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Topic: Apportionment (politics)

	Apportionment - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The lessee is not bound, however, by an apportionment of rent made upon the grant of part of the reversion unless it is made either with his consent or by the verdict of a jury.
		Apportionment by operation of law may be brought about where by act of law a lease becomes inoperative as regards its subject-matter, or by the "act of God" (as, for instance, where part of an estate is submerged by the encroachments of the sea).
		An equitable apportionment, apart from statute law, arises where property is bequeathed on trust to pay the income to a tenant for life and the reversion to others, and the realization of the property in the form of a fund capable of producing income is postponed for the benefit of the estate.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Apportionment (1040 words)

	Lalor, Cyclopaedia of Political Science, V.1, Entry 69, APPORTIONMENT: Library of Economics and Liberty
		The term apportionment was applied in the federal constitution to the distribution of representatives in the lower chamber of the federal congress between the several states and to the allotment of direct taxes upon the basis of population.
		The census of 1797 was assumed as a basis of the apportionment made by the constitution, but it is difficult to reconcile its allotment of representation with the returns of population; Valencia and Granada, with a nearly equal population, having respectively 19 and 2 deputies.
		An apportionment based on representation was demanded at every rising for the next half century by Spanish liberals, and in 1868 the electoral law, promulgated by the provisional government, declared an apportionment by provinces for every 45,000 inhabitants, a fraction over 22,500 to count as a full ratio; 350 deputies being distributed on this basis.
	www.econlib.org /library/YPDBooks/Lalor/llCy69.html (6884 words)

	Apportionment (politics) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Apportionment, or reapportionment, is the process of determining representation in politics within a legislative body by creating constituencies.
		Apportionment is also applied in party-list proportional representation elections to distribute seats between different parties once they've won a particular percentage of the vote, much like how different U.S. states obtain different shares of the population from the census.
		However, it must be remembered that at the time the United States Constitution was written, the Senate was intended to represent the interests of the states themselves rather than the residents of those states, and thus apportionment was divided equally among the states rather than among the population at large.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Reapportionment (633 words)

	Tax article - Tax government politics economics public finance Purposes effects - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The means of taxation, and the uses to which the funds raised through taxation should be put, are a matter of hot dispute in politics and economics, so discussions of taxation are frequently tendentious.
		The federal government then had no income tax until the Sixteenth Amendment was ratified, which removed the apportionment requirement for income taxes.
		An import or export tariff is a charge for the movement of goods through a political border.
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Tax (3362 words)

	Voting (Political Processes) Essay (Ch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		It has political implications that go to very structure of the constitutional system but they are not as obvious, say, as the requirement of elections to fill the office every four years.
		Since the apportionment of seats in the House of Representatives to the states and the amount of many kinds of federal aid are determined by the decennial census, the conduct of that count of the nation’s population has become a hotly contested political issue.
		He suggests that we think of political questions both as doctrine, that is what judges say the Constitution means, and as behavior, the instances where judges have avoided deciding issues for fear of entering into a sphere that is delegated by the Constitution to other officials like the President and the Congress.
	people.umass.edu /jbrigham/Vote.htm (9307 words)

	Temporary Reprieve
		The Clinton Administration rather brazenly asserted that the language of the act permits statistical sampling to determine the population for apportionment.
		What is not generally appreciated is that apportionment is related to, but not equivalent to redistricting.
		Apportionment is the distribution of Representatives among the states.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/politics_conservative/15552 (457 words)

	Apportionment FAQ Emily Yoffe
		Apportionment is the process of dividing the 435 seats of the House of Representatives among the 50 states.
		Because residents of the District of Columbia do not have a voting member of the House, their population, 572,059 is subtracted from the resident figure for apportionment purposes.
		But the 574,330 federal employees and their dependents living overseas, who can be "assigned" to a home state, while not counted in the resident census are added to the apportionment figure.
	www.slate.com /id/1007247 (812 words)

	thirty-thousand.org -- Neubauer-Zeitlin Analysis
		The reasons for this method of apportionment of the EC members are rooted in the Connecticut Compromise of 1787 (Kelly, Harbinson, and Belz 1970; Koppell 2000).
		For example, in the 2000 election the 22 smallest states had a total of 98 votes in the EC while their combined population was roughly equal to that of the state of California, which had only 54 votes in the EC.
		We apportioned a hypothetical House with 830 members and, using the official results of the 2000 presidential election from all 50 states and the District of Columbia, added up the electoral votes for Bush and Gore under this scenario.
	www.thirty-thousand.org /pages/Neubauer-Zeitlin.htm (3601 words)

	apportionment - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		Toxic apportionment: a causation and risk contribution...a case is to apply principles of apportionment: the plaintiffs cancer would be...be "a cause of that actual harm.
		Apportionment (Election law)--Laws, regulations and rules, Census--Laws, regulations and rules, Censuses--Laws, regulations and rules, United States.
		...determine population for the purposes of apportionment" in the House of Representatives, the...specifically forbidden by Congress for apportionment purposes.
	www.questia.com /SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=apportionment (1579 words)

