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	Aquatic insects -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Insects draw air into their bodies through spiracles, holes found along the sides of the (The region of the body of a vertebrate between the thorax and the pelvis) abdomen.
		Though not as complex as the gills of a fish, some aquatic insects have modified structures extending from the trachea which allow the organism to exchange gases with the environment.
		Insect hemoglobin has a strong attraction to oxygen molecules, and is carried in the hemolymph which circulates freely with the animal’s body.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/a/aq/aquatic_insects.htm (454 words)

	EPA - Aquatic Biodiversity
		Aquatic biodiversity can be defined as the variety of life and the ecosystems that make up the freshwater, tidal, and marine regions of the world and their interactions.
		Aquatic biodiversity has enormous economic and aesthetic value and is largely responsible for maintaining and supporting overall environmental health.
		Thus, conservation strategies to protect and conserve aquatic life is necessary to maintain the balance of nature and support the availability of resources for future generations.
	www.epa.gov /bioiweb1/aquatic (660 words)

	Nuisance Aquatic Insects, HYG-2037-95
		The adult scavengers and the larvae are predaceous and aquatic.
		Since many nuisance aquatic insects are attracted to mercury vapor lights, it is important to use lights sparingly in and around the swimming pool and other areas where insects are not wanted.
		Collect and discard dead, dying and stunned insects with a broom and dust pan, vacuum cleaner, etc. Shrubs and bushes away from the swimming pool can be sprayed lightly with resmethrin plus piperonyl butoxide a few hours before any recreational event to reduce nuisance insects.
	www.ag.ohio-state.edu /~ohioline/hyg-fact/2000/2037.html (2007 words)

	Ephemeroptera (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Immatures are aquatic, feeding on diatoms, algae, or are carnivores.
		Circulatory organs of abdominal appendages in primitive insects (Hexapoda: Archaeognatha, Zygentoma and Ephemeroptera).
		Harker, J. The structure of the foregut and midgut of nymphs, subimagos and imagos of Cloeon dipterum (Ephemeroptera) and the functions of the gut of adult mayflies.
	phylogeny.arizona.edu /tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/ephemeroptera/ephemeroptera.html (580 words)

	Aquatic Habitats (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Approximately 5% of all insects are able to live in ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, as well as some other not-so-noticeable aquatic habitats such as puddles, barrels, old tires and other water-collecting containers.
		Since insects were originally land dwellers, they had to adapt a new way of life to survive in the water.
		Aquatic insects also have specially adapted bodies and legs that allow them to move easily through the water.
	www.agls.uidaho.edu /ento/SixleggedWonders/insects_of_idaho/aquatic_habitats.htm (245 words)

	CHAPTER TEN
		In insects with this sort of anatomical arrangement only the posterior spiracles are functional, and they are located at the end of a siphon such that only the posterior portion of the insect penetrates the surface film of water, while the rest of the body is submerged, often suspended from the surface film.
		Insect hemoglobin is about half the molecular weight of vertebrate hemoglobin, and it has a much higher affinity for oxygen.
		Some insects do this by thrusting their spiracles into the aerenchyma of plants; their spiracles are located at the tip of a sharp-pointed post-abdominal siphon.
	entomology.unl.edu /ent801/aqresp.html (2434 words)

	L-Z Bibliography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The passive dispersal of viable algae, protozoans, and fungi by aquatic and terrestrial Coleoptera.
		Aquatic insects of Lake Jocassee catchment in North and South Carolina USA with descriptions of four new species of caddisflies Trichoptera.
		Concomitant occurrence of eupyrene and apyrene spermatozoa in an aquatic beetle Cybister tripunctatus asiaticus Sharp (Coleoptera: Polyphaga: Dytiscidae).
	www.zo.utexas.edu /faculty/sjasper/beetles/bibl-z.html (10893 words)

