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Topic: Arab Revolt

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	1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 1936-1939 Arab revolt in Palestine was an uprising during the British mandate by Palestinian Arabs in Palestine which lasted from 1936 to 1939.
		The revolt was driven primarily by Arab hostility to Britain's permission of restricted Jewish immigration and land purchases which Palestinian Arabs believed was leading them to becoming a minority in the territory and future nation-state.
		With the rejection of this proposal, the revolt resumed during the autumn of 1937, marked by the assassination of Commissioner Andrews in Nazareth.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Great_Uprising (770 words)

	The Great Arab Revolt
		While the colonial powers denied the Arabs their promised single unified Arab state, it is nevertheless testimony to the effectiveness of the Great Arab Revolt that the Hashemite family was able to secure Arab rule over Transjordan, Iraq and Arabia.
		Arabs were further threatened by the construction of the Hijaz Railway, connecting Damascus and Mecca, which promised to facilitate the mobility of Turkish troops into the Arab heartland.
		Sharif Husseins objective in undertaking the Great Arab Revolt was to establish a single independent and unified Arab state stretching from Aleppo (Syria) to Aden (Yemen), based on the ancient traditions and culture of the Arab people, the upholding of Islamic ideals and the full protection and inclusion of ethnic and religious minorities.
	members.tripod.com /jor_guide/id7.html (1764 words)

	The Arabian Revolt
		Arab nationalist societies in the northern regions (Syria and Palestine) had been persecuted by the Turks, and when the Turks joined the war in 1915, they tried to pressure the local Arab leaders to declare jihad against the British.
		The Arab Army was composed mainly of irregular volunteers, dressed in civilian style and - until weapons were supplied by the British or captured from the Turks - poorly armed.
		The Arab revolt was important in occupying vast numbers of Turkish troops needed elsewhere, and in fact the Arab army formed the right flank of the British Army's advance through Palestine in 1918.
	members.tripod.com /~Brickie/arabia.html (654 words)

	Pan-Arab Colours (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Arab tribes who participated in the conquest of North Africa and Andalusia carried the red flag, which became the symbol of the Islamic rulers of Andalusia (756-1355).
		During World War I, Arabs in the Hejaz (the Red Sea coast of the Arabian peninsula) rose up against the Ottoman Sultan, with the help of the British, who were fighting the Ottomans at the time.
		Since this tide of Arab nationalism did not result in Arab unity, as the failure of the UAR helped show, it is not surprising that the current Egyptian government ties the color scheme to purely Egyptian ideologies.
	www.crwflags.com /fotw/flags/arabcols.html (1338 words)

	Arab Revolt (in Palestine) - Zionism and Israel -Encyclopedia / Dictionary/Lexicon of Zionism/Israel/
		The revolt was triggered by Arab dissatisfaction and alarm at the relatively large number of Jewish immigrants arriving in the early 1930s, worsening economic conditions due to the world depression and other factors, and disaffection stirred up by the Husseini clan.
		Arab ruling classes within Palestinian society prevented the rise of an effective labor movement that could equalize the rights of Palestinian workers; their resentment was deflected to the Jew and to the national struggle.
		The best estimate of Arab human losses in the 1936-39 revolt is that which states that losses in the four years totaled 19,792 killed and wounded; this includes the casualties sustained by the Palestinian Arabs at the hands of the Zionist gangs in the same period.
	www.zionism-israel.com /dic/Arab_Revolt.htm (12405 words)

	The Zionist Century \| Concepts \| Struggle and Defense
		Arab notables from Jerusalem called upon the Ottoman administration to prohibit the immigration of and the sale of land to Jews.
		The Arab national movement developed mostly in Syria, Lebanon and the Land of Israel, where Arab newspapers were founded and engaged in systematic incitement against Jewish immigration and settlement.
		In Constantinople, the Arab members of parliament denounced Jewish settlement in the Land of Israel and described the Zionist Movement as a danger to the Ottoman Empire.
	www.jafi.org.il /education/100/concepts/d2.html (1031 words)

