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Topic: Apraxia

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	Apraxia of eyelid opening
		Apraxia of lid opening patients typically elevate their brows in an attempt to open their eyelids until the eyelids eventually open.
		After apraxia of lid opening the next most common cause of inability to adequately open the eyelids is ptosis, brow ptosis, and dermatochalasis (Fig 3).
		Blepharospasm patients with apraxia of lid opening are treated by an upper myectomy and tightening of the levator tendon that raises the eyelids (aponeurotic ptosis repair).
	www.blepharospasm.org /apraxia.html (1082 words)

	Apraxia-KIDS (a program of The Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association) - Apraxia-KIDS
		Welcome to your Guide To Childhood Apraxia of Speech. ; Designed especially to those new to the diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech. ; Click on the link to enter your guide to learning and helping your child...
		ASHA recently approved the Childhood Apraxia of Speech Position Statement and the CAS Technical Report.
		This web site is a program of the Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association, the national organization representing the needs and interests of children affected by apraxia of speech.
	www.apraxia-kids.org (360 words)

	What is Childhood Apraxia of Speech - Apraxia-KIDS
		What is meant by "pure" apraxia of speech is that no other speech, language, cognitive, or sensory issues coexist with the deficit of impaired sequencing for volitional speech (apraxia).
		The professional literature tells us that "pure" apraxia of speech in children is rare, that most often apraxia is associated with other speech, language, cognitive, and/or sensory issues.
		Coexisting deficits for expressive language, psychoacoustic processing, and motor execution are likely to occur in both acquired apraxia of speech and DAS (developmental apraxia of speech) because of the proximity of the neural structures underlying each of these processes to those that generate programs for praxis.
	www.apraxia-kids.org /site/apps/nl/content3.asp?c=chKMI0PIIsE&b=787891&ct=464119 (892 words)

	Apraxia Information Page: National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)
		Apraxia (called "dyspraxia" if mild) is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out skilled movements and gestures, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them.
		Apraxia results from dysfunction of the cerebral hemispheres of the brain, especially the parietal lobe, and can arise from many diseases or damage to the brain.
		The most common is buccofacial or orofacial apraxia, which causes the inability to carry out facial movements on command such as licking lips, whistling, coughing, or winking.
	www.ninds.nih.gov /disorders/apraxia/apraxia.htm (340 words)

	Apraxia Summary
		Apraxia is defined by a child's inability to copy shapes, letters, or symbols because he or she cannot control hand movements to produce the proper and necessary sequential movements.
		Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by loss of the ability to execute or carry out learned (familiar) movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform the movements.
		Developmental Apraxia of Speech (DAS) presents in children who have no evidence of difficulty with strength or range of motion of the articulators, but are unable to execute speech movements because of motor planning and coordination problems.
	www.bookrags.com /Apraxia (368 words)

	Dysarthria vs. Apraxia: A Comparison
		Apraxia results from an impaired ability to generate the motor programs for speech movements rather than from the disordered transmission of controlling messages to the speech musculature.
		Apraxia is a planning/programming problem, not a movement problem like dysarthria.
		Apraxia occurs following damage to Broca's Area, or Brodmann's area 44, which is located on the third gyrus of the left frontal lobe.
	www.csuchico.edu /~pmccaff/syllabi/SPPA342/342unit15.html (921 words)

	What is Apraxia? (Site not responding. Last check: )
		My understanding of oral apraxia is it is the muscles involved in speaking, and verbal apraxia it is the signal involved in speaking.
		Apraxia is the inability to use articulators (face,jaw,lips and tongue) to speak, though the muscles of these are fine, it is the communication from the brain to these muscles that are weak.
		There are no known causes for apraxia, yet there are similarities in cases of apraxia, such as prenatal injuries, period of time without oxygen, and too long in the birth canal.
	kidstalkback.tripod.com /kidstalkback/id9.html (869 words)

	Clinical Neuropsychology
		This apraxia is associated with great difficulty in the sequencing and execution of movements.
		Patients with ideational apraxia cannot perform a series of acts although they may be able to perform the individual components of the series.
		Ideational apraxia does not have clear localizing significance and is most often observed among patients with dementia related illnesses.
	nanonline.org /nandistance/mtbi/ClinNeuro/apraxia.html (659 words)

