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Topic: Arab Maghrib

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	NITLE Arab World Project
		Third, a definition of Arab identity rooted primarily or solely in language tends to ignore several aspects of the present state of the Arabic language_such as the continuing gap between written and spoken Arabic, the different Arab dialects, the bilingualism in some Arab countries, and the limited literacy of the Arab masses.
		20 A second example is the Arab Maghrib, where process of transition from tribal societies to nation-states is evidenced by the disappearance of the traditional circles of power referred to earlier, the Bled el-Makhzen, or intermediary tribes allied with the central government, and the Bled es-Siba, or dissident tribes.
		Attempts at imposing an Arab identity on the Berber population led to its seclusion in the Rif and Atlas mountains.
	arabworld.nitle.org /texts.php?module_id=6&reading_id=51&sequence=2 (3224 words)

	Joshua Project - Arab, Moroccan of Morocco Ethnic People Profile
		Most of the city-dwellers descended from the Moors; whereas, the rural-dwellers are considered "Arabized Berbers." Among the rural Arab, several classes have formed, which include nobles (alleged descendants of Mohammed), large landowners, peasants, and tenant farmers.
		Because the Arab are fond of grains, they produce and consume large amounts of barley, wheat, and cereals.
		Arab society is both patriarchal (male-dominated) and patrilineal, which means that the male lineage is given more honor and all inheritances are passed down through the males.
	www.joshuaproject.net /peopctry.php?rog3=MO&rop3=106804 (1147 words)

	Libya Islam and the Arabs
		Stiff Berber resistance in Tripolitania had slowed the Arab advance to the west, however, and efforts at permanent conquest were resumed only when it became apparent that the Maghrib could be opened up as a theater of operations in the Muslim campaign against the Byzantine Empire.
		Arab rule was easily imposed in the coastal farming areas and on the towns, which prospered again under Arab patronage.
		The attack on the Arab monopoly of the religious leadership of Islam was explicit in Kharijite doctrine, and Berbers across the Maghrib rose in revolt in the name of religion against Arab domination.
	www.country-studies.com /libya/islam-and-the-arabs.html (940 words)

	Lessons from Arab North Africa - The World and I Magazine
		At a social Arab summit convened in Casablanca, Morocco, in May 1989, for instance, Hassan was appointed to chair both a heads-of-state committee on Lebanon and special Arab League committee charged with furthering the Arab-Israeli peace process.
		Comparisons with other Arab states not only aid in drawing analytical conclusions about the North African experience, they indicate as well that these conclusions apply more broadly, that the lessons to be learned from an examination of the Maghrib shed light on issues of political and economic development in the Arab world as a whole.
		Further, a Maghrib Consultative Council was established in June, with ten parliamentary representatives from each of the five participating states attending the inaugural session in Algiers.
	www.worldandi.com /public/1990/february/mt6.cfm (5393 words)

	Wikinfo \| Rise of Islam in Algeria (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		For the first time, the Maghrib was united under a local regime, and although the empire was troubled by conflict on its fringes, handcrafts and agriculture flourished at its center and an efficient bureaucracy filled the tax coffers.
		In the Maghrib, the Almohad position was compromised by factional strife and was challenged by a renewal of tribal warfare.
		Nonetheless, Tlemcen prospered as a commercial center and was called the "pearl of the Maghrib." Situated at the head of the Imperial Road through the strategic Taza Gap to Marrakech, the city controlled the caravan route to Sijilmasa, gateway for the gold and slave trade with the western Sudan.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Rise_of_Islam_in_Algeria (3726 words)

	NITLE Arab World Project
		With a name that means "revival," and a secular and pan-Arabist ideology, the party’s objective is to inspire a cultural and political renaissance among Arabs everywhere so as to restore the Arab civilization to its prior glory and free it from foreign encroachment.
		The post-World War II era marks a shift in the emigration patterns of Arabs to the United States.
		Egypt is shunned by its fellow Arab states and expelled from the Arab League, whose headquarters are consequently moved to Tunis.
	arabworld.nitle.org /timeline.php?module_id=3&category_id=4 (9639 words)

