Approval-Voting - Factbites

Approval-Voting - Factbites
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Topic: Approval-Voting

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	Approval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Approval voting is a voting system used for elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses.
		Historically, something resembling Approval voting for candidates was used in the Republic of Venice during the 13th century and for elections in 19th century England.
		Approval voting passes the monotonicity criterion, in that voting for a candidate never lowers that candidate's chance of winning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Approval_voting (1633 words)

	ALTERNATIVE VOTING SYSTEMS
		Approval voting, proposed independently by several analysts in the l970s (Brams and Fishburn, l983), is a voting procedure that is designed in part to prevent the election of minority candidates in multicandidate contests (i.e., those with three or more candidates).
		A rational voter will vote for a second choice if his or her first choice appears to be a long shot--as indicated, for example, by the polls--but the voter's calculus and its effects on outcomes is not yet well understood for either approval voting or the other procedures discussed herein (Nurmi, l987; Merrill, l988).
		Approval voting has been used in internal elections by the political parties in some states, including Pennsylvania, where a presidential straw poll using approval voting was conducted by the Democratic Party state committee in l983 (Nagel, l984).
	bcn.boulder.co.us /government/approvalvote/altvote.html (6123 words)

	Proportional approval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In terms of tactical voting, it is therefore highly desirable to withhold approval from candidates who are likely to be elected in any case, as with cumulative voting.
		Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a theoretical voting system for multiple-winner elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses.
		if the numbers of votes for each candidate are simply added up and those with the highest numbers elected, equivalent to satisfaction being n, then this would amount to block approval voting which could have a similar chance of landslide results as block voting.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proportional_approval_voting (863 words)

	Approval Voting
		Approval voting methods would remove this rancor and Ralph Nader (or anyone else, for that matter) could freely participate in our political processes without inspiring anger for their efforts from those supporting different candidates.
		Approval voting is practical, very easy to explain due to its similarity to existing, common voting methods, and very simple to implement.
		This suggests an idea that has also born out well when evaluated by deductions from rigorous decision theory: approval voting.
	users.easystreet.com /jkirwan/new/voting.html (2618 words)

	Columns: Approval Voting in Class Elections
		Approval voting is particularly effective since a candidate may be favored by a few students and intensely disliked by the rest, yet still win a seat.
		Approval voting, as the name suggests, works like this: each voter votes for as many candidates as they approve of, whether twelve or just one.
		The only drawback of approval voting, at least the only reason that it is not implemented anywhere known (yet), is the possibility of strategic voting.
	www.mccallie.org /tornadoX/columns/Issue5/approvalvoting12-19.htm (428 words)

	Approval Voting
		Approval voting (AV) is an alternative method of voting.
		Because everyone can vote for as many candidates as they wish, voting for candidates unlikely to win is no longer "throwing away your vote." Also, approval voting, by its nature, makes it difficult to vote against a candidate, reducing the effectiveness of negative campaigning.
		Unlike plurality voting (PV) -- the most common method in practice today -- where voters pick the single candidate they feel is the most qualified for the position, approval voting allows voters to choose all candidates they feel are qualified.
	www.tursiops.cc /idhop/av (1236 words)

	approval voting -- recommendation 4
		Approval voting was designed primarily to elect one candidate from a slate of three or more candidates without a runoff ballot or complex elimination calculations.
		Unlike STV/Alternative vote, approval voting does not suffer from nasty 'paradoxes' such as a winner turning into a loser when new votes that favor the 'winner' are counted, and it is in general much simpler.
		Each voter under approval voting votes for as many candidates as he or she wishes, and each such candidate gets one full vote from that voter.
	forum.icann.org /election/395ACB7A00000002.html (369 words)

	Approval Voting: Rational, Constitutional Electoral Reform
		Approval voting is easy to understand and is simple to implement (in comparison with systems such as preference voting or Borda count).
		Approval voting can be expected to increase voter turnout because voters are no longer required to make a single choice between the lesser of two evils.
		Currently, approval voting is used by a number of professional organizations and the United Nations uses this method to select the Secretary General.
	www.cs.indiana.edu /~hagerp/ec_reform.htm (1232 words)

	Approval voting
		Approval voting allows eight possible opinions with three candidates; 16 with four; 32 with five; 64 with six; etc. There are 2^N possibilities, where N is the number of candidates.
		approval voting: from the list of candidates, each voter simply crosses off any choices which are less acceptable.
		But if the method were approval voting, it doesn't encourage any of the people to abstain...except in MWH where person B's true opinion is that all three of the choices are indistinguishable.
	www-personal.umich.edu /~bpl/approval-vote.htm (3395 words)

