that persons associated with the central Washington apple industry must constantly be alert to conditions that are conducive to the development of this disease, even in arid climates such as central Washington.
		Once the initial ascospore caused infections (called primary scab) are established, the fungus continues to grow in the infected tissue and eventually produces a second type of infectious spore (known as a conidium) in the scab lesions.
	gardening.wsu.edu /library/tree005/tree005.htm (1604 words)

	Disease Descriptions and Management (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Apple scab is Pennsylvania’s most important apple disease, attacking wild and cultivated apple and crabapple.
		Apple scab is caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, which overwinters in infected leaves that have fallen to the ground.
		Affecting apple, crabapple, and pear trees, sooty blotch and flyspeck of apple are separate diseases, but both normally are present on the same fruit.
	ssfruit.cas.psu.edu /chapter4/chapter4i.htm (6443 words)

	Apple Scab Management Starts Early
		One example is apple scab, a fungus disease of flowering crabapples and apples in the orchard.
		Apple scab has been a widespread disease in the landscape and orchard the past few years.
		If apple scab has not appeared on your crabapple or apple tree the past few years, chances are it is a resistant cultivar.
	www.urbanext.uiuc.edu /stateline/000323.html (393 words)

	Research and Reviews: Ornamental Plants Annual Reports and Research Reviews 2000, Special Circular 177-01, Evaluation ...
		Though it was a heavy year for scab at Secrest, 25 of the 63 taxa showed no evidence of apple scab in 2000, and a total of 33 never received a rating that exceeded 1 (no aesthetic impact) on any evaluation date.
		Symptoms of apple scab on crabapple include olive to gray to brown to fl spots on foliage, yellowing and discoloration of foliage, leaf drop, and scabby lesions on fruits.
		Apple scab can be effectively controlled with a fungicide spray program, and certain cultural and sanitary practices (thinning to avoid dense canopies, cleanup of leaves at the end of the season) are also beneficial for control.
	ohioline.osu.edu /sc177/sc177_12.html (798 words)

	Apple scab
		During the prebloom period, for both fresh and processing apples, determine apple scab infection periods by observing duration of leaf wetness and average temperatures during the wet period (Table 2, chapter 2).
		Management: Management of apple scab is multifaceted, with resistant cultivars, sanitation, and chemical all being used to some degree depending on the orchard system being used and the goals of the grower.
		Some recently released apple cultivars that have not been bred specifically for resistance to scab show varying levels of scab susceptibility, also (Table of foliar disease susceptibility of new apple cultivars in West Virginia).
	www.caf.wvu.edu /kearneysville/disease_descriptions/omapscab.html (1633 words)

	BP-1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Apple trees severely infected with scab can be completely defoliated and the fruits reduced to distorted, blemished "nubbins." Through the proper use of resistant varieties, cultural and/ or chemical control, apple scab can be prevented, assuring you a healthy, vigorous tree with fresh, bountiful fruit
		Apple scab is caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis.
		Apple trees should be sprayed on a regular schedule starting shortly after bud break, when 1/2 inch of green leaf tissue is visible.
	www.ces.purdue.edu /extmedia/BP/BP-1.html (565 words)

	Apple Scab Management Guidelines--UC IPM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis, is generally considered a serious disease of apples in California, causing loss or severe surface blemishing of fruit.
		Apple scab is most severe in coastal areas where spring and early summer weather is cool and moist; however, it can be a problem wherever apples are grown when conditions are favorable for its development.
		Several techniques may be used to control scab; advantages of one method over another depend on the number of apple trees being managed and whether conditions are ideal for disease development.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/PESTNOTES/pn7413.html (898 words)