	Arab Nationalism: Mistaken Identity by Martin Kramer
		The Arab nationalist state under Faysal in Damascus proved to be chaotic, and his subsequent reign in Iraq rested on the bayonets of the British.
		It is only when the Arabs succeed in ridding themselves of the highly idealized Arab nationalist vision of their past that they will be able to live together in the modern Arab world as a coherent political community whose various members relate to one another constructively and without reserve.
		Arab nationalism acknowledged them as fellow Arabs, but it glorified precisely that "golden age" of Arab history that the Shi'ites mourned as disastrous, during which their heroes were martyred by the very same caliphs lionized in Arab nationalist historiography.
	www.geocities.com /martinkramerorg/ArabNationalism.htm (12947 words)

	[No title]
		Arab deputies were scattered and driven away from their countries, Arabic societies forbidden and even the Arabic language suppressed.
		It is the Arabs who took up arms to defend their own land, it's they who felt the need for freedom and decided to pay for it.
		Consequently, al-Sherif Naser was selected to declare the Revolt in the name of King al-Hussein and to rally the tribes and various sections of the population, so that all might sink their private quarrels.
	www.al-bushra.org /arabwrld/lawrance.htm (8814 words)

	Jordan - History - The Tragedy of Palestine
		Arabs were outraged by the implication that they were the intruders in Palestine, when in fact at the end of World War II they accounted for about 90% of the population.
		The Arab Legion and the Defense of Jerusalem
		A cease-fire took effect between Arabs and Jews on May 2, and was supposed to remain in force until the evacuation of the British.
	www.kinghussein.gov.jo /his_palestine.html (1882 words)

	The 1936 Riots
		The Arab High Command, as the group was known, was led by the Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini, and represented Arab interests in Palestine until 1948.
		Another outcome of the Palestinian Revolt was the involvement of the Arab states as advocates of the Palestinian Arabs.
		The toll on the Arabs was estimated to be roughly 5,000 dead, 15,000 wounded, and 5,600 imprisoned.
	www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org /jsource/History/riots36.html (1008 words)

	Arab Revolt - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Arab Revolt (1916–1918) was initiated by the Sherif Hussein ibn Ali with the aim of securing independence from the ruling Ottoman Turks and creating a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.
		The Arabs were also threatened by the construction of the Hejaz railway, which helped move Turkish troops deep into Arab areas (the railway was actually finished under the old Sultan, but its effects became more noticeable under the CUP government).
		The main contribution of the Arab Revolt to the war was to pin down tens of thousands of Turkish troops who otherwise might have been used to attack the Suez Canal, allowing the British to undertake offensive operations with a lower risk of counterattack.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arab_Revolt (958 words)

	Arab Role in WW I
		His account of the revolt is chronicled in in his classic books, "Seven Pillars of Wisdom, A Triumph" and "Revolt in the Desert." These thrilling books have been found lacking in credibility, in fact a fabrication, when examined by historians.
		Unfortunately, the aid given to the Allied campaign against the Turks by the Arab Revolt was minor; Lawrence once described it as "a sideshow of a sideshow." The Sherif Hussein did send out his call for an Arab rising throughout the Ottoman Empire, but in fact no such rising took place.
		Arab forces were often allowed to enter a city in a ceremonial fashion so that the victory could be credited to them, after British Commonwealth regulars had cleared the way.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_ww1_arab_role.php (848 words)

	T. E. Lawrence and the Establishment of Legitimacy During the Arab Revolt
		Lawrence took advantage of this "ample opportunity to meet the Arabs, study their customs, and acquire a greater fluency in Arabic." He spent his short breaks from work visiting neighboring villages and learning more about the Arab way of life.
		Indeed, Lawrence recognized that "no man could be their [the Arabs] leader except he ate the ranks' food, wore their clothes, lived level with them, and yet appeared better in himself" (Revolt in the Desert, 50).
		Lawrence viewed the key to victory was to convince the locals of the legitimacy of the Revolt, and this became his measure of success.
	www.faoa.org /journal/telaw1.html (1340 words)