	A Taylor & Francis Journal: Aquatic Insects
		Aquatic Insects is an international journal publishing original research on both the systematics and the ecology of aquatic insects.
		Taxonomically, aquatic insects are a heterogeneous assemblage, comprising several orders which have evolved in aquatic habitats.
		In all kinds of freshwater environments, aquatic insects are usually the largest single group of organisms, by species as well as specimen numbers, and are of paramount importance to the community structure and function.
	www.tandf.co.uk /journals/titles/01650424.asp (225 words)

	The Aquatic Biome
		Aquatic regions house numerous species of plants and animals, both large and small.
		The aquatic biome can be broken down into two basic regions, freshwater (i.e, ponds and rivers) and marine (i.e, oceans and estuaries).
		In the case of the insects, such as dragonflies and midges, only the egg and larvae stages are found in this zone.
	www.ucmp.berkeley.edu /glossary/gloss5/biome/aquatic.html (1608 words)

	Aquatic Insects and stream conditions
		The biosurvey involves collecting, processing, and analyzing aquatic organisms to determine the health of the biological community in a stream.
		Examples of aquatic macroinvertebrates include insects in their larval or nymph form, crayfish, clams, snails, and worms (Fig.
		For example, stonefly nymphs - aquatic insects that are very sensitive to most pollutants - cannot survive if a stream's dissolved oxygen falls below a certain level.
	www.krisweb.com /aqualife/insect.htm (1170 words)

	The Insects
		Insects belong to a classification of animals called "arthropods" - a word that means jointed feet.
		Insects are arthropods that have a body with three segments, six legs and one set of antennae.
		Most insects and other aquatic fish food reproduce by sexual reproduction - that is - the female has her eggs fertilized by a male and the new insect is a combination of both of the parents.
	www.kidfish.bc.ca /insects.htm (605 words)

	Aquatic Insects Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The caddisfly is a common form of aquatic insect.
		These aquatic insects come out at the bottom of the trap to prey on what was caught in the net.
		These insects are known as the dragons of the air.
	rol.freenet.columbus.oh.us /Insects.html (515 words)

	Tamarix spp.: MANAGEMENT CONSIDERATIONS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Also, both biomass and diversity of insects in saltcedar stands are comparable to those in cottonwood and willows [9].
		One insect, the tamarisk leaf beetle, was approved for release in 6 states (Texas, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Nevada, and California).
		Of particular concern is the role that saltcedar plays as nesting habitat for a substantial number of endangered southwestern willow flycatchers, and release of insects was postponed pending analysis of potential impacts on this species [74].
	www.fs.fed.us /database/feis/plants/tree/tamspp/management_considerations.html (8422 words)

	Gordon's Mayfly (Ephemeroptera) Page
		Mayflies are common insects found in almost all freshwater habitats, as well as some brackish ones.
		The adults are soft bodied insects with very short antennae, vestigial mouthparts, two long cerci and usually a long caudal filament at the end of the abdomen.
		In many species the gills are moveable and may be vibrated in order to increase the amount of water moving over them (this is the equivalent of you panting when you are short of oxygen) they may also be used as swimming paddles in some species.
	www.earthlife.net /insects/ephemer.html (1606 words)

	D. McShaffrey - PhD Dissertation - Functional Morphology of Feeding in Mayflies
		The feeding structures of aquatic macroinvertebrates are often used as identifying characters in taxonomy, or as a basis for comparison in systematics.
		There is general agreement that most insects are not sensitive to infrared light, and in particular, aquatic insects would not be expected to sense infrared since it is absorbed quickly in water.
		Although a few studies of other aquatic insect groups are scattered throughout the literature, the majority of aquatic insect species have not been examined closely in terms of functional morphology or food acquisition behavior.
	mcnet.marietta.edu /~mcshaffd/phd/funcmore.html (16307 words)

	Aquatic Insects: Water Quality Index
		This series of lessons expose students to the microcosmos of aquatic insects and the diversity they have in a small area of stream or creek.
		Have the students give a brief presentation on the insects that are present in their creek, diversity index, water quality index, and a scenario for what is happening in their creek.
		Help the students find different insects by looking in unusual places, under rocks, leaf litter, in the mud, etc. As insects are found place them in a dishpan with water.
	nrs.ucop.edu /host/curricula/aquainsects.html (1824 words)