	Apple Scab - Tree Fruit & Berry Pathology
		The term sheet scab refers to the condition when the entire leaf surface is covered with the disease; when this occurs, leaves typically shrivel and fall to the ground.
		The term "storage scab" refers to incipient infections that were too small to see prior to fruit storage or may be the result of infections during storage that occur as a result of sporulation from older scab lesions.
		Standard apple cultivars vary widely in their susceptibility to scab, which will influence the intensity of the control program necessary for a particular variety.
	www.nysaes.cornell.edu /pp/extension/tfabp/apscpm.shtml (1443 words)

	Controlling Apple Scab with Less Spray
		John was one of seven orchard owners that demonstrated the effectiveness of scouting and monitoring for apple scab to reduce pesticide applications on apples.
		Scab is a serious fungal disease that, if left unchecked, can cause extensive damage to an apple crop-as much as a 70% loss.
		Their responsibility was to examine a sampling of old, overwintered apple leaves from the orchard floor, nature's primary medium for apple scab inoculant.
	www.mda.state.mn.us /esap/Greenbook1999/gb99essay2.htm (2227 words)

	Applescab factsheet
		Apple scab occurs wherever apples are grown and may be the most serious disease on apples.
		Scab diseases similar to apple scab occur on pear, firethorn, and hawthorne.
		Many addtional varieties have also shown resistance to scab, but may be highly susceptibel to other dieases or may require further evaluation to fully determine the degree of their resistance to scab.
	plantclinic.cornell.edu /FactSheets/apple_scab_factsheets/apple_scab.htm (730 words)

	Apple Scab and Flowering Crabapples (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Apple scab is caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis and is a serious problem on susceptible crabapple varieties.
		Scab appears on leaves as roughly circular, velvety, olive-green spots on both the upper and lower leaf surfaces.
		Apple scab may be prevented by the application of fungicides, such as captan and chlorothalonil, starting as soon as leaf growth appears until about the middle of June.
	www.ipm.iastate.edu /ipm/hortnews/1999/5-28-1999/applescab.html (418 words)

	Pear scab - Venturia pirina
		Sometimes called fl spot, pear scab resembles apple scab (Venturia inaequalis) in nearly all respects, and is caused by the closely related fungus, V.
		Pear cultivars differ in susceptibility to scab; however, cultivars resistant in one region of the country may not be resistant in another region.
		Leaf infection of pear is not as common as apple scab on apple leaves.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /kearneysville/disease_descriptions/ompearsc.html (915 words)

	North Coast apple scab trials 1993/1994, organic and conventional materials comparison. (SA Fall 1995 (v7n4)) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Apple scab, Venturia inaequalis, is a serious fungal disease on apples in the North Coast region of California.
		Apple scab has limited the ability of these growers to produce organicallygrown apples economically due to yields losses when scab causes flower drop and lower prices for blemished, misshapen, and smaller fruit.
		Timing of spring spray applications is a very important factor in apple scab control since the fungicides used offer only temporary protection or limited kickback activity.
	www.sarep.ucdavis.edu /newsltr/v7n4/sa-8.htm (1153 words)

	Apple Scab
		Apple scab, caused by the fungus Venturia inaequallis, is one of the most important diseases of apples and crabapples in Nebraska.
		Lesions on the apples are also olive to greenish-fl, becoming cracked or “scabby” as the fruits enlarge.
		Effective control of apple scab using chemical fungicides will depend on the timeliness and repetition of applications and the degree of coverage obtained on both the upper and lower leaf surfaces.
	hortparadise.unl.edu /Newsrelease/News/AppleScab.htm (372 words)

	Growing Apples in the Home Orchard, HYG-1401-00
		The cultivar is field immune to apple scab, highly resistant to powdery mildew, resistant to cedar apple rust, and moderately resistant to fire blight.
		The cultivar is field immune to apple scab and apple rusts, and is resistant to powdery mildew and fire blight.
		The cultivar is field immune to apple scab, is moderately resistant to powdery mildew, and is highly resistant to cedar apple rust and fire blight.
	ohioline.osu.edu /hyg-fact/1000/1401.html (2467 words)

	apple_scab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		'''Apple scab''' is a disease of apple trees (genus ''Malus'') caused by the ascomycete fungus ''Venturia inaequalis''.
		Scab lesions located on the woody tissues may also overwinter in place, but will not undergo a sexual reproduction cycle; these lesions can still produce infective conidial spores in the spring.
		Scab lesions on woody tissue should be excised from the tree if possible and similarly destroyed.
	q-basic.xodox.de /apple_scab (444 words)