	MUBARAK'S WEDGE (Yossef Bodansky) September, 1997
		The Arab World is divided into two parts: The Maghrib -- the Arab West -- that is largely North Africa; and the Mashriq -- the Arab East -- that stretches from the shores of the Mediterranean to the border with Iran, and includes all of Arabia.
		The role of Israel as a wedge preventing Arab unity was explicitly discussed throughout Cairo in the aftermath of the summit.
		Israel is trying to split the Arab World both politically and geographically by separating between the Maghrib and the Mashriq." A reversal of this trend is a precondition to the revival of Arab unity and might -- the key to Egypt's return to its position as the undisputed leader of the Arab World.
	www.freeman.org /m_online/sep97/bodansk.htm (3047 words)

	New Document
		Islamism in the contemporary Maghrib is the subject of this lecture.
		Ideologically, the major impact came from the Arab East, principally Egypt and Syria, via the medium of the Muslim Brotherhood and the writings of the Egyptian thinker Sayyid Qutb.
		The Maghrib is a subregion of the Middle Eastern regional subsystem, and is inevitably involved in the Arab-Israeli conflict and in the search for a peaceful resolution.
	www.dayan.org /mel/tibi.html (2066 words)

	MWC News - A Site Without Borders - - The erosion of the Arab state
		Increasingly, the Arab public feels that the political system is unfit to respond to the question of destiny and provide the basics for preserving sovereignty.
		That the Arab region should have been divided into 22 entities is a measure of its significance for the relations of dominance that emerged towards the end of the eighteenth century with Napoleon's expedition to Egypt (1798), the first major European incursion into a central country of the Muslim world.
		In light of the turbulent situation in the region and receding allegiance to the political establishment, it is possible to predict that the coming years could see an extension of this popular model to neighbouring countries acutely sensitive to threats to their security.
	mwcnews.net /content/view/9746/26 (1247 words)

	Musical Forms
		In Musical Composition forms, a primary one is the “Noubah” in the Arab Maghrib (Arabs of North Africa).
		It’s equivalent in the Arab Mashriq (Arabs of the Middle East) to the “Wasla”.
		In our times, in the Arab Maghrib, the name Noubah means a group, or a collection, of musical pieces that have common Maqam, but played in different rhythmic scales.
	www.classicalarabicmusic.com /musical_forms.htm (4130 words)

	TBS 12
		The countries of the Maghrib played an active role in the formation of this union; Abdallah Chaqroun, former manager of the Moroccan national TV, was the first general secretary, and Tunis was named the headquarters.
		Moreover, the Maghrib regimes managed to insidiously and massively transfer the activities related to news, culture, and entertainment to the state-run TV channel, as if they wanted to imprison the individuals in their homes in order to obtain their allegiance to the official speech delivered every night at eight.
		French president Mitterand seemed very irritated by what he scornfully qualified as the demonstrations of the Maghrib "street." A divorce was inevitable, and the majority of the population in the three countries tried to find heaven under the Arab satellites.
	www.tbsjournal.com /maghreb.htm (5165 words)

	Home Page - Gulf in the Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		It urged all the Arab countries to support by all means the ongoing struggle in these regions against the occupying forces.
		The participants also expressed concern over efforts to destroy the Arab and Islamic identity of the Arab Maghrib countries in the pretext of liberalisation and globalisation.
		The conference urged the Arab countries to provide freedom and human rights to their citizens and establish a free judiciary, rule of law, free press and other democratic and civil society institutions.
	www.gulfinthemedia.com /index.php?id=272359&news_type=Top&lang=en& (943 words)

	North African Film
		The pioneer filmmakers of the Maghrib, as this region is known, are aiming to express, above all, the social realities of their nations-in contrast to the past, when the region served only as an exotic locale for Western films that ignored local culture.
		The Maghrib has some 800 film theaters in a population of about 60 million, yet directors and critics alike decry the lack of a local market, which is flooded with foreign films.
		As for being a woman director in the Arab world, a topic she is often asked about in the West, Benlyazid says that women confront the same obstacles as men.
	www.africa.upenn.edu /Audio_Visual/North_African_10051.html (2559 words)

