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Topic: Approximant

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	Phonotactics - Arden Reference Grammar
		In internal position, any consonant may appear geminated; in final position, geminate obstruents are barred.
		In word initial position, four kinds of clusters may occur: 1) obstruent + approximant; 2) /s/ or /z/ + oral stop; 3) oral stop + liquid or approximant; 4) /s/ or /z/ (sonority as in case 2) + oral stop + liquid or approximant.
		In word-final position, only one kind of cluster may occur, that is sonorant + obstruent.
	www.glossopoiesis.net /Arden/phonotactics.html (172 words)

	MATLAB Central File Exchange - Pade' Approximant
		Computes coefficients of Pade' Approximants to symbolic functions.
		This script will compute the coefficients for the "symmetric" Pade' approximant to a symbolic function expanded at x=0.
		It also returns poles and zeros to ensure that the expansion does not have undesireable behavior in the region of interest.
	www.mathworks.com /matlabcentral/fileexchange/loadFile.do?objectId=4388&objectType=file (245 words)

	Approximant consonant information - Search.com
		Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants.
		When emphasized, approximants may be slightly fricated (that is, the airstream may become slightly turbulent), which is reminiscent of fricatives.
		Occasionally the glottal "fricatives" are called approximants, since [h] typically has no more frication than voiceless approximants, but they are often phonations of the glottis without any accompanying manner or place of articulation.
	www.search.com /reference/Approximant_consonant (476 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Palatal approximant
		The palatal approximant occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter "y" in you or yesterday.
		The palatal approximant is a type of consonantal A consonant is a sound in spoken language that is characterized by a constriction or closure at one or more points along the vocal tract.
		Labial-velar The labialised velar approximant or labial-velar is a consonant articulated both with the velum and with the lips (rounded).
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Palatal-approximant (3722 words)

	Approximant consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Approximants are speech sounds that could be regarded as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants.
		When emphasized, approximants may be slightly fricated (that is, the airstream may become slightly turbulent), which is reminiscent of fricatives.
		Occasionally the glottal "fricatives" are called approximants, since [h] typically has no more frication than voiceless approximants, but they are often phonations of the glottis without any accompanying manner or place of articulation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Approximant (472 words)

	Velar approximant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
		Its manner of articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by bringing one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.
		The airstream mechanism is pulmonic egressive, which means it is articulated by pushing air out of the lungs and through the vocal tract, rather than from the glottis or the mouth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Velar_approximant (375 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Labiodental approximant
		The labiodental approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
		Its place of articulation is labiodental which means it is articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth.
		The labial-velar approximant is a type of consonantal sound, used in certain spoken languages.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Labiodental-approximant (3388 words)

	Lateral consonant - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Most laterals are approximants and belong to the class of liquids.
		One, found before vowels as in lady or fly, is called clear l, pronounced as the alveolar lateral approximant [l] with a "neutral" position of the body of the tongue.
		The other variant, so-called dark l found before consonants or word-finally, as in bold or tell, is pronounced as the velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] with the tongue assuming a spoon-like shape with its back part raised, which gives the sound a [w]- or [ɰ]-like resonance.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Lateral_approximant (549 words)

	Alveolar lateral approximant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in some spoken languages.
		Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue — termed respectively apical and laminal — against the alveolar ridge.
		The lateral alveolar approximant occurs in English, and it is the sound denoted by the letter "l" in lip or please.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/lateral_alveolar_approximant (309 words)

	[Approximant] \| [All the best Approximant resources at karaoke.velocityincome.com] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		German â€™Râ€™ Question (Practical Self-Study Questions)By approximant, I was referring to a uvular approximant, not the alveolar approximant found in English.
		Approximant Lateral approximants Lateral approximants voiced alveolar lateral approximant [l] voiceless alveolar lateral approximant [l̥] retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ] palatal lateral approximant [ʎ] velar lateral approximant [ʟ]
		Approximant Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols Coarticulated approximants with dedicated IPA symbols voiced labialized velar approximant [w] (a consonantal [u]) voiceless labialized velar approximant [ʍ] labialized palatal approximant [ɥ] (a consonantal [y]) velarized alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ]
	karaoke.velocityincome.com /Approximant (921 words)

	Palatal lateral approximant - Slider
		Italian has the palatal lateral approximant as a phoneme, and it is denoted by "gli", as in figlio /ˈfiʎo/ (son).
		Portuguese has the palatal lateral approximant as a phoneme, and it is denoted by "lh", as in ovelha /oˈveʎa/ (sheep).
		Slovak has the palatal lateral approximant as a phoneme, and it is denoted by "l’", as in ral’a /ˈraʎa/ (field).
	enc.slider.com /Enc/Lateral_palatal_approximant (386 words)

	Labial-velar approximant (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The labial-velar approximant is a type of consonant al sound, used in some spoken language s.
		The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is w, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is w.
		Its place of articulation is labial-velar which means it is articulated both with the lips and with the back part of the tongue (the dorsum) against the soft palate (the velum).
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Labial-velar_approximant.html (338 words)

