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Topic: Arabic epic literature

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	African Literature - MSN Encarta
		Africa’s oral literature takes the form of prose, verse, and proverb, and texts vary in length from the epic, which might be performed over the course of several days, to single-sentence formulations such as the proverb.
		Literatures in African languages have received little scholarly attention, in part because of a Western bias in favor of literature in European languages.
		Literature in Somali is predominantly in verse, and its greatest figure is Sayyid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan, who was born in the mid-19th century and died in 1921.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761555353/African_Literature.html (1919 words)

	Arabic literature
		The structure of the Arabic language is well-suited to harmonious word-patterns, with elaborate rhymes and rhythms.
		The earliest known literature emerged in northern Arabia around 500 AD and took the form of poetry which was recited aloud, memorised and handed down from one generation to another.
		The birth of Arabic prose as a literary form is attributed to the Persian secretarial class who served under the Abbasid caliphs (750-1256) in Baghdad.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/literature/lit.htm (668 words)

	The Art of Literature (Rexroth's Encyclopaedia Britannica article)
		To use the word writing when describing literature is itself misleading, for one may rightly speak of “oral literature” or “the literature of preliterate peoples.” The art of literature is not reducible to the words on the page; they are there because of the craft of writing.
		By the time literature appears in the development of a culture, the society has already come to share a whole system of stereotypes and archetypes: major symbols standing for the fundamental realities of the human condition, including the kind of symbolic realities that are enshrined in religion and myth.
		Popular literature today is produced either to be read by a literate audience or to be enacted on television or in the cinema; it is produced by writers who are members, however lowly, of an elite corps of professional literates.
	www.bopsecrets.org /rexroth/essays/literature.htm (9873 words)

	literature
		Literature is literally "an acquaintance with letters" as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary; the term has, however, generally come to identify a collection of texts.
		The word "literature" spelled with a lower-case "l" can refer to any form of writing, such as essays; while "Literature" spelled with an upper-case "L" may refer to a whole body of literary work, world-wide or relating to a specific culture.
		Critics may exclude works from the classification "literature", for example, on the grounds of a poor standard of grammar and syntax, of an unbelievable or disjointed story-line, or of inconsistent or unconvincing characters.
	www.findthelinks.com /arts/literature.htm (2028 words)

	Islam, the Qur'an and the Arabic Literature
		As deciphered from the earliest inscriptions, the Arabic alphabet was vague, unsystematic, and inefficient.
		The Arabic alphabet and writing system were only one aspect of the Qur'an's impact on the language; it also gave Arabic a rigidity of form and a precision of presentation which were novel to the language, as well as a host of new locutions, complex concepts, meanings, and arguments.
		Arabic was able to replace such languages as Greek and Syriac in Syria and the Fertile Crescent, Coptic, Greek, and Latin in Egypt, and Pahlavi in Persia.
	www.al-islam.org /al-serat/Arabic.htm (7759 words)

	Literature
		Arabic literature has directly influenced the tastes, thoughts, topics, psychological motives, and linguistic construction of the Europeans.
		The adoption of Arabic as a means of education resulted in the neglect of Latin and Greek, and revival of the Popular language and the leanings of poetry rhetorics and science from sources other than priests and monks who were devoted to theology.
		The name of their poem «tenson» is derived from the Arabic word «Tanazo» meaning (competition) They used to compete with each other in the composition of poems wherein they boasted of their glories and made pretensions as today's glib tongued Bedouins do.
	www.witness-pioneer.org /vil/Books/AM_AIEC/literature.html (1709 words)

	ALBANIAN LITERATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Although the literature that evolved in Voskopoja was mainly in the Greek language, the need to erect obstacles to Islamisation made necessary the use of national languages, encouraging the development of national cultures.
		Naim Frashëri is the founder of the national literature of the Albanians and of the national literary language.
		The literature of the Albanians of Italy in the period between the two Wars continued the tradition of the romanticist school of the 19th century.
	www.geocities.com /albaland/literature.html (4380 words)

	ISLAMIC LITERATURE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Classical Arabic poetry was built on the principle of the monorhyme, and the single rhyme was employed throughout a poem, whether it was long or short.
		With cultural centers at Samarkand, Bukhara, and Fergana, it was a hub of Islamic literature and scholarship, much of it in the Arabic language, until the Russian invasions of the late 19th century.
		A great deal of the literature of this region was also written in the Turkic languages; and in later centuries, when the Seljuq and Ottoman Turks conquered much of the Islamic empire, their languages displaced Arabic in some areas.
	www.library.cornell.edu /colldev/mideast/islamlit.htm (3270 words)

	Persian Language & Literature: Hakim Abol Qasem Ferdowsi
		The Shahnameh or The Epic of Kings is one of the definite classics of the world.
		Ferdowsi is considered as the greatest Persian poet, author of the Shahnameh ("The Epic of Kings"), the Persian national epic, to which he gave its final and enduring form, although he based his poem mainly on an earlier prose version.
		An important feature of this work is that during the period that Arabic language was known as the main language of science and literature, Ferdowsi used only Persian in his masterpiece.
	www.iranchamber.com /literature/ferdowsi/ferdowsi.php (782 words)

