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Topic: Arabian tone system

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	Jas's-- Middle Eastern Rhythms FAQ (for dumbec, doumbec, doumbek, arabic tabla, darabuka, tombak, zarb ...) : Rhythms ...
		We do know that they tended to use a system that had two values for time (long and short) where the "long" was from one and a half to two times longer than the short.
		Balkan musicians have a pulse-based system in which they will first categorize a rhythm based on the number of strong beats or pulses in the cycle.
		The Modal System of Arab and Persian Music AD 1250-1300(O. Wright, 1978) has a brief analysis on what is to be found about rhythmic modes in historical works from 13th century.
	www.khafif.com /rhy (8040 words)

	Encyclopedia: Arabic music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		A tone system with specific interval structures, invented by al-Farabi in the tenth century (p.170).
		Musical instruments that are found throughout the Arabian world and that represent a standardized tone system, are played with standardized performance techniques, and exhibit similar details in construction and design.
		Arabian music is, however, very familiar with the ostinato, as well as with a more instinctive heterophonic way of making music.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Arabic-music (1683 words)

	Canada's largest selection of Home Coffee Roasters and Green Coffee Beans - Green Beanery
		Under this system, the coffee producers must undergo a screening process, adhere to the organization's rules and regulations, and submit to annual audits.
		The original hot coffee drink took its name from the Arabian port of Al Mukkah (Mocha) on the Red Sea, for centuries the sole source for the world's coffee imports.
		African and Arabian coffee tend to be bright and winey or floral, with a sparkling acidity, and a medium to full body.
	www.eprf.ca /bean/index.cfm?DSP=encyclopediadb (6828 words)

	Maqam
		Maqamat are "unique to Arabian art music." The Western term that comes closest to describing the maqam is the mode, and mode is often used to describe the over seventy heptatonic tone rows or scales of maqamat.
		The notes of a maqam are not of equal temperament (meaning that the difference in pitch between each note is not identical, unlike in the chromatic scale used in modern Western music).
		In fact, in the Western system of temperament, C-sharp and D-flat—which are functionally the same tone—are equivalent to 4.5 commas in the Turkish system; thus, they fall directly in the center of the line depicted above.
	www.arikah.net /encyclopedia/Makam (1617 words)

	CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gnosticism
		This Gnostic figure, appearing in a number of systems, the Nicolaites, the "Gnostics" of Epiphanius, the Sethians, the system of the "Evangelium Mariae" and that in Iren., I, xxix, 2 sq., remains to a certain extent an enigma.
		A.D. 160), elaborated a system of sexual duality in the process of emanation; a long series of male and female pairs of personified ideas is employed to bridge over the distance from the unknown God to this present world.
		His system is more confused than Basilidianism, especially as it is disturbed bythe intrusion of the figure or figures of Sophia in the cosmogonic process.
	www.newadvent.org /cathen/06592a.htm (10663 words)

	Arabian Horse Fair, Show, Futurity, National Awards (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The important part to remember is that Arabians have small size heads in comparison to other breeds.
		Often the best way is to take a very cheap bridle and adjust it to all the heads of your Arabians and then use that as a guide in the tack store when selecting your bridle.
		Arabians are not just short backed but also broad across the back and an important fit is crucial.
	www.arabianhorsefair.com /OwnersGuide/equipment.shtml (1217 words)

	Nova* Stars* Electronics, A Total Communication Service Provider, Saudi Arabia
		Welcome to NSES Communication Solutions, Your Complete and Reliable Source for All Your Communication Systems and Equipment Needs, VSAT Satellite Internet Solutions, and Business Web Pages Solutions, In Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.
		It is our intent to educate and inform the consumer about the many technologies that can be used to make your home, office, or organization more productive, profitable, and easier to manage.
		The Saudi Network, Trade and business information and links to Saudi Arabia, Arabian Gulf and Middle East Area.
	www.novastars.com (268 words)

