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Topic: Aquatic adaptation

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	Aquatic ape hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The minority supports of the aquatic ape hypothesis say that the ancestors of modern humans went through one or more periods of time living in a semi-aquatic setting, gathering much of their food from shallow coastal or other waters, before their descendants returned to a more land-based existence.
		Proponents of the aquatic ape hypothesis argue that if evolution works in small steps (gradualism), it is hard to see how bipedalism could have evolved on the savanna: the mass of the torso makes it inherently unstable and inefficient for locomotion.
		The voluntary control humans have over their respiratory system can be compared to that of aquatic mammals which inhale as much air as they need for a dive, then return to the surface for air.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aquatic_ape_theory (2123 words)

	Insects: Aquatic caterpillars
		The unique and ingenious methods whereby aquatic animals have solved their problems of maintenance are always interesting, particularly in a group having an immediate terrestrial ancestry, as is the case with aquatic insects.
		The chief aquatic adaptations manifested in this species are related to the problems of food-getting, locomotion, and respiration—problems which are always of vital importance in the adjustment of an animal of terrestrial origin and organization to partial or complete aquatic life.
		This apparent wastefulness in silk production is perhaps the first form of aquatic adaptation to appear in the life-cycle since the silken thread continually anchors the tiny larva to the leaf during its search for an appropriate feeding place and aids in preventing it being washed off the leaf by waves or other surface disturbances.
	www.herper.com /insects/aquaticlep.html (4373 words)

	Aquatic adaptation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The adaptations in early speciation tend to develop as the animal ventures into water in order to find available food.
		Archelon is considered the ancestor of all modern sea turtles, and was an example of the move of some turtles back to fully aquatic conditions.
		These marine reptiles had ancestors who moved back into the oceans, In the case of Ichthyosaurs adapting as fully as the dolphins they superficially resemble, even giving birth to live offspring instead of laying eggs, in other cases more to the extent of the seal, as with plesiosaurs and placodonts.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Aquatic_adaptation (400 words)

	Aquatic_ape_hypothesis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis (sometimes loosely called the Aquatic Ape Theory) proposes that ancestors of modern humans went through one or more periods of time living in a semi-aquatic setting and that this accounts for many of the characteristics of modern man. This is a minority position not widely held in biology.
		Her later books on the subject are: The Aquatic Ape (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0812828739) (1982), The Scars of Evolution (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/019509431X) (1990), The Descent of the Child (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0195098951) (1994) and The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis (http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0285635182) (1997).
		The voluntary control humans have over their respiratory system is similar to that of aquatic mammals which inhale as much air as they need for a dive, then return to the surface for air.
	www.comicscomics.com /search.php?title=Aquatic_ape_hypothesis (2066 words)

	Gulf Ecology Division
		The mechanism of adaptation to Hg2+ in four aquatic habitats was studied by correlating microbially mediated Hg2+ volatilization with the adaptive state of the exposed communities.
		The importance of microbial adaptation in the removal of environmental pollutants and in maintaining active microbial communities in impacted ecosystems is discussed using the biodegradation of p-nitrophenol and the volatilization of mercuric mercury as examples.
		Adaptation to increasing concentrations of amino acids, carbohydrates, or fatty acids enhanced the ability of the microbial community to degrade all three phenols.
	www.epa.gov /gbwebdev/ged/publica/keycb1.htm (1507 words)

	American Zoologist: Introduction to the symposium: Ontogenetic strategies of invertebrates in aquatic environments
		Adaptation has been studied mainly in adult animals, but the papers comprising the symposium emphasize ontogenetic strategies, starting from the principle that natural selection acts on all stages of development.
		The objectives of studies aimed at deciphering adaptations and strategies are thus not to show that animals can live in their habitats, but "to describe how animals function in their natural environments and how they adapted to them evolutionarily" (Bennett, 1987, p.
		Aquatic invertebrates are excellent subjects for such investigations because most produce abundant reproductive cells, eggs and larvae, and they use water as a dispersal medium for their offspring.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3746/is_200111/ai_n8998753 (1300 words)

	The AAT leaflet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In hibernating mammals the fat is seasonal; in most aquatic ones, as in humans it is present all the year round.
		It is probable that this is an aquatic adaptation, because a swimmer needing to gulp air quickly can inhale more of it through the mouth than through the nostrils.
		It is not surprising that the traces of aquatic adaptation have become partially obliterated and have gone unrecognized for so long.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/5168/aat/leaflet.html (3065 words)

	Aquatic Ape Theory - Page 5 - Bad Astronomy and Universe Today Forum (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Granted some aquatic critters are hard to tell apart from their land cousins just by their skeletons, but they're a minority.
		Aquatic animals "new to the scene" like otters are skeletally indistinguishable from their land-based relatives.
		Granted an aquatic monkey very well might possess adaptive traits that don't jive with those known for other marine mammals, but unless we know what those traits are and show that they are in fact aquatic adaptations and nothing else, all we're doing is throwing out guesswork.
	www.bautforum.com /showthread.php?p=357943#post357943 (5879 words)