	Identifying Aquatic Insects
		The Rose Garden Pond in the University of Michigan Dearborn Environmental Study Area is home to a variety of aquatic insects, or insects that spend all or part of their life under the water.
		Each insect pictured and identified in this key was caught in the Rose Garden Pond during the summer and fall of 2002 and the winter of 2003.
		However, these insects live throughout the Great Lakes Area, hence, this key can be a useful tool in identifying insects to at least the genus level in similar pond ecosystems in Southeastern Michigan.
	www.umd.umich.edu /dept/na/insectkey.htm (211 words)

	Odonata (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Adult odonates are medium to large in size, often conspicuous and/or brightly colored insects and are aerial predators hunting by sight.
		The larvae are predatory, aquatic and occur in all manner of inland waters.
		If anything, Odonata are beneficial to humans because as voracious aquatic predators they assist in the control of insect pests.
	phylogeny.arizona.edu /tree/eukaryotes/animals/arthropoda/hexapoda/odonata/odonata.html (3218 words)

	Entonotes5.html
		Also needed are items for transferring and preserving specimens collected from the pan such as, forceps for grasping larger insects, eye droppers for "sucking" up very small individuals, and some small bottles filled with rubbing alcohol to kill and preserve captured material.
		Both insects have powerful front legs modified for grasping; the legs close like pincers and each is tipped with a curved hook shaped claw.
		In the aquatic world the water scorpion has to rank as one of the most interesting as well as best engineered members.
	insects.ummz.lsa.umich.edu /MES/notes/entonotes5.html (1111 words)

	Insect Collection Holdings
		All insect orders and numerous related arthropod groups are represented in the collection.
		Some of the papers that are based on these specimens include Ross's "Studies of Nearctic Aquatic Insects", "Descriptions of Nearctic Caddisflies (Trichoptera) with special reference to the Illinois species", and "The Caddisflies, or Trichoptera of Illinois".
		This collection, as well as other aquatic insect collections, is heavily used in conjunction with studies assessing the environmental health of freshwater habitats.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /cbd/main/collections/insect-hold.html (1548 words)

	Invasive Species in the Great Lakes Region
		Exotic Aquatics and Zebra Mussel Mania traveling trunks are full of hands-on activities to teach children about nonindigenous species and how they?re affecting the health of the Great Lakes and inland waterways.
		A key element of the legislation is that it provides for ballast water management to prevent the introduction and further spread of nonindigenous species in U.S. waters.
		The task force is an interagency committee established by the Nonindigenous Aquatic Nuisance Prevention and Control Act of 1990 to coordinate the development and implementation of programs addressing issues within the Act.
	www.great-lakes.net /envt/flora-fauna/invasive/invasive.html (1491 words)

	Insect Systematics and Evolution
		Since then, the journal has developed to be truly international, both in terms of subjects as well as authors, so that it is now among the two or three leading journals within systematic entomology.
		It presents original papers on systematic and taxonomic entomology and insect evolution.
		Mainly aquatic taxa: Mayflies (Ephemeroptera), dragonflies (Odonata), stoneflies (Plecoptera), neuropteroids (alderflies, lacewings), scorpionflies (Mecoptera), caddisflies (Trichoptera) plus various groups of beetles, moths, bugs and true flies associated with water.
	www.apollobooks.com /insects.htm (316 words)

	Water Beetle World (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Aquatic Beetles (Insecta: Coleoptera) of Northeastern Ohio by Eric G.
		The National Museum of Natural History (Smithsonian Institute) has posted a list of the aquatic Coleoptera at the museum.
		Also, visit a bibliography of over 7,000 aquatic beetle citations posted by Warren Brigham at the Illinois Natural History Survey.
	www.zo.utexas.edu /faculty/sjasper/beetles/index.htm (1138 words)