	Apple Scab
		The fungus that causes scab on apples and flowering crabapples is a serious disease that results in premature defoliation and a reduction in the number of flowers the following year.
		The apple scab fungus actually infects susceptible trees in early- to mid-April and continues for five to nine weeks.
		Apple scab usually first appears on the undersides of leaves as small, irregular lesions that are light brown to olive green in color.
	outreach.missouri.edu /extensioninfonet/article.asp?id=1703 (405 words)

	Apple Scab Resistant Varieties for Rhode Island
		Growing apples in Rhode Island is certainly much easier if you don°t need to spray fungicides for apple scab control.
		William's Pride is a maroon-red, medium-large apple with crisp, firm, juicy, cream-color flesh.
		All apple trees are susceptible to summer diseases called fly speck and sooty blotch.
	www.uri.edu /ce/factsheets/sheets/applescabresist.html (527 words)

	Apple Scab
		Apple scab (Venturia ineaqualis) is the most destructive fungal disease affecting the home apple planting.
		Control of apple scab is possible through resistance, sanitation and/or fungicide treatments.
		If a fungicide must be applied, it is far better to spray early in the season before apples are formed or when they are smallÜthe further into the season that chemicals are applied, the more residue is likely to be on edible fruit.
	www.uri.edu /ce/factsheets/sheets/applescab.html (622 words)

	Apple Scab (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Apple scab, also commonly called fl spot, is the most serious disease of apples in the world.
		A key strategy in apple scab control is the disposal of autumn leaves which might be infected and cause reinfection of the new growth in spring, either by removing the leaves physically or hastening their decomposition.
		Pialligo Apples of the ACT use old ewes for weed control with no damage to the apple trees, though the sheep prefer the grass to rotting apple leaves and are not effective in disposing of the fallen leaves (Daley and Banks 1998, pers.com).
	www.newnets.com.au /oaa/applescab.htm (7540 words)

	UC IPM: UC Management Guidelines for Apple Scab on Apple (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Superficial, velvety dark-olive-to-fl spots on fruits and leaves are the initial symptoms of apple scab.
		Because scab control often is part of a combination treatment aimed at other diseases and insect control, choice of materials and timing are also extremely important.
		This system for forecasting scab and timing sprays has been validated for apple-growing regions in the northern areas of California, but not for the central and southern San Joaquin Valley where temperatures tend to be higher in spring than those in the table.
	www.ipm.ucdavis.edu /PMG/r4100411.html (1019 words)

	Apple scab
		Apple scab: Apple scab is of major economic importance in the mid-Atlantic region.
		Management: Management of apple scab is based on the application of fungicides to control leaf and fruit infections caused by overwintering ascospores.
		Resistant cultivars: Most of the major apple cultivars are susceptible to the apple scab fungus, although this varies somewhat.
	www.caf.wvu.edu /Kearneysville/profile/apscab.htm (650 words)

	Midwest Biological Control News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		About a third of the isolates (92 successful ones and 268 that did not inhibit scab) were then tested for their ability to control scab on 3-week-old McIntosh apple seedlings in the greenhouse.
		The seedlings were sprayed with suspensions of the isolates, inoculated with apple scab spores after 24 hours, and rated for scab severity 2 weeks later.
		Thirty-two of the 931 isolates prevented germination of apple scab spores in the plate tests, and another 135 inhibited growth of the spores' germ tubes.
	www.entomology.wisc.edu /mbcn/fruit505.html (407 words)

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