	Aquatic adaptation -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Several (Any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair; young are born alive except for the small subclass of monotremes and nourished with milk) mammal groups have undergone aquatic adaptation, going from being purely terrestrial animals to living at least part of the time in water.
		Some people believe that part of (Click link for more info and facts about human evolution) human evolution includes some aquatic adaptation, which has been said to explain human hairlessness, webbed digits, bipedal locomotion, and various other physiological changes.
		The ancestors of the (Sirenian tusked mammal found from eastern Africa to Australia; the flat tail is bilobate) dugong and (Sirenian mammal of tropical coastal waters of America; the flat tail is rounded) manatees first appeared in the fossil record about 45 to 50 million years ago in the Eocene.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/aq/aquatic_adaptation.htm (534 words)

	To: All Msg #13, Nov0793 03:42PM Subject: Re: Request for Summary Aquatic Ape Theory Follo
		We might note that the ancestors of all fully aquatic mammals were quadrupedal and observe that Proboscis monkeys, which have adopted a partially aquatic life in their recent evolutionary history, wade in shallow water and swim in deeper water.
		Those aquatic mammals that have retained their fur, because they spend time on land in colder climates, have extensively modified it for the aquatic environment.
		Aquatic and semi-aquatic mammals have often evolved hairlessness and blubber.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/aquatica.htm (3815 words)

	Macrophyte Lecture 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Fig 4.9 Aquatic and wetland vegetation (Keddy, 2002).
		Fig 21 Larva of the mosquito, Mansonia, with its respiratory siphon inserted in the lacuna of a stem (Macan, 1973).
		*aquatic macrophytes in lakes are in zones in the littoral
	www.lander.edu /RSfox/415macrophyte-1Lec.html (1244 words)

	Fat
		In fat aquatic species like the whales and seals Hardy and Morgan incorrectly say we resemble, both sexes are shaped basically the same, and their fat distribution seems to be primarily for streamlining while swimming.
		They also show physical adaptation to aquatic life in their relatively small, streamlined head compared to their relatives (one of those ubiquitous aquatic adaptations absent in hominids I mention in the "Relevant Questions for the Aquatic Ape Theory" section).
		In specialized aquatic mammals, such as whales, seals and manatees, the limbs are reduced or absent and the trunk is smooth and tapered.
	www.aquaticape.org /fat.html (2884 words)

	Report
		Tobias did not espouse the aquatic ape hypothesis as a primary cause for for instance our bipedalism, since there are other theories, but to his knowledge no other hypothesis could explain those several physiological and biochemical characteristics which seem to ally us to aquatic (marine?) mammals.
		He compared the aquatic hypothesis with so-called other umbrella hypotheses, which have in common that they try to explain the various characteristics of humankind as the outcome of a single adaptive breakthrough, like hunting or sexuality and pair bonding or male provisioning of the family.
		He tried to show how several adaptations which according to the AH are best understood as aquatic adaptations can be explained by more conventional and parsimonious scenarios.
	users.ugent.be /~mvaneech/Report.html (3743 words)

	IISDS - Aquatic Ape Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Adaptation to that lifestyle explains some of the characteristic features that distinguish human beings from other animals including, in particular, our nearest cousin, the chimpanzee.
		The original idea of an aquatic factor in human evolution is attributed to Max Westenhofer (1923), a German pathologist, though he later rejected the idea.
		All aquatic mammals do show distinct adaptation of the limbs to their environment, but this invariable involves shortening and flattening of the limbs (e.g.
	www.clanhouse.com /Ignorance/beliefs/AAT.htm (4293 words)

	Darwin-L Message Log 2: 91-125 (October 1993)
		While some of these are paralleled in aquatic animals, others (sweating, circulation) do not make sense as aquatic adaptations and are not paralleled in aquatic animals.
		If this critique of the aquatic hypothesis is spotty, it is because there are so many angles to attack that I hardly know where to begin-- evolutionary improbability, the plausibility of conventional models, the lack of parsimony of Morgan's model, errors in it (some only apparent in light of more recent knowledge).
		It's in the two last books were she elaborated the aquatic ape theory, and that's where the sharpest arguments are found.
	rjohara.net /darwin/logs/1993/9310b.html (11522 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		It suggests that when our anscestors moved onto the savannah they were already different from the apes; that nakedness, bipedalism, and other modifications had begun to evolve much earlier, when the ape and human lines first diverged.
		It is not surprising that the traces of aquatic adaptation have become partially obliterated and have gone unrecognised for so long.
		She has made a genuine contribution to evolutionary theory which synthesises research from a wide range of scientific disciplines; and she has presented it in a form which is accessible to the interested lay reader." - 'British Medical Journal'.
	www.geocities.com /Athens/5168/aat/leaflet.txt (2975 words)

	aquatic adaptation lung (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		When you're trying to find superior advice concerning aquatic adaptation lung, you'll find it easier said than done separating superior information from ill-equiped aquatic adaptation lung suggestions and help so it's best to know how to qualify the information you are given.
		A great tip to follow when you are presented with help or advice about a aquatic adaptation lung web page would be to determine who owns the site.
		Doing this could reveal the owners aquatic adaptation lung integrity The easiest way to reveal who owns the aquatic adaptation lung web site is to look on the 'about' page or the sites 'contact' page.
	www.motorhomes-news.info /aquatics/aquatic-adaptation-lung.htm (225 words)