	Alveolar approximant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar approximants is ɹ, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is
		Its place of articulation is alveolar, which means it is articulated with either the tip or the blade of the tongue against the alveolar ridge, termed respectively apical and laminal.
		Originally the wr sound was labialized and the r sound was not, but the distinction has been lost from English, and now both r and wr are labialized at the start of a syllable, as in red [ɹʷɛd].
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/alveolar_approximant (458 words)

	Velarized Alveolar Lateral Approximant Encyclopedia Article @ FolkArtMuseum.com (Folk Art Museum) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The velarized alveolar lateral approximant, which may actually be uvularized or pharyngealized, also known as dark l, is a type of consonantal sound, used in some spoken languages.
		In syllable onset position, however, the non-velarized or "plain" alveolar lateral approximant is found.
		In other words, the dark l is the l-sound used in bell and milk, as opposed to the clear l, which is the l-sound used in lad or lip.
	www.folkartmuseum.com /encyclopedia/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant (547 words)

	Lateral consonant - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The most common laterals are approximants and belong to the class of liquids.
		Many aboriginal Australian languages have a series of three or four lateral approximants, as do various dialects of Irish.
		Rarer lateral consonants include the retroflex laterals that can be found in most Indic languages; and the sound of Welsh ll, the voiceless alveolar lateral fricative [ɬ] that is also found in Zulu and many Native American languages.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Lateral_consonant (585 words)

	The International Phonetic Alphabet
		Nasals and approximants are voiced (except when whispered), because it is hard to hear them when they are not: a laminar (the opposite of turbulent) flow of air not accompanied by a vibration of the vocal cords is all but inaudible.
		It is often used instead of the approximant [j], for example before an [i] (consider the English word “yeast”) or when whispering (in which case it is actually the voiceless version which is pronounced).
		approximant (but a voiceless one, which is strange), because you don't really constrict your vocal cords beyond the normal amount of frication that goes on in the laryngeal region anyway.
	www.madore.org /~david/misc/linguistic/ipa (7060 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Approximant consonant
		For example, the voiceless labial-velar approximant is generally called a fricative, despite doubts that such doubly articulated fricatives are even possible.
		Tibetan has a voiceless lateral approximant,, and Welsh has a voiceless lateral fricative, but the distinction is not always clear from descriptions of these languages.
		Occasionally the glottal "fricatives" are called approximants as well, but they are actually phonations of the glottis without any accompanying manner or place of articulation.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Approximant_consonant (349 words)

	MatPade.html
		Such an approximant does not always exist since it is possible for the order condition to be weakened.
		The result is an approximation to f(x) that is better than using a truncated polynomial as an approximation.
		The quadratic approximant is the case where the input vector is [ 1, f, f^2 ].
	adept.maplesoft.com /maplelinks/html/MatPade.html (971 words)

	Palatal approximant - Term Explanation on IndexSuche.Com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The symbol in the International_Phonetic_Alphabet that represents this sound is j, and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is j.
		Its manner_of_articulation is approximant, which means it is produced by bringing one articulator close to another but without the vocal tract being narrowed to such an extent that a turbulent airstream is produced.
		Its place_of_articulation is palatal which means it is articulated with the middle or back part of the tongue raised against the hard_palate.
	www.indexsuche.com /Palatal_approximant.html (237 words)

	Interpolation
		The method can be used to approximate real as well as analytic functions which are complex on the real axis, can be applied to a large spectrum of problems and has been successfully applied for resonance search in partial wave analysis.
		This method for constructing the approximant of an analytic complex function is straight forward to use and is flexible because the input data points are arbitrary and can be chosen to best represent the function.
		In practice, the direct fit of the data with a rational fraction is not easy to be performed because of the no linearity of the minimization problem and, as usual the convergence is very slowly.
	www.atmosp.physics.utoronto.ca /people/nichitiu/InterExtraPolation.htm (369 words)

	NAG C Library, Mark 7 : e02rac
		Padé approximation is a useful technique when values of a function are to be obtained from its Maclaurin expansion but convergence of the series is unacceptably slow or even non-existent.
		It is based on the hypothesis of the existence of a sequence of convergent rational approximations, as described in Baker and Graves–Morris (1981) and Graves–Morris (1979).
		These questions of intrinsic error of the approximants and computational error in their calculation are discussed in Chapter 2 of Baker and Graves–Morris (1981).
	www.nag.co.uk /numeric/CL/manual/xhtml/E02/e02rac.xml (422 words)

	Labiodental approximant - Slider
		Its place of articulation is labiodental which means it is articulated with the lower lips and the upper teeth, or vice-versa.
		English does not have the labiodental approximant, although English speakers may use it to pronounce place names in languages that do use it, such as Hawai‘ian Wahiawa.
		In German, the letter "w" usually represents the labiodental approximant.
	enc.slider.com /Enc/Labiodental_approximant (278 words)

	Approximant consonant (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Approximants are speech sounds that could be as intermediate between vowels and typical consonants.
		In the articulation of approximants articulatory produce a narrowing of the vocal tract leave enough space for air to flow audible turbulence — approximants are therefore more than fricatives.
		This class of sounds includes l-like laterals approximants (e.g.
	www.freeglossary.com /Approximant_consonant (363 words)

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