	Boulder AAUW: The Approval Voting System
		The Boulder Branch is using the "Approval Voting System" -- this year (2001) for the first time -- for the selection of finalists for the Brown/Ricketts/Udick grants for UCB graduate women.
		For more discussion regarding this voting system, visit the Approval Voting Home Page.
		Different voting systems maximize different criteria and motivate different voting strategies (and also different campaigning strategies.) Some bad ones, like "plurality" voting which we use in most elections for public office often compel voters to vote for a candidate other than their first choice.
	www.coaauw.org /boulder-oldsite/aauwb_approval_voting.html (345 words)

	Approval voting
		Approval voting also has several disadvantages over each of the several types of voting methods collectively called preferential voting (because each voter ranks the candidates in order of preference, and then one of several algorithms is used to determine the winner).
		Approval voting was designed for elections which typically have three or more candidates.
		Moreover, in elections where several of the top vote-getters will be declared winners, approval voting is likely to result in several of the top candidates being approved by a majority of the voters.
	www.uab.edu /fsenate/approvalvotingform.htm (438 words)

	Approval & Disapproval Voting
		This ballot is more expressive that either Singular Plurality, Approval, or NOTA voting.
		Approval and disapproval are of course mutually exclusive of one another.
		The negative votes wouldn't be a factor in determining the winner, but would only be there for politicians and media to analyze and evaluate.
	www.rayrob.org /library/RFR/CRV/approval_&_disapproval_voting.htm (1125 words)

	Citizens for Approval Voting
		Approval Voting is excellent for use in all kinds of public and private elections whenever there is going to be a single winner.
		Citizens for Approval Voting is an educational and outreach organization dedicated to introducing voters everywhere to this important voting system.
		There is also a separate political action corporation named Americans for Approval Voting that is working towards the enactment of legislation to allow or mandate Approval Voting.
	www.approvalvoting.org (207 words)

	Election Selection: Science News Online, Nov. 2, 2002
		Approval voting, Brams says, gives voters more sovereignty by enabling them to express the intensity of their preferences: a voter who strongly favors one candidate can vote for just that candidate, while a voter who can't stand one candidate can vote for everyone else.
		Approval voting favors candidates who are well known and inoffensive: many voters recognize their names and have mildly positive opinions about them.
		A third is approval voting, used by several scientific societies, in which participants may cast votes for as many of the candidates as they choose.
	www.sciencenews.org /20021102/bob8.asp (8946 words)

	American Chronicle: Approval Voting - could it work?
		Approval Voting is a simple reform that gets rid of the spoiler and lesser-of-two-evils problems of plurality and would result in a level playing field for all parties and candidates.
		Approval Voting uses the same ballot format but allows a voter to approve any number of candidates, effectively allowing a vote for or against each candidate.
		It has been shown that Cardinal Ratings is equivalent to Approval Voting when voters are rationally strategic--that is, it is always to a voter's advantage to vote each candidate at one of the extremes, so an electorate of rational voters would act as if they were voting in an Approval election.
	www.americanchronicle.com /articles/viewArticle.asp?articleID=1980 (1987 words)

	Americans for Approval Voting
		Americans for Approval Voting is forming as a political action organization working for the adoption of Approval Voting for public elections in the United States.
		Citizens for Approval Voting is operating as an educational and outreach organization focused on helping people learn about the benefits of Approval Voting.
		Members are working to pass legislation that would allow Approval Voting in a variety of Texas elections.
	www.approvalvoting.com /news.html (264 words)

	Approval Voting
		The Approval Voting method does not use ``preference ballots'' and ``preference schedules,'' which is probably why it's not included in your textbook.
		Approval voting lets me cast a ballot which gives points to everybody else: ``A, B, C.'' That kind of ballot makes my feelings very clear: I'd like anybody but D! This method works well for the ``in-between'' voters, as well.
		You will be responsible for knowing the "Approval Voting" system on the second midterm in our class.
	www.math.umn.edu /~rogness/math1001/approval (591 words)

	Proportional approval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a theoretical voting system for multiple-winner elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses.
		In terms of tactical voting, it is therefore highly desirable to withhold approval from candidates who are likely to be elected in any case, as with cumulative voting.
		Proportional approval is completely independent of irrelevant alternatives, making it one of the few multi-winner systems to accomplish this feat (not even STV does).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Proportional_approval_voting (1031 words)

	Frankie's Approval Voting Page
		Approval Voting was invented in 12th Century Venice, then rediscovered by Bob Weber et al, in the 1970s.
		Standard voting machines capable of multi-seat elections (such as a local school board) are already equipped for Approval, whereas numerical ranking would require completely new equipment and/or software (aka $$$).
		Numerous large organizations currently use Approval Voting successfully, including the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE), the National Academy of Sciences, the American Mathematical Society, the American Statistical Association, the Society for Judgment and Decision Making, and the United Nations.
	geocities.com /francis_uy/voting.html (540 words)

	The Horrors of an Easily Distracted Mind: 13 August 2005
		Approval Voting allows you to vote for more than one candidate if you so choose.
		Approval voting could be the compromise that makes it work.
		One overly simple method for changing the voting system.
	blog.druidic.net /archives/2005_08_13.php (492 words)