	Apraxia (Dyspraxia) References
		Comments regarding the investigation of developmental apraxia of speech: response to Shriberg, Aram, and Kwiatkowski [letter; comment] J Speech Lang Hear Res 1998 Aug;41(4):958-63.
		Assessment of children with developmental apraxia of speech: a rationale.
		Assessment of children with developmental apraxia of speech: a procedure.
	www.faughnan.com /apraxiarefs.html (779 words)

	CIGNA - Apraxia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement.
		Apraxia is believed to be caused by a lesion in the neural pathways of the brain that contain the learned patterns of movement.
		Apraxia is caused by a defect in the brain pathways that contain memory of learned patterns of movement.
	www.cigna.com /healthinfo/nord766.html (1635 words)

	eMedicine - Apraxia and Related Syndromes : Article by Daniel H Jacobs, MD
		Unlike limb apraxia, in which a patient cannot perform skilled movements with the limbs, in buccofacial apraxia (also called oral apraxia), patients cannot perform skilled actions involving the lips, mouth, and tongue in the absence of paresis.
		Buccofacial apraxia usually occurs with Broca aphasia, whereas limb apraxia due to a parietal lesion may co-occur with Wernicke aphasia if the temporal lobe also is involved, or conduction aphasia or features of Gerstmann syndrome (ie, acalculia, right-left confusion, alexia with agraphia) if the angular gyrus also is involved.
		Magnetic apraxia is a type of forced grasp response, which often may be associated with frontal lesions and a degenerative disease known as corticobasal degeneration with neuronal achromasia (Rebeiz syndrome) or related conditions such as Alzheimer disease and progressive supranuclear palsy.
	www.emedicine.com /neuro/topic438.htm (3010 words)

	NORD - National Organization for Rare Disorders, Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Apraxia is a neurological disorder characterized by the inability to perform learned (familiar) movements on command, even though the command is understood and there is a willingness to perform the movement.
		Buccofacial apraxia, (sometimes called facial-oral apraxia) is the inability to coordinate and carry out facial and lip movements such as whistling, winking, coughing etc on command.
		Apraxia is believed to be caused by a lesion in the neural pathways of the brain that contain the learned patterns of movement.
	www.rarediseases.org /search/rdbdetail_abstract.html?disname=Apraxia (560 words)

	[No title]
		Apraxia is a motor disorder in which volitional or voluntary movement is impaired without muscle weakness.
		Verbal apraxia, or apraxia of speech is an impairment in the sequencing of speech sounds.
		Apraxia that happens as a result of a incident causing brain damage is said to be "acquired".
	home.ica.net /~fred/anch10-5.htm (482 words)

	Childhood Apraxia of Speech
		Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS, also known as DVD -- developmental verbal dyspraxia, and DAS -- developmental apraxia of speech) is a disorder that is more easily defined by what it is not.
		It is not a cognitive disorder (although it may have some impact on language as well as speech).
		There is a great deal of information for parents of children with CAS on their childhood apraxia web site.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~velleman/cas.html (667 words)

	Apraxia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Apraxia of Speech is considered a motor speech disorder.
		For unknown reasons, children with apraxia have great difficulty planning and producing the precise, highly refined and specific series of movements of the tongue, lips, jaw and palate that are necessary for intelligible speech.
		Apraxia of speech may also be called verbal apraxia, developmental apraxia of speech, or verbal dyspraxia.
	www.stutteringinfo.com /apraxia.html (429 words)

	apraxia
		Speech apraxia is a neurogenic speech disorder characterized by an inability to correctly produce and sequence sounds to form words.
		Apraxia is not due to muscular weakness or paralysis.
		In adults, apraxia is associated with damage to the left-hemisphere of the brain.
	www.elkriver.k12.mn.us /specialed/apraxia.html (392 words)

	Apraxia - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Apraxia: A disorder of skilled movement not due to tremors, weakness, akinesia or abnormal tone or posture.
		Apraxia is the inability to perform purposeful movements in the absence of significant weakness, sensory loss, poor coordination, or lack of comprehension or motivation.
		Apraxias are generally associated with lesions of the dominant PARIETAL LOBE and supramarginal gyrus.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /sym/apraxia.htm (995 words)

	August Schwerdfeger: APRAXIA
		I developed APRAXIA over the summer of 2004 on a grant from UROP, the undergraduate research program at the University of Minnesota.
		APRAXIA is a new programming language based on the language Scheme, a dialect of Lisp.
		APRAXIA is presently under University ownership and is released under the terms of the University of Minnesota Open Source License.
	www.tc.umn.edu /~schw0709/programs/Apraxia.html (1397 words)