	Aquatic adaptation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Several mammal groups have undergone aquatic adaptation, going frombeing purely terrestrial animals to living at least part of the time in water.
		The adaptations in early speciation tend todevelop as the animal ventures into water in order to find available food.
		Althugh still primarily a terrestrial animal, the polar bear shows the beginnings of aquatic adaptation to swimming (body fat,closable nostrils), diving, and thermoregulation.
	www.therfcc.org /aquatic-adaptation-77324.html (348 words)

	ipedia.com: Aquatic ape hypothesis Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The aquatic ape hypothesis holds that the immediate ape ancestors of humans and other hominids lived for a significant time in a semi-aquatic setting on the African seacoast, and gathered most of thei...
		Her later books on the subject are: The Aquatic Ape (1982), The Scars of Evolution (1990) and The Aquatic Ape Hypothesis (1997).
		The difficulty with all of these is that (unlike the putative Aquatic Ape, which would have been a full-time wader) none of them apply for more than a small amount of the time; when not engaged in these behaviours, the proto-hominids would simply have reverted to quadrupedalism.
	www.ipedia.com /aquatic_ape_hypothesis.html (1061 words)

	Aquatic Readiness: Developing Water Competence in Young Children (book)
		Aquatic Readiness: Developing Water Competence in Young Children is an essential resource for those who teach young children to swim as well as those who administer aquatic programs.
		In Aquatic Readiness, aquatic instructors will learn how to become skilled in movement education, play, and developmental games—indirect methods of presenting and reinforcing skill learning that are crucial to effective communication with young children.
		Langendorfer's introduction to infant/preschool aquatics came in 1971 when he studied at the Deutsche Sporthochschule in Germany under Liselot Diem, who was then conducting an innovative baby swim program and longitudinal study.
	www.onlinesports.com /pages/I,HK-BLAN0663.html (949 words)

	Hairlessness
		The AAT claims that humans lost their body hair as a result of an aquatic or semi-aquatic phase in our past, claiming this is an aquatic adaptation.
		Some aquatic mammals don't have body hair; most of these are very large mammals, just like the land mammals which have little body hair.
		Unlike the skin of these aquatic mammals, human skin quickly becomes waterlogged (this is why your fingertips wrinkle when you're in water), an obviously undesirable trait for a purportedly aquatic animal.
	www.aquaticape.org /hair.html (1911 words)

	VITEA.ex (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The role of plasmids in mercury transformation by bacteria isolated from the aquatic environment.
		Conjugal gene transfer to aquatic bacteria detected by the generation of a new phenotype.
		The role of the mer gene in the response of aquatic microbial communities to mercury.
	aesop.rutgers.edu /~barkay/Vitae.html (2535 words)

	WDFW -- Education
		Washington adaptation provided: Use the endangered species map to determine what salmonids are in danger where students live.
		Washington adaptation provided: Pamphlets are provided on Washington aquatic species and how they may be prepared for a meal.
		Washington adaptation provided: Several articles on dams of the Columbia river system may be used to determine stakeholders and their positions.
	wdfw.wa.gov /outreach/education/trunksum.htm (2775 words)

	Limitations on Comparative Dietary Proofs/B + Counterexamples
		aquatic animal it actually is. (The primary evidence for aquatic adaptation by the polar bear is webbed feet; however one could presume that is an adaptation for walking on slippery ice, rather than swimming.)
		One type of aquatic stalk is done by swimming underwater, in a stealthy manner, then exploding onto the ice by the seal (often the seal escapes).
		Yet polar bears have almost none of the adaptations for aquatic life that (carnivorous) fully aquatic mammals have.
	www.beyondveg.com /billings-t/comp-anat/comp-anat-5b.shtml (2582 words)

	Kerry Naish
		Our group’s research program focuses on the evolution, diversity and adaptation of aquatic organisms to their environments – and how environmental changes and human activities can impact and promote the long-term fitness of these animals.
		We are interested in many of the regional issues associated with conservation of aquatic organisms—the maintenance of small populations in the wild, captive breeding of threatened populations, and the consequences of supplementation programs to wild animals.
		We are using a number of approaches, incorporating both molecular and quantitative genetics, to investigating and quantifying the long-term demographic changes in salmon populations, the fitness consequences of maintaining small populations of salmon and abalone and the potential outcomes, if any, of introducing domesticated populations of both species to threatened wild populations.
	www.fish.washington.edu /people/naish (572 words)

	aat
		Inaddition to aquatic or semiaquatic mammals such as whales, porpoises,and hippos, terrestrial mammals including rhinoceros, elephants, andnaked mole rats are also hairless.
		If thatreason is stated in terms of aquatic lifestyle, the answer is no. Ifthat reason is stated as the practical loss of insulative properties,the answer is probably yes.
		Of all the anatomical traits identifiable in fossil hominids thatare argued to represent aquatic adaptation, only one is not expressedas well in modern humans as in extinct populations.
	users.ugent.be /~mvaneech/langdon.htm (2793 words)

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