	Reviews of Epic Literature
		Mirabile Dictu: Representations of the Marvelous in Medieval and Renaissance Epic.
		A classic, wonderfully readable study of some major Romantic epics, focusing on the internalization of the quest, the repetition and repudiation of key details and motifs from earlier epics as hallmarks of the genre in the nineteenth century.
		First English translation of Arabic epic composed between the 13th and 16th centuries; tells the story of a pre-Islamic king of Yemen.
	www.auburn.edu /~downejm/reviews.html (3072 words)

	:: Literature - United States International University :: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Readings in the main genres of literature (fiction, poetry, and drama) throughout the cultures of the world; includes consideration of oral literature; introduction to critical approaches to literature.
		A survey of African literature in several genres, including folk tale, novel, short story, poetry, drama, and epic, from the English, French, Arabic, and native language traditions.
		Literature as the record and expression of a culture's values and beliefs; an inquiry into the symbiotic relationship between a culture and its literature; intercultural, thematic approach to literary works.
	www.usiu.ac.ke /programs/catalogue/0304/literature.htm (712 words)

	Arabic folk literature
		CLASSICAL written Arabic was inaccessible to the illiterate masses and largely incomprehensible - even if read aloud - to those who knew only local dialects.
		This led to the development of oral folk literature in which professional storytellers recounted popular tales - often adding new anecdotes and individual touches in the hope of collecting more money from their audience.
		For centuries it was frowned upon by educated Arabs for its inelegant style and mixing of the classical and vernacular languages.
	www.al-bab.com /arab/literature/nights.htm (611 words)

	Arabic literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Ibn Khurradadhbih, apparently an official in the postal service wrote one of the first travel books and the form remained a popular one in Arabic literature with books by ibn Hawqal, ibn Fadlan, al-Istakhri, al-Muqaddasi, al-Idrisi and most famously the travels of ibn Battutah.
		A later poetess Walladah, Umawi princess of al-Andulus wrote Sufi poetry and was the lover of fellow poet ibn Zaydun.
		Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period (1983) ISBN 0-521-24015-8
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_literature (4391 words)

	African Literature
		Despite the ignorance of most so called "literati" to the domain of African literature, African literature in fact is one of the main currents of world literature, stretching continuously and directly back to ancient history.
		The first African literature is circa 2300-2100, when ancient Egyptians begin using burial texts to accompany their dead.
		African Literature gains more and more momentum, and Professor James Ngugi even calls for the abolition of the English Department in the University of Nairobi, to be replaced by a Department of African Literature and Languages.
	www.unc.edu /~hhalpin/ThingsFallApart/literature.html (1140 words)

	Tamil Language & Literature - Mu Varadarajan
		The renowned Sanskrit epics the Raamayanaa and the Mahaabhaarata also speak about the Tamil country and in particular the importance of Madurai as the capital of the Paandyaa kings.
		Besides, the ancient classical Tamil literature originated and blossomed from the folk song and poetry of the Tamil country.
		A word about modern literature: the works that are mentioned here cannot be said with certainty that they will survive the test of time and remain in the future as literary pieces.
	www.tamilnation.org /books/Literature/varadarajan.htm (8897 words)

	Tamil Language & Tamil Literature - தமிழ் மொழி, ...
		Indications point to their being the efforts of an age when decades of convention were setting limits and marking boundaries to poetic inspiration, and preventing the free and unfettered beat of the poets' wings.
		The earliest literature in Tamil is the Sangam poetry -
		Sri Lankan Tamil literature or 'Pulampeyarnthor Literature' or Singapore Tamil Literature or Malaysian Tamil Literature or Tamilnadu Tamil Literature all should be considered as part of the same Tamil Literature.
	tamilnation.org /literature/index.htm (3864 words)

	Greek Literature - ninemsn Encarta
		Another genre developed in the 6th century bc was a type of philosophical poem related to the epic and written by such Greek philosophers as Empedocles, Xenophanes, and Parmenides.
		Towards the end of the 5th century bc some of the earliest Greek prose works now surviving were produced, the most notable being those on medicine attributed to the physician Hippocrates.
		A later historian, Timaeus, wrote a history of Sicily and reportedly devised the method of reckoning time by the Olympiads.
	au.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761579144_2/Greek_Literature.html (727 words)

	Arabic epic literature - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Although many of these are legends, many are based on real events and historical figures.
		Here is a list of famous romance literature in the Arabic language.
		Al Jazeera article: Epic tales of Arab bravery
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Arabic_epic_literature (119 words)

	Archive of Turkish Oral Narrative •• Türk Öykürleri Sandığı
		Of the epic literature and poetry produced by numerous Central Asian ethnic groups, scholars are most familiar with Turkish and Persian literature and, to a certain extent, writings in Arabic and Urdu.
		As Russian armies proceeded to invade Central Asia, the literature began to reflect the struggle between the invaders and the defenders.
		At this time, traditional literatures of the countries of the USSR were banned After the accession of Nikita Khruschev (1894-1971) to Communist Party leadership, the publication process resume--but with new methods.
	aton.ttu.edu /literature_in_central_asia.asp (1917 words)