	Fellows - Center on Religion and Democracy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The project illuminates the complexity of religious identities and expressed interests among those involved in the conflicts, describes the cultural, political, and economic factors that enhance or diminish conflict in each community, and analyzes the role played by interest groups that are outside the locality.
		He received a B.A. in political science from Wheaton College in 1994 and an M.A. in political science from the University of Pittsburgh in 1996.
		Jon Shields is a doctoral candidate in the Department of Politics at the University of Virginia.
	religionanddemocracy.lib.virginia.edu /about/fellows.html (2279 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The government may conclude, with the government of Canada, any agreement relating to the apportionment of the property and debts of Canada, and to any other matter susceptible of facilitating the application of this Act.
		As part of this reflection on the future of our society by a broad spectrum of the population, I am pleased to introduce the new partnership with Canadians that is described in the constitutional option of the Action democratique du Quebec.
		The purpose of this new union and its parliament is to ensure the greatest possible economic and political stability, and to preserve the achievements of many centuries of cohabitation.
	web.elastic.org /~fche/mirrors/old-usenet/quebec (7173 words)

	PUERTO RICO HERALD: Washington's Muted Majority…Take Two… This Gambit's Legit. D.C. Should Play (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Yet in the Byzantine world of apportionment politics, this odd coupling could represent a sweetheart deal for the District -- and its surest shot at securing a measure of legislative parity.
		Davis's proposal to add two seats in mid-decade also avoids a host of controversial problems associated with the apportionment process, that mad scramble to recarve districts to reflect changes in the states' populations.
		Since states already have redrawn their congressional maps to reflect the latest census count, inserting a state in mid-decade essentially requires an adjustment in the size of the House of Representatives, as happened when Alaska and Hawaii joined the Union in 1959, and the House stood temporarily at 437 members.
	www.puertorico-herald.org /issues/2003/vol7n28/WashMutedMajor-en.shtml (2075 words)

	Politics and Immigration
		The nearly 7 million illegal immigrants and 12 million other non-citizens who sent their Census forms back to the government in 2000 caused a significant redistribution of seats in the House of Representatives: a shift of seats from low-immigration states to high-immigration ones.
		This is because seats are apportioned to each state on the basis of total population, including illegal immigrants and other non-citizens.
		In Remaking the Political Landscape: The Impact of Illegal and Legal Immigration on Congressional Apportionment, authors Dudley Poston, Amanda Baumle and I found that Indiana, Michigan and Mississippi each lost a seat because of illegal aliens in the Census, while Montana failed to gain a seat it would otherwise have had.
	www.usbc.org /profiles/profiles2003/1203distorts.htm (527 words)

	The Head Heeb: Lebanese politics for beginners, part 5
		The political violence that occurs in Lebanon during the short to medium term will likely involve covert agencies, ideologically motivated freelancers or settling of local feuds, all of which are relatively controllable and limited in scale.
		A 6:5 apportionment in favor of the Muslims wouldn't reflect the overall demographic balance, but it would be a fair approximation of the voting population and would enable the Shi'ite allotment to be increased without diminishing that of the Sunnis.
		Demographic politics have prevented a census from being taken in Lebanon since 1932, but the demands of the confessional groups (especially the Shi'ites) may not be resolvable without some kind of periodic population-based reallocation.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/028022.html (8951 words)

	Computational Politics
		This project studies complexity-theoretic aspects of political science--in particular, of voting theory.
		One focus is an experimental study of Congressional apportionment, and the other is a theoretical study of voting systems.
		Regarding the latter, the Condorcet criterion is that an election is won by any candidate who defeats all others in pairwise majority-rule elections.
	www.cs.rochester.edu /users/faculty/lane/computational-politics.html (626 words)

	reapportionment - Books, journals, articles @ The Questia Online Library
		THE POLITICS OF Elbridge Gerry's Salamander: The Electoral Consequences of the Reapportionment Revolution
		Apportionment (Election law)--Case Note, Erie County, New York--Case Note, Korman v.
		Politically, Rhode Island was generally controlled by Republicans until the 1930s, when the Democrats insistence on reapportionment of representation (which tended to favor small towns over urban areas) helped bring their party into power.
	www.questia.com /SM.qst?act=search&keywordsSearchType=1000&keywords=reapportionment (1509 words)

	MA 103Q-002 Topics in Contemporary Mathematics: Mathematics and Politics
		"Political Intrigue in the Bible: Esther" from Brams, Rational Politics, chapter 2 (coursepack).
		Congressional staffer's report on whether the current method of apportioning the U.S. Congress should be changed and, if so, to what.
		The NC State policy on working with students with disabilities can be found here.
	www4.ncsu.edu /~schecter/ma_103q_sp04 (501 words)