	Saudi Aramco World: Departments : Suggestions for Reading (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The traditional sailing vessels of the Arabian Gulf have distinct regional traditions, and this is the first comprehensive study of the maritime crafts that supported Kuwait’s coastal economy for centuries.
		The text illuminates the nuts and bolts of the bazaar-based mercantile system well, but it is weakened by lapses into orientalist romanticism that at times over-generalizes about “the East” and at others judges harshly the inevitable interplay of old and new in the bazaars of modern cities.
		To the serious reader, though, the book has a generic tone which dulls the impact of the otherwise insightful individual writers, all of whom are better read in the context of their own more detailed works—unless your school report is due on Thursday.
	www.saudiaramcoworld.com /departments/suggestions.for.reading.htm (16691 words)

	Essential Oils Their Properties
		It is a general tonic and stimulant, helps the digestive system, fighting candida (yeast) infections, and benefits the nervous and glandular systems.
		It is beneficial to the sinuses and muscular system, and especially useful for women during monthly cycles or menopause.
		Ylang Ylang affects the glandular system, great for hair and skin, stimulates adrenal glands, but at the same time can be used for insomnia and pain.
	www.mnwelldir.org /docs/therapies/essentia02.htm (3711 words)

	Young Living Essential Oils - Your Healthier Choice;aromatherapy: Essential Oils, Cypress, Jasmine, Massage Oils, ...
		Eucalyptus (globulus) shown by laboratory tests to be a powerful agent, containing a high percentage of the compound eucalyptol (a key ingredient in many antiseptic mouth rinses).
		Often used for the respiratory system, eucalyptus has been investigated for its effect on insects in study called, Laboratory Evaluation of a Eucalyptus-based Repellent against Four Biting Arthopods published by the Journal of Phytotherapy Research.
		Marjoram (Origanum majorana) is used for soothing the muscles and the respiratory system.
	www.yourhealthierchoice.com /single.html (2366 words)

	1
		Tone: we can find many evidence for AP in tonology, indicating that there are indeed two separate tiers: tonal tiers and segmental tiers.
		If the tone pattern is phonological separate from the consonant and vowel segments, we can capture the fact that a given melody is realized on each class of words regardless of the number the segments present.
		Downstep: indicates a situation in which a high tone has a downdrifted phonetic value but there is, at least on the surface, no preceding low tone to mark the division from the preceding high, which is articulated at the normal value.
	www.msu.edu /~machunhu/phonolgoy.htm (11182 words)

	Alchemically Active Essential Oils
		Not only is this oil beneficial for the circulatory system, but Cypress gives energy that may help in cases of edema, cellulite, varicose veins and water retention.
		It may be calming to the respiratory system, and assist in calming the nerves, relieving spasms and migraine headaches.
		It is antimicrobial and strengthening to the nervous system.
	www.crucible.org /oils_list.htm (12203 words)

	Saudi Aramco World : The Sound Of Arabian Music (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		This dramatic cadenza, in which the singer uses his voice like an instrument, demonstrates his virtuosity and reveals yet another barrier to Western understanding—the microtonal variation in Arabian music that is commonly, and incorrectly, called a quarter tone.
		The Arabian microtone is the correct pitch, a fact that tends to puzzle an American listener.
		Obviously the problem in listening to Arabian music is not one of repetition but of repeating the unfamiliar.
	saudiaramcoworld.com /issue/196204/the.sound.of.arabian.music.htm (1721 words)

	netcyclo: Somali
		Its tonal system is different from languages such as Chinese, in which every word is associated with a particular tone.
		The Somali tone-accent system is mostly active at the grammar and discourse levels to indicate grammatical categories and information structure rather than to make a difference in word meaning.
		Some scholars suggest that Somali has two tiers of tones: one associated with word stress, and one associated with sentence intonation.
	www.netcyclo.com /lang/natlangs/afroasia/cushitic/eastcush/somali/somali.htm (813 words)