	Essays.cc - Berbers In North Africa
		The modern-day region of Maghrib - the Arab West consisting of present-day Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia - is inhabited predominantly by Muslim Arabs, but it has a large Berber minority.
		The industry appears to have spread throughout the coastal regions of the Maghrib between 15,000 and 10,000 B.C. Between about 9,000 and 5,000 B.C., the Capsian culture began influencing the Ibero- Maurusian, and after about 3,000 B.C. the remains of just one human type can be found throughout the region.
		Roman, Greeks, Byzantine, and Arab Muslim chroniclers typically depicted the Berbers as barbaric enemies, troublesome nomands, or ignorant peasants.
	www.essays.cc /free_essays/d3/aym36.shtml (3849 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Libya / Glossary
		Muammar al Qadhafi's ideological testament, containing his political, economic, and social thought, revolutionary precepts, and definition of "Arab socialism." The first volume was published in 1976 and the second in 1978.
		Literally, "the time or place of the sunset--the west." For its Arab conquerors, the region was the "island of the west" (jazirat al maghrib), the land between the "sea of sand" (Sahara) and the Mediterranean Sea.
		In Tripolitania (q.v.), an urban Arab during the dynastic and Ottoman periods.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/libya/ly_glos.html (2029 words)

	Did you know: Food History
		Couscous is a staple food in the Maghrib that requires very little in the way of utensils for its preparation.
		I believe it is unique to the Maghrib and was invented there and that its appearance in the Levant is a curiousity.
		The great Arab writer al-Muqaddasi (writing circa 985-990) never mentions couscous, although he is noted for writing about the foods he encountered.
	www.cliffordawright.com /history/couscous_history.html (1492 words)

	Arabic News Front Page for 10/29/2005
		Syrian, Arab and foreign condemnation against the report of UN Investigating Committee on the assassination of Lebanese Prime Minister Rafiq Hariri mounted on Friday.
		Damascus said it detained 1400 "Arab and Islamic" fighters since the beginning of the war against Iraq, most of them were returned back to their homeland, Syria increased the number of border guards in an attempt to prevent infiltration attempts, one of the main accusations in the American list of accusations against Syria.
		Former Lebanese Premier, Salim al-Hoss, has warned against the dangers of foreign intervention in the internal affairs of Lebanon and of using the UN Security Council 1559 for pressuring Lebanon to cause division in the country.
	www.arabicnews.com /ansub/Daily/Day/051029/FP.html (592 words)

	New Page 1
		The customs of sedentary culture became likewise firmly rooted in the Yemen, because the Arabs ruled continuously in the Yemen for thousands of years, ever since the time of the Amalekites and the Tubba's who were succeeded by the rule of the Mudar.
		That is the case with most cities in Ifriqiyah, but not in the Maghrib and the cities there, because since the time of the Aghlabids, the Shi'ah (Fatimids), and the Sinhajah, the ruling dynasty in Ifriqiyah has been firmly rooted there for a longer period (than the dynasties in the Maghrib).
		The Maghrib, on the other hand, has received a good deal of sedentary culture from Spain since the dynasty of the Almohads, and the customs of sedentary culture became established there through the control that the ruling dynasty of the Maghrib exercised over Spain.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ik/Muqaddimah/Chapter4/Ch_4_17.htm (1560 words)

	[ Crisis in Iraq ]
		After focusing exclusively on local issues without the slightest attention to events in the broader Arab or international context, they were suddenly blind to everything that fell beyond the concerns of public opinion.
		Meanwhile, important events that could have occupied public opinion within the countries of the Arab Maghrib vanished to become short news items buried in the back pages.
		United Arab Emirates "Al-Bayan": Fadilah al-Ma'ini reflects on the fate of the Arabs who volunteered to fight against coalition forces in Iraq.
	www.rferl.org /specials/iraqcrisis/press_review_1504.asp (569 words)

	Libya - Maghrib Relations
		The lack of a Maghribi heritage, together with the revolutionary government's predilection for Mashriq affairs, has caused the Maghribi area to be of secondary interest to Libya since 1969.
		In 1970 Libya withdrew from the Permanent Maghrib Consultative Committee, an organization founded by the Maghribi states to foster the eventual development of an economic community.
		Nonetheless, Libya pursued an active foreign policy toward the Maghrib, a policy that usually revolved around the issues of Arab unity and the Western Sahara dispute.
	countrystudies.us /libya/84.htm (1016 words)

	Algeria - Chapter 1. Historical Setting (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		MODERN-DAY ALGERIA is a leading member state of the Arab Maghrib, the term applied to the western part of Arab North Africa.
		The introduction of Islam and Arabic had a profound impact on North Africa (or the Maghrib--see Glossary) beginning in the seventh century.
		Since independence in 1962, Algeria has sought to create political structures that reflect the unique character of the country and that can cope with the daunting challenges of rebuilding a society and an economy that had been subject to years of trauma and painful transformation.
	www.country-data.com /cgi-bin/query/r-315.html (474 words)