	Neuroexam.com - Apraxia
		The term apraxia will be used here to mean inability to follow a motor command that is not due to a primary motor deficit or a language impairment.
		Unfortunately, the term "apraxia" has also been attached to a variety of other abnormalities—for example, "constructional apraxia" in patients who have visuospatial difficulty drawing complex figures, "ocular apraxia" in patients who have difficulty directing their gaze, "dressing apraxia" in patients who have difficulty getting dressed, and so on.
		Apraxia is commonly present in lesions affecting the language areas and adjacent structures of the dominant hemisphere.
	www.neuroexam.com /9.html (327 words)

	APRAXIA (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Constructional Apraxia-a deficit in which patients are unable to form a construction in space (e.g., the inability to copy a shape, complete block design, or match stick designs).
		Apraxia of Speech-an impaired ability to execute voluntarily the appropriate movements for articulation of speech in the absence of paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of the speech musculature.
		Oral apraxia is often, but not always, observed in association with apraxia of speech.
	www.appstate.edu /~clarkhm/neuropages/apraxia.html (943 words)

	Developmental Apraxia
		In adults, apraxia is usually caused by a stroke or other physical injury.
		A child with developmental apraxia may be unable to say certain words.
		Some children with developmental apraxia may also have hyperactivity, feeding problems, other language difficulties, or learning problems.
	www.wyandotte.org /SpecialEd/apraxia.htm (840 words)

	Untitled Document
		Apraxia is a neurological disorder where the inability to coordinate or initiate muscle movement prevents the action requested when the muscles are adequate for these motions.
		Apraxia is a disorder, and it will not self resolve: typical delays of speech will self resolve (meaning even without therapy the child will "learn to talk.") Here is a link that will lead you to more information from Lori.
		Apraxia is a disorder, and it will not self resolve: typical delays of speech will self resolve (meaning even without therapy the child will "learn to talk.") Here is a link that will lead you to "parent friendly" signs of verbal apraxia.
	www.shop-in-service.com /apraxia.htm (2341 words)

	Developmental or Childhood Apraxia of Speech
		The term apraxia is traditionally used to describe adults and children who have speech before experiencing a neurological event such as a stroke or traumatic brain injury.
		Developmental apraxia of speech is defined as a cluster of characteristics of speech.
		The Childhood Apraxia of Speech Association of North America (CASANA) is a non-profit organization whose mission is to strengthen the support systems in the lives of children with apraxia so that each child is afforded their best opportunity to develop speech.
	www.altonweb.com /cs/downsyndrome/apraxia.html (5867 words)

	Stroke Survivors of Ottawa (Canada) Stroke Recovery and Stroke Management (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Apraxia is a weakening of the top-down formulation of an action, an inability to sustain the intent to complete a movement.
		Apraxia can affect all modalities including speech, writing, gesturing, dressing and all activities of daily living.
		Examples of apraxia are: pointing to yes while shaking the head no, picking up a telephone and beginning to talk without dialling, lighting a candle and trying to smoke it as if it were a cigarette, using a knife to brush one's hair, using a pencil to butter bread.
	www.strokesurvivors.ca /index.php?nav=apraxia (332 words)

	Apraxia can be very frustrating for everyone!
		Apraxia is a neurologically based disorder that affects people of all ages.
		One is "limb apraxia" which affects the arms and legs and the other is "oral apraxia" which affects the verbalizations one makes.
		Apraxia of speech is not very difficult to diagnose.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/speech_language_disorders/35890 (509 words)

	aginmdapraxia
		What is apraxia, verbal apraxia (or apraxia of speech or verbal dyspraxia), orofacial apraxia and motor apraxia.
		Apraxia is a neurogenic impairment involving planning, executing and sequencing motor movements.
		Verbal apraxia affects the programming of the articulators and rapid sequences of muscle movements for speech sounds (often associated with hypotonia and sensory integration disorder).
	www.cherab.org /information/aginmdapraxia.html (623 words)

	My child has "Apraxia"?
		Verbal Apraxia refers to the difficulty a child has planning or sequencing speech sounds in words, phrases or sentences.
		Children with a verbal apraxia often appear similar in their speech characteristics to a child who is still learning the rule for using a sound (phonology).
		Apraxia Kids - If you were searching for information about apraxia of speech in children or developmental verbal dyspraxia, this is the right place.
	www.language-express.ca /comdisorder/apraxia.htm (545 words)

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