	Jordan - History - The Great Arab Revolt
		Sharif Hussein bin Ali, King of the Arabs and King of the Hijaz.
		Arab nationalists in the Fertile Crescent and the Arabian Peninsula found in the Hashemite commanders of the Great Arab Revolt the leadership that could realize their aspirations, and thus coalesced around them.
		But the agreement excluded three areas: the wilayets (Ottoman provinces) of Basra and Baghdad, the Turkish districts of Alexandretta and Mersin, and, most importantly, “portions of Syria lying to the west of the districts of Damascus, Homs, Hama, and Aleppo.”; The interpretation of the last section was to be the source of great controversy.
	kinghussein.gov.jo /his_arabrevolt.html (903 words)

	[No title]
		For years, the Arab street (a violent drag controlled by tyrants, their power enforced by terror) kept Arab moderates and democratic reformers in the Arab alley or the Arab jail.
		The Arab strongman was a romantic, Superman story of militant rescue and revenge, but it was also a justification for dictatorial rule.
		An Arab electorate is being challenged to legitimatize the peace process with Israel.
	www.strategypage.com /messageboards/messages/479-185.asp (678 words)

	Arab Revolt (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Arab Revolt: The uprising by the Sherif of Mecca and his son against the Turkish Ottomans in June 1916.
		Later the Arab guerillas sabotaged the Hejaz railway between Mecca and Damascus, which was a Turkish supply route.
		They setup an Arab government in Damascus under King Faisal I, son of Sharif Hussein of Mecca.
	www.damascus-online.com /se/hist/arab_revolt.htm (83 words)

	The Arab Revolt of 1916-18
		Sharif Hussein of the Hejaz led the revolt against the Turks in June 1916, when they were fighting alongside the Germans in the war against the Allies, Britain and France.
		The British approached the Arab officers and men captured from the Turkish ranks and held in prisoner of war camps in India and in Egypt and took them to the Hejaz where they joined the Arab Revolt.
		Muhammad Mahdi al-Bassir in his "History of the Iraqi Question" published in Baghdad in 1920, the prominent leaders of the Moslems, Jews and Christians to ask their opinion on the government to be formed in Iraq, liberated by the British from the Turkish dominion.
	www.dangoor.com /72page23.html (488 words)

	Palestine Arab Revolt 1936-39
		The Arab Higher Committee, headed by the Mufti Haj Amin al-Husseini, led the campaign of terrorism against Jewish and British targets.
		Armed Arab terrorism, under the direction of the Higher Committee, was used to attack the Jews and to suppress Arab opponents.
		The British military suppressed the Arab terrorists, but the British government in effect rewarded them with the publication of the 1939 White Paper, a pro-Arab policy statement that effectively ended the British committment to the purpose of the Palestine Mandate.
	www.palestinefacts.org /pf_mandate_riots_1936-39.php (337 words)

	Lawrence of Arabia . Emerging Middle East . Mecca: Arab Revolt \| PBS
		On June 10, 1916, Grand Sharif Hussein raised his rifle on his balcony in Mecca and fired the first shot of the Arab Revolt.
		The Turkish garrison in Mecca fell to the Arabs within weeks, as did the port of Jeddah, with the assistance of the British navy.
		The rifles sent by the British were antiquated and the Arabs lacked artillery.
	www.pbs.org /lawrenceofarabia/features/non_flash/mecca3.html (131 words)