	Adamah - Mildred Norton (1948) [FilmMaterialien 6]
		The actors are the children themselves, flotsam from the concentration camps of Europe, who were learning to forget their memories of terror, in the safety of the schoolroom, healthful toil in the fields and the normal fun of normal children.
		This provides the background music for the sequence in which the boys and girls clear the land of boulders, carrying out the feeling of monotonous, heavy toil and providing also, by its reiterated motif, a unifying framework for scenes that are necessarily disjunctive.
		This is the only place in the film where the 12-tone system is used, however owing to the short time Dessau had to write his score, and the difficulty such organically involved music poses both to the creator and the performers.
	www.cinegraph.de /filmmat/fm6/fm6_19.html (763 words)

	Arabian Music
		In this system, each mode was indicated by the names of the fingers and the frets employed when playing the 'ud.
		Al-Farabi also described two types of tunbur, or long-necked fretted lute, each with a different system of frets: an old Arabian type whose frets produced quarter-tone intervals, and another type attributed to Khorasan with intervals based on the limma and comma subdivisions of the Pythagorean whole-tone.
		The third major process affecting Arab music was the contact between the Islamic Near East and Europe at the time of the Crusades in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries and during the Islamic occupation of Spain (713-1492.) This contact had a widespread impact on both Islamic and European traditions.
	www.oud.gr /music_arabe.htm (1922 words)

	glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		One-fourth of a whole tone; 24 tones per octave.
		Similar systems are often encountered in Eastern music, especially Indian (22 tones/octave) and Arabian (generally 18 tones/octave - actually closer to a 1/3-tone).
		Most Western music and instruments follow a 12 tones/octave (see semitone) system.
	www.mus1171.neu.edu /glossary/TERMS/QuarterTone.htm (44 words)

	SubOptic 2001--List of Exhibitors
		The latest generation Dowty systems provide the cable operator with maximum control, high levels of system redundancy, reliability and low maintenance all with minimum operational risk to the cable, made possible through the application of vector drive and digital control philosophies.
		The system is open and fully documented for ease of maintenance and upgrade and integrates with all vessel systems.
		As the system migrating from Tera to Peta and electrical to optical, our state of the art protection scheme and large capacity and efficient transmission technologies provides the system with a cost effectiveness and long-term reliabilities.
	www.ics-inc.co.jp /suboptic2001/ex-list.html (6221 words)

	Music Glossary [M.Tevfik Dorak]
		Tonality: A system of chordal relations based on the attraction of a tonal center (loyalty to a tonic).
		Twelve-tone technique: A system devised by Schoenberg using all twelve chromatic tones of the scale and denying a tonal center.
		Preference of step-wise movement in the three upper parts, contrary motion in at least one part, and avoidance of parallel fifths and octaves form the basis of voice leading.
	dorakmt.tripod.com /music/glossary.html (8194 words)

	Jack Tone Ranch News & Events
		The discussions about "Arabian type" were excellent, and although she heard about some heated discussion about "balding" in some of the other groups' discussions, it was nothing but good news in hers (the judges are separated into groups with a rotating schedule for each seminar topic).
		The Tones have a family of 5 daughters, 15 grand-children, 20 great-grand-children and 1 great-great-grand-child.
		Tricia is a 6th generation Tone, great-grand-daughter of Marge and Jack Tone, grand-daughter of Jerry and Kathleen Hammer, and daughter of Margie and Bill Pope (there's a human pedigree for you!).
	www.fadjur.com /JTRnews.htm (6925 words)

	The Music Magazine -- India's first and finest music e-zine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The first part deals with the derivation of relative frequencies and properties of the 12 basic swaras of the Indian system of music.
		The Indian sruti system is definetely more elaborate and complicated than the Western and Arabian tone systems.
		However, what really makes our music more interesting and rich is the use of gamakas, or meend, and not merely the use of the additional minute sruthis.
	www.themusicmagazine.com /bookapr00.html (1519 words)