	Literature
		The heroic epic Ballad of Dem Dem is a mythologized story of the actual siege of the fortress of Dem Dem in eastern Kurdistan, defended by the Kurdish prince of Barâdost, Khâni Lap-zerrin "the Khân with the Golden Arm," against the Safavid King Abbâs I in the 17
		The epic is alive with vivid and graphic, but mostly symbolic, descriptions of the actual battles and the heroic resistance of the defenders.
		A number of better-known pieces of Kurdish literature also appeared in that country, but these were often targeted as propaganda pieces to attract Kurds from beyond the Soviet borders, rather than having been written just to benefit the small, widely dispersed population of Soviet Kurds.
	www.kurdishacademy.org /english/literature/literature.html (2322 words)

	K D P (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Unlike their rulers, the Kurds were not able to preserve their written literature or what existed has been destroyed during many wars between many empires in Kurdistan.
		Furthermore the Kurdish scholars were employed by the courts of the shahs and sultans and were obliged to write in the official languages of the courts be it Persian, Arabic or Turkish.
		Many of the new works of literature are published by Kurds in diaspora and adopting Latin alphabets for the Kurmanji dialects and a modified version of Perso-Arabic for Sorani.
	www.kdp.pp.se /?do=literature (1396 words)

	THE EPIC
		The Spanish epic was spread around the 12th and 14th centuries by minstrels who recited anonymous poems.
		It is probable that the Spanish epic is derived from the French, without forgetting a possible Visigoth origin and a few traces of Arabic in its making.
		They would be partial adaptations, the majority of which were collected in the 16th century.
	www.spanisharts.com /books/literature/i_epica.htm (394 words)

	Afghanistan's Web Site - Afghanistan Literature
		Literature in both the Dari and Pashto languages originated in the early Muslim centuries, when Arabic was also used.
		Shah nameh (Book of Kings), the great epic poem completed in 1010 by the Persian poet Firdawsi, consists of 60,000 rhyming couplets in Dari.
		Many other poems and tales were written in Dari and Turkic languages as well.
	www.afghanistans.com /Information/People/Literature.htm (301 words)

	Iraq History - تاريخ العراق
		This region is known as the Cradle of Civilization; was the birthplace of the varied civilizations that moved us from prehistory to history.
		The most famous Sumerian epic and the one that has survived in the most nearly complete form is the epic of Gilgamesh.
		The story of Gilgamesh, who actually was king of the city-state of Uruk in approximately 2700 BC, is a moving story of the ruler's deep sorrow at the death of his friend Enkidu, and of his consequent search for immortality.
	arabic-media.com /iraq_history.htm (1135 words)

	West Asian Literature - History for Kids! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		One of the earliest stories is the Epic of Gilgamesh, which also includes a story about the Flood.
		The modern Hebrew and Arabic alphabets are both descended from this original Semitic alphabet.
		It didn't take long for people all over West Asia to see that the alphabet was easier to use than cuneiform, and by about 1000 BC many Semitic people were starting to use the alphabet.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/westasia/literature (682 words)

	Iranian & Persian Studies
		Persian Studies concentrates upon the literature of New Persian, which includes the poetry and prose produced in Persian in Iran, Central Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and the Ottoman Empire from the tenth century to the present day.
		Persian Studies is typically paired with sub-fields such as Arabic, Islamic religion and culture, Indo-Muslim culture, Sufism, linguistics, philosophy, Near Eastern history, Turkish, and the history of art.
		For the general examination in Persian Language and Literature students are expected, in addition to having a general overview of Persian literature, to read extensively in the corpus of one author and to know the literature of one period in depth.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /~nelc/iranian_persian.html (798 words)

	Literature
		ABDEL-MALEK and HALLAQ Tradition, Modernity, and Postmodernity in Arabic Literature: Essays in Honor of Prof.
		One of the wittiest pieces of medieval Arabic prose by the writer described as the 'sultan of style'.
		Focussing on women authors in Islamic literature and Islamic orthodoxy in indigeneous African texts.
	www2.prestel.co.uk /cavs/Literature (551 words)

	Medieval Literature - History for Kids! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		All of these books were written in Latin, but in Constantinople, Procopius wrote in Greek about Justinian's conquests.
		And at the same time in Arabia, the Koran was written as well, in Arabic.
		And in England, the epic poem Beowulf was written in Anglo-Saxon.
	www.historyforkids.org /learn/medieval/literature/index.htm (552 words)

	Brown University Department of Comparative Literature
		Cultural criticism of literature: Middle Ages, Renaissance, 19th-20th centuries; Marxist criticism; ethnography and criticism; literature as a social institution.
		Studies of modes: oral performance; court literature (medieval Western/Japanese); the grotesque; the uncanny; literature of the city and urban art.
		Literature, the visual arts, and film: Nordic Europe; North America; Arab world.
	www.brown.edu /Departments/Comparative_Literature/resources (270 words)

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