	Bibliography
		Kenneth A. Shepsle, "Political Institutions and the New Institutional Economics," Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics, (1993), 143: 347-50.
		Lewis Namier, The Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III, (1957).
		Political Behavior in the State Legislatures during the Jacksonian Era," Journal of American History, (1971), 58(3): 591-621.
	www.people.virginia.edu /~cak5u/bibliog1.htm (12469 words)

	Glossary: Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage
		Unless they could show otherwise, crews were held responsible for damage to the ship or its cargo and had the costs deducted from their wages; also the apportionment of loss caused by the intentional damage to a ship (e.g.
		The constitutional arrangement in which the executive government consisted of elected members of the House of Assembly, usually belonging to the majority political party.
		The tendency for European Roman Catholic clergy to try to insulate the Church from political control or influence by looking over the Alps to the papacy in Rome for teaching, doctrine, leadership, and cultural models.
	www.heritage.nf.ca /glossary.html (4704 words)

	Ohio Chamber of Commerce - Communications & Events
		They will have the usual challenges of new lawmakers ñ navigating the tunnels of the Statehouse parking garage, hiring staff and finding their committee rooms ñ but this year, they'll have an added bonus.
		Just as the freshman class begins to settle in, the Apportionment Board will meet and redraw the state legislative districts giving many lawmakers new constituents and some the chance to move or look for other work.
		There are many things local chambers can do to inform their members of the views of elected officials ñ without making partisan endorsements or starting a political action committee.
	www.ohiochamber.com /Events/ohiomatters/ohiomatters_janfeb01news7.asp (574 words)

	The University of Chicago Magazine
		In these writers’ works, she traces a distinctive novelistic tradition that viewed social developments—including changes in political partisanship and childhood education and the rise of new politico-legal forms like negligence law—as means for understanding how individuals were shaped by their interactions with society.
		These novels tend to adhere to the general principle that that which is shown as fragmented, unfinished, or suspended in space or time is truer to the experience of creative women than that whish is shown as whole, finished, or firmly anchored.
		She shows the critical importance of relating nationality to political citizenship and of examining the application, not just the creation, of new categories of membership in the nation.
	magazine.uchicago.edu /books (10180 words)

	The Independent Weekly: Trotline
		Even by the debased standards of party politics, apportionment--dividing the state into legislative or congressional districts--really stinks.
		Long, long story short, a trial judge named Knox Jenkins was authorized by the state Supreme Court to devise an "interim" apportionment plan if he didn't like the one--the second one--that the General Assembly enacted.
		On this score, it didn't help the judiciary's reputation for probity when Robert Orr, one of the Supreme Court Republicans and a candidate for re-election this year, introduced a Republican legislator recently at a fund-raiser and offered the wish that "someday" that legislator would be in the majority.
	www.indyweek.com /durham/2002-07-17/trotline.html (1695 words)

	The Head Heeb: Lebanese politics for beginners, part 3
		Third are the major Maronite political and religious figures, followed by two people who are in classes by themselves: Hassan Nasrallah and Hariri, who continues to be a vital force in Lebanese politics despite his death.
		Sfeir's political leanings are something of a mystery; he has spoken in support of Resolution 1559, but has also been close to Lahoud and supports the Maronites' privileged position under the status quo.
		Among the many unknowns of the current political crisis is the stance of Hizbullah leader Hassan Nasrallah (Al Jazeera profile, MEIB profile), who is virtually an independent actor in southern Lebanon.
	headheeb.blogmosis.com /archives/027797.html (8105 words)

	Amazon.com: Sizing Up the Senate : The Unequal Consequences of Equal Representation: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Politics of Congressional Elections (Longman Classics Series), The (6th Edition) (Longman Classics in Political Science) by Gary C. Jacobson
		Technical terms and jargon are not explained for the lay public, and given the difference between the dictionary definitions and official use of terms in my profession, I hesitate to assume the obvious meanings in some places.
		Chapter 4 closes with the note that Senate apportionment works in a counter-majoritarian way against the party that would otherwise have more power most of the time.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0226470067?v=glance (2122 words)

	Insight on the News: Republicans rise in Dixie - southern Democrats
		Although Southern voters have supported the GOP in presidential politics since the 1950s, conservative Democrats traditionally have dominated congressional politics.
		The Democratic Party's apparent shift to the left and the creation of majority-minority districts by racial gerrymandering have changed the way Southerners cast their ballots, says Mary Ellen Guy, a political-science professor at the University of Alabama at Birmingham.
		Emory University political science professor Merle Black points out that 65 percent of Southern white voters chose Republicans in 1994, compared with the normal 52 percent.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1571/is_n29_v11/ai_17296838 (974 words)

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