	VCSU Macro-Invertebrate Lab
		This key is meant to aid the identification of aquatic insects found in North Dakota.
		Biomonitoring is the cataloging of which organisms live in a particular habitat and then, from knowledge of what conditions those organisms tolerate, determining the well being of that particular habitat.
		For river systems, the biomonitoring of aquatic invertebrates, such as insects, is recognized as an important tool for determining a rivers health and, with proper background data, identifying changes in that health.
	www.waterbugkey.vcsu.edu (556 words)

	Upper Three Runs Creek
		Scientists have recorded more than 575 species of aquatic insects in Upper Three Runs, probably giving it the second highest level of aquatic insect biodiversity in the world.
		The next highest levels of aquatic insect biodiversity are found in tropical streams in Malaysia and Australia, but both have fewer than 400 species.
		Studies include research on wood ducks, red-cockaded woodpeckers, small mammals, aquatic insects, fish communities, rare and threatened plants, forest dynamics, biological and chemical cycling of elements in streams and seasonal fluctuations of acids in soils.
	www.uga.edu /srel/utr.htm (836 words)

	Gregory W. Courtney
		My research program focuses on the morphology, phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology of aquatic insects, the phylogeny and ecology of true flies (Diptera), and structural and ecological adaptations of insects in unusual aquatic habitats (especially torrential streams and subterranean waters).
		Current projects include the systematics, cytogenetics and life histories of net-winged midges (Diptera: Blephariceridae) of the world, the biodiversity of stream-inhabiting insects in south and southeast Asia (especially Nepal and Thailand), the phylogenetics of Diptera families, and the faunistics of phytotelmata (plant-held aquatic habitats).
		Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 3: 361-373.
	www.ent.iastate.edu /dept/faculty/courtney.html (420 words)

	M.J.Wetzel Homepage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		As an aquatic biologist, I collect and identify insects and non-insectan macroinvertebrates, fishes, plankton, and unionid mussels that inhabit rivers, streams, springs, seeps, caves, other groundwater habitats, wetlands, ponds, lakes, and impoundments.
		Steve is an aquatic entomologist at the Survey, and an avid caver and experienced cave researcher with whom I have collaborated on several projects.
		Aquatic Annelida (Aclitellata and Clitellata) in the Southeast, with emphasis on distribution, ecology, systematics, and taxonomy.
	www.inhs.uiuc.edu /%7Emjwetzel/home.html (3840 words)

	Robyn's Aquatic Insect Page
		Aquatic plants that butterflies especially like include water lilies, pickerel weed, water celery, and almost any other flowering aquatic plant.
		Insect site - drawings of some aquatic insects and information on them.
		Insect drawings - line drawings of various insect larvae including dragonflies, caddisflies, mayflies, mosquitoes, stoneflies, a few beetles, and more.
	www.fishpondinfo.com /bugs.htm (927 words)

	Watershed Education - Pennsylvania State Parks - PA DCNR
		One of the most important factors for the aquatic invertebrate is the rate of flow of the water.
		The water slows down, the temperature rises, the dissolved oxygen may be lower, the carbon dioxide higher, and the bottom changes from gravel and sand to mud at the mouth of the stream.
		If you and your students are willing and able, you may tackle identifying the aquatic insects down to the family classification by using a complete key to aquatic insects.
	www.watersheded.dcnr.state.pa.us /what/macros.html (1020 words)

	Soil & Water Conservation Society- Family Chironomidae (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Larvae are often the dominant insect in the profundal and sublittoral zones of lakes, and consequently adults are sometimes called "lake flies".
		The separation of the Diptera, as potential or actual inhabitants of deep water, from the other orders of immature aquatic insects is justified by the fact that an elaborate classification of lake types has been built upon the ecology of the deep-water Chironomidae (true midges) and their associated organisms.
		The question as to why, among all the aquatic insects with gills, this family of Diptera has alone significantly exploited the depths of lakes is of considerable interest.
	lakes.chebucto.org /ZOOBENTH/BENTHOS/xiii.html (2742 words)

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