	Marginal Ranked Approval Voting - Electowiki
		Marginal Ranked Approval Voting (MRAV) is a refinement of Definite Majority Choice.
		The philosophical motivation for removing marginally defeated candidates from consideration is that their approval "lift" is smaller than the "drag" of lower-ranked candidates who defeat them, and so they are dragged down.
		The DMC's lift from defeating a candidate Z who defeats Y isn't large enough to overcome the drag of Y's clear upward defeat of X. The Approval winner and the highest-approved member of the Smith set are always members of the strong set.
	wiki.electorama.com /wiki/Marginal_Ranked_Approval_Voting (710 words)

	Approval Voting: A Better Way to Select a Winner - What Matters
		He is Professor of Politics at New York University and the author or co-author of fourteen books, including Approval Voting, that involve applications of game theory and social choice theory to voting and elections, bargaining and fairness, international relations, and the Bible and theology.
		A rational voter will vote for a second choice if his or her first choice appears to be a long shot--as indicated, for example, by polls -- but the voter's calculus and its effects on outcomes is not yet well understood for either AV or other voting procedures.
		Because approval of a less-preferred candidate can hurt a more-preferred approved candidate, the voter is still faced with the decision of where to draw the line between acceptable and nonacceptable candidates.
	alum.mit.edu /ne/whatmatters/200211 (1846 words)

	Voting Theory and Reform
		Citizens for Approval Voting — An educational nonprofit that extolls the benefiys of Approval Voting.
		Americans for Approval Voting — A lobbying and political action nonprofit working for the enactment of Approval Voting for single winner elections in the USA.
		Approval Voting — Method in which voters cast votes to approve or disapprove candidates, with election going to those with most approval votes.
	www.constitution.org /voting/voting.htm (587 words)

	Approval Voting
		To all of you who have endorsed runoff voting (IRV): IRV only sounds good when compared to our current "first past the post" plurality system, the strawman of choice for recent critics who've ignored the nice things I've said about other voting alternatives.
		Indeed, when nobody's vote is expendable, a candidate could lose merely by acting and speaking impolitely about rivals and their constituencies.
		Nay votes are treated the same as unmarked candidates, the nays serving only to expose ballot tampering.
	www.hevanet.com /kort/2005/FISHER11.HTM (629 words)

	Citizens for Approval Voting
		Approval Voting is exactly like the plurality system that is generally used in America today except for one twist: Instead of voting for any single candidate, Approval Voting allows you the option of voting for any number of candidates for a given office.
		Approval Voting in effect allows you to vote up or down on every candidate in every race.
		Even though several million people have participated in elections using Approval Voting, it is very rare to hear complaints about the fairness of this form of election.
	www.approvalvoting.org /what.html (232 words)

	Approval voting - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Historically, something resembling Approval voting for candidates was used in the Republic of Venice during the 13th century and for elections in 19th century England.
		Approval voting is a voting system used for elections, in which each voter can vote for as many or as few candidates as the voter chooses.
		Approval voting passes the monotonicity criterion, in that voting for a candidate never lowers that candidate's chance of winning.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Approval_voting (1643 words)

	Voting
		Proportional approval voting Proportional approval voting (PAV) is a theoretical 2001.
		Voting age The voting age is the minimum legal age at which a person may election.
		Cumulative voting Cumulative voting (accumulation voting or weighted voting) is a multiple-winner England in the late...
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /topics/voting.html (1643 words)

	Open Directory - Society: Politics: Campaigns and Elections: Voting Systems
		Approval Voting - A voting procedure in which voters can vote for, or approve of, as many candidates as they wish.
		The Immigrant Voting Project - Promotes discussion of immigrant voting rights (also known as resident voting, alien suffrage, and non-citizen voting) as a sensible policy to strengthen democracy by encouraging citizenship, community building, and government accountability.
		Declared-Strategy Voting - Group decision-making procedure in which preference is specified using voting strategies in a given scenario (for instance, a first-past-the-post election)
	dmoz.org /Society/Politics/Campaigns_and_Elections/Voting_Systems (896 words)

	TeacherSource . Math . Approval Voting PBS
		Approval Voting is a procedure in which voters can vote for as many candidates as they wish.
		Use Approval Voting to determine the color of the T-shirt.
		Suppose the University decides to try Approval Voting.
	www.pbs.org /teachersource/mathline/concepts/voting/activity4.shtm (514 words)

	Third Parties: Why They Spoil and How to Stop It (Aaron Swartz: The Weblog)
		Approval voting (or IRV, or fusion voting, or Concordet…) could be implemented on a state-by-state basis without the Constitutional changes required to reform the Electoral College.
		These changes from approval might help more parties gain major party statusm, but it won’t affect any election winner, assuming the voters are wise over their second votes.
		Approval is also a cute method, and I consider it mostly harmless.
	www.aaronsw.com /weblog/001168 (2978 words)

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