	YLEO Young Living Essential Oils - Single Oils 800-769-7923
		Cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) is one of the oils most used to support the circulatory system.
		Often used for the respiratory system, eucalyptus has been investigated for its effect on insects in a study called "Laboratory Evaluation of a Eucalyptus-based Repellent against Four Biting Arthopods," published in Phytotherapy Research.
		Marjoram (Origanum majorana) is used for relieving sore muscles after exercise and supporting the respiratory system.* Marjoram assists in calming the nerves and has antiseptic properties.
	www.webdeb.com /oils/single.htm (4827 words)

	UHS: The Legend of the Prophet and the Assassin Review
		As you watch the images of savagery and murder, you become aware that his battles have taken many years and that he is to be respected and feared.
		At first glance, you would think he is Lawrence of Arabia as the music takes on a definite Arabian tone.
		Rather, you discover that Ay-Sayf, "the Scimitar," the name by which he is known, was born Tancrede de Nerac, the son of a French knight, thus explaining his blonde hair and European good looks.
	www.uhs-hints.com /articles/reviews/lopa.php (1679 words)

	Al-Farabi - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Farabi wrote books on sociology and a notable book on music titled Kitab al-Musiqa (The Book of Music).
		He played and invented a varied number of musical instruments and his pure Arabian tone system is still used in Arab music (Touma 1996, p.170).
		Farabi is also famous for his demonstration of the existence of void in physics.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Al-Farabi (616 words)

	POETRY - Online Information article about POETRY
		Wind." In the one case the poet's artistic methods, like those of the Greek architect, show, and are intended to show, the solid strength of the structure.
		CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma
		tone can not only suggest ideas but See also:
	encyclopedia.jrank.org /PIG_POL/POETRY.html (6744 words)

	Biographies, The Scientists: A List.
		He advanced our understanding of the physical world in a number of areas; but, it is in the kinetic theory of gases for which he is most remembered, particularly: the Bernouilli’s principle.
		Because the total energy is constant, an increase in the fluid’s speed must therefore be matched by a decrease in its pressure." The Bernouilli’s principle explains why a fixed wing airplane, once its moving in the air, and, because of the shape of the wing, will (usually) stay in the air.
		He was to continue with his writing, but it now took a distinct religious tone; often, given his position as a Jansenist, a faction of the Roman catholic church, against the position and the teachings of the Jesuits."
	www.blupete.com /Literature/Biographies/Science/Scients.htm (4497 words)

	The Medical Manuscrpits of Azerbaijan: Unlocking Their SecretsBetty Blair
		The smell of quince, for example, was believed to strengthen the natural energy of the body.
		Citron was used to tone the nervous system, and apples, to stimulate the brain.
		The 18th century text "Tibbname" suggests that one's place of rest be decorated in flowers and painted in pale blue, green or white tones.
	azer.com /aiweb/categories/magazine/52_folder/52_articles/52_medical.html (1885 words)

	Satellite tv internet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		dish network satellite tv system is the same as dish network test cardarabic satellite tv.
		cable tv, satellite tv system, tone tv, digital satellite tv and this is the best resource on satellite speaker system, tv satellite dish.
		todd tv, satellite tv decoder is boeing satellite system, satellite tv comparison or cable tv box, satellite tv services and details of satellite tv company, cable and satellite tv.
	www.edishnetwork.com /dish/satellite-tv-internet.htm (975 words)

	Records International Catalogue November 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Like Helsted to the left, Winding's works are very Schumannesque in tone although this time, of course, it's influence and not chance (the concerto dates from the late 1860s and the Concert Allegro from around 1875).
		First performed in1929, The Enchanted Isle is a 16-minute tone-poem whose sensuous colors, brilliant orchestration and general mood again recall the Bax of the early tone poems or the miniature tone poems of Liadov with dashes of Debussian Impressionism and the exoticism of Scriabin.
		The clarinert concerto here is the earliest on the disc, premiered in 1981, and it has many of the characteristics of the other works: a reliance on dark tone colors, the use of an extended percussion section augmented by amplified harpsichord and celesta and sparing sections of aleatory in a language of extended tonality.
	www.recordsinternational.com /RICatalogNov01.html (11303 words)

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