	THE ISLAMIC CHALLENGE IN NORTH AFRICA
		What resulted was the obvious inability of Arab regimes, maghribi and mashriqi alike, to deliver the social, economic, political and psychic goods to their expanding, increasingly youthful, urbanized and literate populations.
		The Maghrib's proximity to Europe rendered its youthful population (two-thirds under 30 years of age) especially vulnerable to psychic dislocation, especially since North Africa had already been widely penetrated by the gharb (primarily France) during the prior 150 years.
		(11) Given the dual legacy of popular-maraboutic Islamic practice and the Maghrib's penetration by the modern gharb, it is not surprising that Maghribi salafists-fundamentalists often found themselves alienated from their own societies and thus sought guidance and inspiration from outside the Maghrib: e.g., the Egyptian-based Muslim Brotherhood, Iran's Islamic Revolution, and Sudan's Hasan al-Turabi.
	meria.idc.ac.il /journal/1997/issue2/jv1n2a7.html (7784 words)

	Journal of North African Studies - Abstracts
		This article uses an empirical growth model to test for the hypotheses that Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is crucial to Maghrib long-term economic survival, and that (ii) the magnitude of the impact of this investment depends on its interaction with the stock of human capital available to the region.
		The distant aim towards whose fulfilment this paper hopes to contribute is that of elucidating the emergence of ideas of the nation, and the structures of the ‘nation’ state, in North Africa, a process whose beginnings ought to be situated in the early 1920s.
		As in much of the Arab world, Morocco possesses a massive number of young men and women who are reaching adulthood and entering the social mainstream, or who have done so within the last decade.
	www.tandf.co.uk /journals/archive/fnas-abs.asp (17454 words)

	93109: Libya
		Various Arab dynasties ruled Libya from Damascus, Baghdad, Qayrawan (Tunisia) and Cairo, until the arrival of the Ottoman Turks in 1517.
		During the Arab and Ottoman periods, local rulers, such as the Karamanlis in the 17th and 18th centuries, often controlled parts of Libya while remaining under ostensible Arab or Ottoman regency.
		Qadhafi maintained there was no need for legal protection of freedom of speech because the people would exercise complete freedom of speech in their ASU and Peoples' Committee debates on the issues; everything would be discussed openly in the Peoples' Committees, leaving nothing unsaid that would require another forum with guaranteed freedom of expression.
	www.fas.org /man/crs/93-109.htm (7133 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : Through North African Eyes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The pioneer filmmakers of the Maghrib, as this region is known, are aiming to express, above all, the social realities of their nations - in contrast to the past, when the region served only as an exotic locale for Western films that ignored local culture.
		Until now, the films of the Maghrib - as with Arab cinema generally - have been largely relegated to what film critic Hala Salmane calls "the festival ghetto" in the United States, unable to penetrate the mainstream of America's Hollywood-dominated industry.
		His two documentaries on Arab and African film, "Caméra Arabe" (1987} and "Caméra d'Afrique" (1983), serve as reference works on regions whose film is unknown to mainstream audiences of the West.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/199201/through.north.african.eyes.htm (3595 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Libya / Bibliography
		The Arab Awakening: The Story of the Arab National Movement.
		History of North Africa: Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco: From the Arab Conquest to 1830.
		"Arab Africa II (Egypt, Libya, Sudan)." (A Barclays Group Economic Intelligence Unit publication.) London: Barclays Bank Group, July 9, 1974.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/libya/ly_bibl.html (3598 words)

	CEMAT Summer Workshop in Tunisia
		The seminars will emphasize Tunisia, the Maghrib, the Arab world, Islam, women, and Arabic language as elements that both distinguish Tunisia and link it to the fabric of the Arab World’s cultures and societies.
		Tunisia is an appropriate venue for this program because it mirrors the pathway many Arab countries have taken through colonialism, nationalism, modern economic development, and the struggle for modernization in Islam.
		Miller is a geographer of North Africa on leave from Clemson University with long experience in Tunisia and the rest of the Maghrib (North Africa).
	www.caorc.org /cemat (1040 words)

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