	Kingdom regains Great Arab Revolt flag (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Raising the new banner, the Arab fighters entered and captured Aqaba on July 6, 1917 and the flag was subsequently raised to mark further significant moments such as the capture of Damascus.
		On his return to England in 1920, Lawrence of Arabia is reported to have flown an Arab flag (presumably the flag of the Arab Revolt) over All Souls College — a celebration of the Anglo-Arab strong ties, which Lawrence backed.
		According to Sotheby's, only a very limited number of flags of the Arab Revolt were made in those early years; of those, only two examples are known to survive.
	www.jordanembassyus.org /08092005002.htm (511 words)

	Evolution of a revolt
		BY T. The Arab Revolt began in June, 1916, with an Arab offensive, a surprise attack by the half-armed and inexperienced tribesmen upon the Turkish garrisons in Medina and about Mecca.
		The Arab forces which had attacked it fell back gradually as the Turks became more offensive, and at last moved fifty miles south-west into the hills, and there took up a position across the main road to Mecca.
		The Arab Army just now was equally chary of men and materials: of men because they being irregulars were not units, but individuals, and an individual casualty is like a pebble dropped in water: each may make only a brief hole, but rings of sorrow widen out from them.
	www-cgsc.army.mil /carl/resources/csi/Lawrence/lawrence.asp (6431 words)

	T. E. LAWRENCE, THE TURKS, AND THE ARAB REVOLT IN THE CINEMA: ANGLO-AMERICAN AND TURKISH REPRESENTATIONS Literature ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The immediate effect of this revolt was to cut the Hejaz Railroad and overrun the Ottoman garrisons at Mecca, Cidda, and Damascus.
		The Arab Revolt paved the way for the Syrian campaign, where a combined British and Arab force began an offensive that would result in the Ottomans quitting the country within a year, and surrendering to the Allies on 13 November 1918.
		By contrast the British supported the Arab claims for full national rights and self-government: at the Paris Peace Conference of January 1919, Lawrence was called upon to represent the Bedouins.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3768/is_200510/ai_n15957560 (708 words)

	Mideast Arab revolt threshold - The Washington Times: Commentary - December 17, 2004 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This time, Arab moderates and liberal reformers — the Middle East's genuine rebels — are the insurgent vanguard.
		The Arab street also has served as a theater for choreographed displays of anger, usually directed at Israel and the United States.
		Removing Saddam Hussein began the reconfiguration of the politically dysfunctional Arab Muslim Middle East — a dangerous, expensive process, but one that gives Middle Eastern moderates the chance to build states where the consent of the governed creates legitimacy and where terrorists are prosecuted, not promoted.
	washingtontimes.com /commentary/20041216-081424-1126r.htm (648 words)

	Egypt Leads Arab Revolt Against US
		President Mubarak of Egypt, one of America’s closest allies in the region, gave warning of Arab anger unless some form of peace was first reached between Israel and the Palestinians.
		The talk of war and the latest actions on the ground appeared to help Iraq’s diplomatic offensive that is under way in the Arab world and as far away as Beijing, where the country’s Foreign Minister held talks with the Chinese leaders.
		Other Arab leaders appeared far more sensitive to the threat of war, which many experts say could be launched as soon as this winter.
	www.commondreams.org /cgi-bin/print.cgi?file=/headlines02/0828-06.htm (939 words)

	Amazon.com: British Intelligence and the Arab Revolt: The First Modern Intelligence War (Studies in Intelligence): ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		This book examines the role of British intelligence during the Arab Revolt in the Hejaz, giving special attention to the coordination of modern intelligence employed in support of Arab operations (such as humint, sigint and imint).
		The activities and influence of the officers working with intelligence not only influenced Egypt's and London's making of policy for the Arab Revolt, but their analysis guided the Hejaz campaign in its evolution from a failed conventional strategy to a full-scale guerilla campaign.
		Unlike other histories, this work will connect the operational achievement of humint, sigint and especially imint in providing support to the Arab forces with the political progress of the Arab armies' irregular operations; it also gives special attention to the implications of that strategy's success, especially with regard to the question of Syria.
	www.amazon.com /British-Intelligence-Arab-Revolt-Studies/dp/0415372801 (732 words)

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